Post on 25-Jun-2020
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Do Now
Write a response to this cartoon. What are Organic Foods?
• Environment friendly
• Naturally grown in the earth
• Pesticide free
• Contain elements found in earth
(carbon)
What will carbon look like in its purest form?
- Most of the time has hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen.
• Elements composed of atoms….
- ALWAYS has * CARBON
Organic Compounds
• Carbon is the central atom of life.
Carbon is cool
• Because carbon contains 4 electrons in its
outer shell, it can pair in many ways with
many different atoms in an “attempt”
to fill its outer shell.
Carbon can form four bonds (covalent) at
once because it has 4 valence (outer shell)
electrons.
In Biology, Shape Matters
Its not just chemical formula, it’s the shape of the
molecule that lets it do its “job”
Some biological molecules.
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Example: C6H12O6 (sugar from plant)
Structure:
Larger٭ & more
complex than inorganic
Form long chains٭ with
other carbon atoms.
Carbon atoms close up٭
to form RINGS.
٭ Carbons can bond with other carbon atoms.
٭ Carbons can bond with many elements. Such as hydrogen, oxygen, sulfur, nitrogen, etc.
٭ Carbon has an unlimited size & arrangement.
Propane Isooctane
Carbon ‘bonds’ store٭
the energy needed for
ATP when intact.
4 Major Types of Organic
Compounds
1. Carbohydrates
2. Lipids
3. Proteins
4. Nucleic Acids
monomermonomermonomermonomer
A small molecule that can combine with other monomers to form a polymer.
polymerpolymerpolymerpolymer
large molecules (macromolecules) made up of repeating units of simple monomers connected by covalent bonds
Rules of the Game
Macromolecules are built by linking a set
of building blocks (monomers) together
into long chains (a polymer).
Each hexagon is this figure is a
monomer building block linked
together to form a polymer.
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4 Types of
Macromolecules
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic Acids
http://www.biologycorner.com/bio3/notes_organic.html
Carbohydrates
Made up of:
Carbon
Hydrogen
Oxygen
C:H:O (1:2:1 ratio)
Characteristics of
Carbohydrates
• Functions: main energy source and gives structure
• Ends in “-ose” (except starch)
• An Isomer – meaning it’s a compound that has the
same chemical formula, but different structures.
C6H12O6
Glucose Fructose Galactose
• Dissolves in water (soluble)
Carbohydrates
Monosaccharides Disaccharides Polysaccharides
Simple ring sugar
http://www.biologycorner.com/bio3/notes_organic.html
Repeated rings of
sugarTwo ring sugar
Glucose
Fructose
Maltose
Lactose
Sucrose
Starch (plants)
Glycogen (animals)
Cellulose (plants)
Chitin
Monosaccharides
(Single sugars)
Building blocks٭ of
carbohydrates
Glucose
Ex) Corn syrup
Human blood
Monosaccharides
Ex) Corn syrup
Human blood
(The sweetest
sugar)
Ex) Honey
Glucose
Fructose
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Disaccharides
Sucrose
Disaccharides
Maltose
Ex) Beer, Asian cooking
Lactose
Ex) Milk
Cellulose gum is a food
thickener, derived from wood,
& used in toothpaste to keep
the paste from oozing down
into the bristles.
Cellulose found in plant cells
Where Can Cellulose Be Found?
•The structure of
green plants (cell
wall).
•Not digestible &
referred to as
‘dietary fiber’.
Polysaccharides
Cellulose
Ex) Cell walls, wood,
paper, thickener for
shampoos
Starch
Ex) Bread,
rice, potatoes
Starch
• Plants store EXTRA sugar as Starch
• Animals store EXTRA sugar as Glycogen
(the Liver releases this when in need).
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Dehydration Synthesis
• The Process that bond molecules together by
removing water.
• This is how large organic compounds (sugar
molecules) are created.
• Enzymes must be present!!!!
sugar + sugar starchenzyme
Dehydration Synthesis(Remove water) (Add)
O OOHHO
Polymer
enzyme
Water Removed
http://science.nhmccd.edu/biol/dehydrat/dehydrat.html
Hydrolysis
• Water is added to Break down
large sugar molecules.
starch sugar + sugarenzyme
http://science.nhmccd.edu/biol/dehydrat/dehydrat.html
Lipids
Made up of:
Carbon
Hydrogen
Oxygen
* Less Oxygen atoms in lipids
Characteristics of
Lipids
Functions:
† For cell structure (cell membrane)
† Reserve energy (stored energy)
†Provide insulation
Structure of Lipids
C57H110O6
Fatty Acid Glycerol3 carbon
molecule
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LIPIDS
(Types)
Fats Oils Waxes Steriods
• Insoluble in water (water proof)
http://science.nhmccd.edu/biol/dehydrat/dehydrat.html
Formation of Lipidsthrough dehydration synthesis
3 fatty acid molecule1 Glycerol
Hydrolysis of Lipids
• http://www.biotopics.co.uk/as/lipidhydrolys
is.html
Saturated vs. Unsaturated
Fatty Acids
Types of Fats
Saturated Unsaturated Polyunsaturated
Fatty acids with
Single bonds
Fatty acids with
double/triple bonds
Chains with more than
one double/triple bond
Solid at room
temperature
Liquid at room
temperature
Liquid at room
temperature
Milk, cheese,
animal meat,
coconut oil
Nut, canola oil,
olive oil
Soybean oil, corn
oil, salmon, trout,
sunflower seeds
Hydrogenation
- unsaturated fats changed into saturated fats by
replacing the double bonds into hydrogen bonds
(hydrogenated oils). E.g. packaged foods
Cholesterol
- an essential compound found in most animal
tissue. Can build up and clog arteries.
Trans fats…partially hydrogenated
oils…hydrogenated fats
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Foods with transfats
• Here are some foods you may want to avoid or at least cut back on.
�cakes
�cookies
�margerine
�french fries
�potato chips
When in doubt, read the label.
Health risks and Transfats
• Coronary heart
disease.
• Alzheimer’s disease.
• Cancer.
• Diabetes.
• Liver disfunction.
• Infertility.
• Obesity.
Saturated or Unsaturated?
• Which leads to higher cholesterol?
_________________
• Which helps to reduce cholesterol?
___________________
• Is animal fat a saturated or an unsaturated fat?
___________________
Exit out ticket
• Now that you are experts on Lipids,
complete this assignment and then…Enjoy
your Lunch!
The End
Weblink for Lipids
http://biology.clc.uc.edu/Courses/bio104/lipids.htm
http://www.americanheart.org/presenter.jhtml?identi
fier=3055399
Proteins
Made up of:
Carbon
Hydrogen
Oxygen
Nitrogen
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Characteristics of Proteins
• Extremely large and complex
• Bond between two amino acids is a
peptide bond.
• Can form dipeptide or polypeptide bonds
(a long chain of amino acids).
• All proteins are made up of at least
1 polypeptide chain.
Functions
of Proteins
Enzyme
Catalyst
Ex)
Amylase (break
down
starch into
sugar)
Defense
Ex)
Antibodies
(fight disease)
TransportStructure
&SupportMotion
Ex)
Hemoglobin
Cell
membrane
Ex) Skin,
ligaments,
tendons,
& bones
Ex)
Actin
Regulation
Ex)
Hormones
Proteins
Amino Acids
the building blocks of proteins
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PARTS
Hydrogen
Name the 4 Parts of A
Protein Structure
1. __________________
2. __________________
3. __________________
4. __________________
Amino group
Carboxyl group
Hydrogen
Variable group
Formation of Proteins
This combines amino acids together.
through dehydration synthesis
http://science.nhmccd.edu/biol/dehydrat/dehydrat.html
Peptide Bond
• Dehydration
synthesis occurs
between the
carboxyl group
& the amino acid
group.Peptide Bond
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20 different amino
acids in living
things
Dehydration Synthesis or Hydrolysis?
Dehydration Synthesis
Nucleic Acids
Made up of:
Carbon
Hydrogen
Oxygen
Nitrogen
*Phosphorus
2 Types of Nucleic Acids
1. DNA
2. RNA
Functions of Nucleic Acids
† DNA
-Controls the development of all cells through metabolic activities.
† RNA
- Helps DNA make proteins
Characteristics of
DNA
(Deoxyribonucleic acid)
† Found in the nucleus of the cell
†Long chains of repeating nucleotides
†Hereditary information passed from parent to offspring
†Double helix (twisted ladder) formation
Phosphate group
5 Carbon
Sugar
Nitrogenous
group
Nucleotide
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DNA
Made up of:
•Phosphate group
•Sugar
(deoxyribose)
•Nitrogen bases
adenine
*thymine
guanine
cytosine
Characteristics
of RNA
(Ribonucleic acid)
† Found in the nucleus of cell
† Made up of repeating
units of nucleotides
† Responsible for making
proteins
† Only one chain
RNA
Made up of:
•Phosphate group
•Sugar (ribose)
•Nitrogen bases
adenine
*uracil
guanine
cytosine
Nitrogen Bases
• Come in Four Flavors
• Cytosine
• Guanine
• Adenine
• Thymine
To Model This… To Model This…
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To Model This… To Model This…
Notice that… And Adenine
Fit Together
Also
Guanine and Cytosine
Fit Together
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Also
Guanine and Cytosine
Fit Together
Adenine
is always paired up with
*Thymine (DNA)
*Uracil (RNA)
Cytosine
is always paired up with
Guanine
These Build new Polymers of
Nucleotides to Create DNA
The Shape
of the Nucleotides
Causes DNA to Twist
• This twist is called a helix
• DNA has a double helix
Review
• Macromolecules are made up of long
chains of __________.Polymers
• What monomers add up to make a polymer
of protein? ________________
•What monomers add up to make a polymer of
nucleic acids? ______________.
http://www.biologycorner.com/bio3/notes_organic.html
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Name 4 Macromolecules
(large size molecules)
• ________________
• ___________
• ___________
• ___________
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic Acids
Sample Venn Diagram
Marissa David
Extra Slides
Fats(Types)
Saturated Monounsaturated
Milk, cheese, animal
meat, coconut oil
(Maximum number of
hydrogen atoms)
Polyunsaturated
Nut, canola oil, and
olive oil
Corn oil, soy,
sunflower oil, and
fish(One less hydrogen
atom b/c carbon has
double bond)