Post on 28-Dec-2015
Ondoy at Pepeng's Devastation: Part of a deeper disaster
Bagong Alyansang Makabayan USAOctober 28, 2009
Outline
Introduction Environmental Problems in the Philippines Climate Change Ondoy and Pepeng Conclusion
Man’s interaction with nature Resources for the production of
his needs Ffood, clothing, shelter
Tools, processes, technologies Man’s interaction with man
Relations with others Dominance of a segment of
society over others
Our environment is interlinked
Advances and challenges
Great and exciting advances – e.g. Information
technology, automation, genetics and medicine
Greatest challenges– Famine and hunger, rapid
ecological destruction, breakdown of health systems, social decay and disintegration
one billion people are hungry
160 million more malnourished
every day world wide: 70,000 persons join hungry and starving masses
Deforestation
FAO's State of the World's Forests 2007 reports world's net forest loss of 20,000 ha/day
Phil. forest reduced from 70% (1909) to 18.3% (1999)
Increased demand for cheap and plentiful wood in Europe, Japan and the US
¾ of world's commercial timber output is utilized by only ¼ of population
Spanish colonization (270,000 km2 forest cover =90% of total land area)
Brief history of logging in the Country
1400 1600 1800 2000
0
50000
100000
150000
200000
250000
300000
350000
Mining
Mining for export Large scale plunder of
the environment for larger profit
Mine spills, acid mine drainage, no clean up of mining activities
Large scale TNC plunder in mining is one of the main causes of environmental degradation in the country
8
Philippine mineral reserves
13 metallic ores 7.1 B MT
29 non-metallic 51 B MT
Philippine production Gold (2nd) Copper (3rd)
COPPER4COPPER4.8B MT.8B MT
limestonelimestonemarble
Non-metallic
Metallic
9
State of the local mining industry
Extractive Export-oriented Dominated by local
and foreign mining elite
Dependent on foreign capital and technologies
10
State of local mining industry
Environmental Destruction Export-oriented production lead to extract
voluminous minerals to earn superprofit Liberalization of the Mining Industry
FTAA gives 100% ownership and control Trampling of People’s Rights and
Welfare Communities bear brunt of mining operations Displacement and fear of their lives
23 Priority Mining Projects
Lafayette Mining Limited, Oxiana Mining Corp, Mining giants (BHP Billiton, Anglo American, Xstrata)
11
OPERATING MINESOPERATING MINES2 Big mines2 Big mines::Victoria Gold MineVictoria Gold Mine
Padcal Copper MinePadcal Copper Mine
4 Medium-scale nickel mines4 Medium-scale nickel minesRio Tuba Nickel MineRio Tuba Nickel Mine
Cagdianao Nickel MineCagdianao Nickel Mine
Sigbanog Project of HMCSigbanog Project of HMC
Taganito Nickel MineTaganito Nickel Mine
3 Medium-scale chromite mines3 Medium-scale chromite minesMasinloc Project of Benguet Corp.,
Omasdang Project of Crau Minerals
Homonhon Project of Heritage Res.
5 medium-scale gold mines5 medium-scale gold minesCanatuan Project of TVI
Acupan SSM Operations of Benguet
Diwalwal Direct State Development Project of NRDC
Banahaw Gold Project of Philsaga Mining Corp.
Johson Gold Mining Corp. in Panganiban
15 Cement plants and quarries15 Cement plants and quarries
Water
Only 2.53 % of world water is freshwater
Asia has less than 36% of the world's water resources
Almost in developing countries are exposed to polluted water sources
Mega-dams, privatization
Pollution and water availability
Oil spills: Petron Guimaras, Visayas Affected more than
10,000 fishermen and their families
Rapu-rapu mine spill Drinking water
Costly, low pressure Privatized
Pollution
Large-scale factories remain top contributors of pollutants
Underdeveloped countries become dumping grounds
Obsolete and dirty technologies imported in the Philippines
Energy Mega-sale
Expected foreign investments P295 billion in investments
P177 billion potential investment in the renewable energy sector for 2004-2013
EPIRA: IPPs, SPUG SPEX in Malampaya
45 % Shell, 45 % ChevronTexaco
10% to be sold
Petroleum Service Contracts: Sold/for sale
Malampaya (Shell/Chevron Texaco) Exxon Mobil in Mindanao, a consortium of BHP Billiton
(Australia), Amerada Hess Ltd. (US), Unocal Sulu (US) Ltd. and
Sandakan Oil II, LLC in the Sulu Sea Alcorn Gold Resources Corp., Trans-Asia Oil and Energy
Development Corp. and PetroEnergy Resources Corp. in the East Visayan basin off Leyte island
EF Durkee and Associates in the Cagayan Valley region (Piat-San Jose area)
Laxmi Organic Industries Ltd. (India) in the Mindoro-Cuyo basin west of Mindoro island
in West Palawan (Ottoman Energy Ltd., Australasian Energy Ltd. and Trans-Asia Oil and Energy Development Corp)
Nido Petroleum Philippines Ltd. off-Palawan off-Mindoro with Petronas Carigali Philippine National Oil Co.-Exploration Corp., Cagayan basin : Aragorn Power Corp., South Cebu : Phil-Mal Petroenergy Corp. Ottoman Energy Ltd. in Northewest Palawan.
Climate change
Accelerated warming of surface due to human-related releases of greenhouses gases
Projections of Surface Temperature ChangeProjections of Surface Temperature Change
Accelerated temperature change
1900’s – hottest century
2005 and 1998 – hottest years;
1995 to 2006, (except 1996) =
Top 12 hottest years since 1850
Increase in temperature
in the last 50 years was
0.13 degrees centigrade/decade
0.75 degrees in the past century
Greenhouse Gases
Carbon dioxide CO2 - 54.9% second most common GHG. makes up about 25% of the natural greenhouse effect. Burning of oil and gas (for heat, transportation, industry), cement manufacturing, deforestation and other land uses. Also occurs naturally through photosynthesis, volcanoes, forest fires. Methane CH4 - third most common GHG ; Oil and gas production, coal mining, rice paddies, dams, landfills. Occurs naturally as things decompose and from livestock digestion.
Nitrous oxide N2O - Burning of oil, gas, coal, and wood, fertilizers, coal mining. Also occurs naturally.
OTHERS: Water vapor, Sulfur hexafluoride SF6, Perfluocarbons PFCs, Hydroflurocarbons HFCs
Adverse Impacts Agriculture
• Productivity in tropics/subtropics; food shortage
Water Resources
• Water availability + quality; floods and droughts; hydropower sources
People's Health
• Vector and water borne disease, heat stress, nutrition, EWE deaths
Coastal Areas and Fisheries Species and Natural Areas
• Biodiversity loss Forest cover loss Human Displacement
Source: Science Magazine, Sep 16, 2005
Hurricanes/Typhoons(Category 4/5)
There’s a consistent 50-year upward trend in every region except Oceania.
Changes in climate are already causing harm
Major floods per decade, 1950-2000
Estimated mortality attributable to climate change
Top CO2 emissions
United States and TNCs
GHGs in RP
1999, Philippines emitted 75,998,000 metric tons of CO2 or 0.3% of world total emission.
From 1990 to 1999 our CO2 emission increased by 72%.
Developing countries are most Developing countries are most vulnerable vulnerable
Impacts are worse Low capacity to adapt
Lack of financial,institutional andtechnological capacity andaccess to knowledge
Impact disproportionately upon the poorest countries and the poorest persons within countries
Exacerbating inequities in health status and access to adequate food, clean water and other resources.
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s
Pe
rce
nta
ge
aff
ec
ted
LDC
Dev'ing
CIT
Dev'ed
The poor face greatest challenges The poor face greatest challenges from climate changefrom climate change
2 billion people in developing countries affected by climate related disaster in the 1990s.
The rate has doubled this decade.
-
1,000
2,000
3,000
4,000
1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s
Nu
mb
er
aff
ec
ted
(M
illio
ns
)
Dev'ed
CIT
Dev'ing
LDC
Asymmetric responsibility and vulnerability
Inverse relationship between climate change vulnerability and responsibility
Primary emitter countries must change their production activities and consumption of energy and seek sustainable solutions.
Basic human needs, economic and social development need adequate energy and infrastructure.
Free-market globalization
It is free market globalization that accelerated this to dangerous levels Unbridled (anarchic)
overproduction Rapacious greed for resources Wars of conquest and
aggression
Carbon offset/CDM
Carbon offset mechanisms shift out carbon mitigation and reduction out of industrialized countries towards developing countries.
Distort development activities while keeping consumption and production activities of industrialized countries.
Clean Development Mechanisms (CDM) and carbon trading effectively marketize carbon emissions
Shuffles around responsibility to curb emissions.
The Philippines is often visited by storms and earthquakes
We can prepare even if we cannot predictwww.solar.ifa.hawaii.edu/Tropical/tropical.html
USGS data
Typhoon Ondoy
September 26, 2009 85 kph with gustiness of
100 kph
08:00:00 AM 12:00:00 PM 04:00:00 PM 08:00:00 PM 12:00:00 AM 04:00:00 AM 08:00:00 AM
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Sa isang araw halos kalahating metro ang ulan (455 mm/24 hr)
Water discharge moved through Marikina river basin
From Wawa to lower Marikina river (4-6 hours) [David et.al.]
Figures from G. Tabios and www.reliefweb.int
Figures from Google.com and Lagmay et.al.
Figures from Google.com and Lagmay et.al.
Typhoon Pepeng (PARMA)
Pepeng made a turnaround
Large amount of rainfall over Pangasinan and Cordilleras
reliefweb.int pagasa.dost.gov.ph
Ambuklao Reservoir
Oct 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10Oct 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Oct 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10Oct 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
San Roque
Oct 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Oct 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Binga
Source: Rom Beltran, NPC
Bumalik na si Pepeng
Dito pa lang naglabas ng tubig
AGNO RIVER IS ONE OF THE MAJOR RIVERS IN THE CORDILLERA REGION, which is very important to the life and culture of the ibalois and kankanaey indigenous peoples
AMBUKLAO DAM WAS BUILT IN THE 50’s
BINGA DAM WAS BUILT 60’s
San Roque Dam is the
3rd dam along the Agno river
Construction begun in 1998
Impoundment of reservoir started in August 2002
Construction completed and became operational in May 2003
SAN ROQUE DAM
Height: 220 metersLength: 1.13 kmReservoir capacity: 850 million cu,m.Surface area of reservoir: 12.8 km2
Purposes:Power generation: 345 megawatt: present level of power generation- 270-280 Irrigation: 7,800 hecFlood controlWater quality improvement
Magkano? Sino may ari?
Cost: US $1.2 billion $ 800 loan ng may proyekto na may garatiya ng
gobyerno $ 400 loan ng gobyerno para subsidya MAINLY FUNDED BY EXPORT CREDIT
AGENCY (ECA)
Ownership: Pribadong kumpanya (Marubeni/Kansai Electric)-100% foreign company
SRPC CONTRACT Power Purchase Agreement (PPA): BOT for 25 years
• National Power Corporation-NPC(government) needs to pay $9 to $10 mil / month to SRPC regardless of whether there is sufficient water available to generate power for 10 years
• No accountability of project proponents to environmental and social impacts
• Project proponent can pull out of the project if deem not commercially viable
** the contract guarantees return of investment and big profit, while environmental and social adverse impacts are not accounted for
Conclusions
Hindi gumana ang San Roque Multipurpose Dam para pigilan ang baha Magkaibang interes ng paggawa ng kuryente at
labanan ang baha Tama ang mga komunidad na para lamang sa tubo
ang SRMP Questions: Mali ba ang pagpapalabas ng San
Roque Multipurpose Dam noong Oct 6/7? Oo. Dapat mas maaga pa
Palpak ang sistema sa evacuation at babala ng baha
Pinapalala ng malalaking pagmimina sa itaas ng San Roque Multipurpose Dam na nagdulot naman ng mga landslides sa Benguet/Cordillera
People's Initiatives Community based disaster
response Capacity building for
vulnerable communities Work for social change –
structural and systematic; towards a society where human rights, national patrimony, genuine land reform, and national industrialization is pursued
People's Initiatives Popularize and implement
proper and sustainable use of our natural resources – in line with people's welfare and interests, proper technology, and mitigation measures
Popularize correct perspective towards environmental issues – pro-people, patriotic, and scientific orientation
Help communities cope and respond to environment
Alternatives to development
Development for people's good not for profit
Development not for the local partners of globalization but for grassroots benefit
Conclusions San Roque Multipurpose Dam failed as a flood management
program
Opposing interest of power generation and flood management
Communities were right all along in saying that SRMP was a for-profit project
Questions: Did San Roque Multipurpose Dam management failed to release water when they saw increasing water levels?
Failure of flood warning and evacuation systems
Situation is aggravated by siltation due to mining extraction activities in the catchbasin and the upstream dams which were old
Social vulnerability = Climate vulnerability
Main environmental effects of imperialist plunder
Deforestation Mining Water Pollution Energy
Poverty and underdevelopment
Lack of capacity to meet challenges of disasters
Lack of planning to mitigate disaster effects
Asymmetric responsibility and vulnerability
Inverse relationship between climate change vulnerability and responsibility
Primary emitter countries must change their production activities and consumption of energy and seek sustainable solutions.
Basic human needs, economic and social development need adequate energy and infrastructure.
Imperialist plunder and climate change effects
It is imperialist globalization that accelerated the rise of GHGs to dangerous levels Unbridled (anarchic)
overproduction Rapacious greed for resources
especially in neocolonies Wars of conquest and
aggression
Developing countries are most Developing countries are most vulnerable vulnerable
Impacts are worse Low capacity to adapt
Lack of financial,institutional andtechnological capacity andaccess to knowledge
Impact disproportionately upon the poorest countries and the poorest persons within countries
Exacerbating inequities in health status and access to adequate food, clean water and other resources.
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s
Pe
rce
nta
ge
aff
ec
ted
LDC
Dev'ing
CIT
Dev'ed
Environmental crisis
The rapid destruction of the environment is a direct result of the rapid, unchecked appropriation of the world's resources for the benefit of a few.
environmental plunder
environmentaldestruction
Sakunang pinalala ng isang malakolonyal at malapyudal na lipunan
Sakunang pinalala ng isang malakolonyal at malapyudal na lipunan
Bulnerabilidad dahil sa imperyalistang pandarambong at burukratang
kapitalista
Ang pandarambong ng dayuhan ang may sala kasama ang
kakuntsabang kumprador at PML