Post on 07-Jul-2018
Oceans Economy and Trade, Sustainable Fisheries, Transport and
Tourism, Joint UNCTAD - Commonwealth Secretariat - International Ocean
Institute Seminar, 10-12 May 2016 - Geneva, Switzerland
This expert paper is reproduced by the UNCTAD secretariat in the form and language in which it has been received.The views expressed are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the view of the United Nations.
The Blue Economy in Perspective
89.8
0.3
10.0
Volume of World Trade (%)
Seaborne Airborne Overland
72.7
13.0
14.3
Value of World Trade (%)
Seaborne Airborne Overland
The Blue Chain
1. Building 2. Ownership 3. Registration 4. Operations 5. Scrapping
Korea & China
(72%)
Greece, Japan &
China (38%)
Panama, Liberia
& Marshall Islands
(42%)
Denmark &
Switzerland (30%)
India, Bangladesh, China &
Pakistan (92%)
Financing and Insurance SeafarersGlobal Terminal Operators
UK & Scandinavia Philippines & Indonesia
Hong Kong, Netherlands,
Singapore & UAE (44%)
BLU
E CH
AIN
SUPP
ORT
Feeling the Blues…
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
Seab
orne
Tra
de &
Exp
orts
of G
oods
International Seaborne Trade and Exports of Goods, 1955-2014
Seaborne Trade (billions of tons of goods loaded) - Left Axis
Exports of Goods (trillions at current $US) - Left Axis
Ratio Exports / Seaborne Trade - Right Axis
Blue Highways: Maritime Shipping
5%
15%
30%
The Blue Pinch: Terminal Surface Controlled by the Main Global Terminal Operators
17,242 hectares
(172.4 km2)
The Big Blue: Evolution of Containerships
Early Containerships (1956-)
Panamax (1980-)
Post Panamax I (1988-)
New-Panamax (2014-)
Fully Cellular (1970-)
Panamax Max (1985-)
Post Panamax II (2000-)
Post Panamax III (2006-)
Triple E (2013-)
500 – 800 TEU
1,000 – 2,500 TEU
3,000 – 3,400 TEU
3,400 – 4,500 TEU
4,000 – 5,000 TEU
6,000 – 8,000 TEU
12,500 TEU
15,000 TEU
18,000 TEU
200x20x9
137x17x9
215x20x10
250x32x12.5
290x32x12.5
285x40x13
300x43x14.5
366x49x15.2
400x59x15.5
397x56x15.5 ; 22–10–8 (not shown)
(LOA – Beam – Draft)
10
8
23
20
10
6
6
917
5
915
6
813
5
613
10
4
5
84
64
6 containers across
4 containers high on deck
4 containers high below deck
A
B
C
D
E
meters
World’s Major Container Ports, 2012
Transshipment Volume and Incidence by Major Ports, 2007-12
Emerging Structure of the Ocean Economy
The Spatial Organization of the Ocean Economy: Maritime Clusters
Port Clusters Terminal Clusters Port / Logistics Clusters
Multiport Gateway
Transshipment cluster
Terminal operator A (Container)
Terminal operator B (Container)
Terminal operator C (Bulk)
Port authority
Port-CentricLogistics Zone
ContainerTerminal
First Tier Logistics
Second Tier Logistics
Bulk
Port
Port
Container port / terminal
Logistics zone / site
Strongly developed corridor
Poorly developed corridor
Multi-port gateway region
Pacific-Asia
(e.g. Pearl River Delta)North American West Coast
(e.g. LA/Long Beach)
North Europe
(e.g. Rhine Scheldt Delta)
Landbridge
The Geographical Setting of Multi-port Gateways Regions
The East Asian Container Port System and its Multi-port Gateway Regions
The North-American Container Port System and its Multi-Port Gateway Regions
The European Container Port System and its Multi-port Gateway Regions
ZHUHAI
Inter-firm Relationships in the Main Container Ports of the Pearl River Delta, 2015
HONG KONG
Asia Container Terminals
DP World Hong Kong
Hong Kong International Terminals
COSCO-HIT Terminal
Modern Terminals
Asia Port Services
SHENZHEN
Chiwan Container Terminal
Shekou Container Terminals
Da Chan Bay Terminal One
Yantian International Container
Terminals
Zhuhai International Container
Terminals
GUANGZHOU
Dongguan Container Terminal
Guangzhou South China
Oceangate Container Terminal
Nansha Container Terminal
Guangzhou Huangpu Xingang
Terminal
Guangzhou Huangpu Xinsha
Terminal
Nanhai International Container
Terminals
HUTCHISON PORT
HOLDINGS
PSA
DP World
Cosco PacificAPM Terminals
(AP Moller Group)20%
China Shipping Group 40%
50%
50%
Modern
Terminals
China Merchants
Holdings International
55%
25% 33%
67% 20%
50%50%
Shipping Line Terminal Operator Terminal PORT Financial Holding
Guangzhou Port Group
Shenzhen Municipal
Government
Shenzhen Yantian Port
Group
20%
8%
65%
41%
60%
50%
51%
49%
39%
Cosco Pacific 15%
25%
35%
80%
China Merchant Mawan Port 84%
100%
40%
40%
Inter-firm Relationships in the Three Main Container Ports of North America, 2015
LONG BEACH
LOS ANGELES
NEW YORK
APM Terminals Port Elizabeth
Port Newark Container Terminal
Maher Terminal
Global Terminal and Container
Services
New York Container Terminal
APM Terminals
(AP Moller Group)
Maher Terminals
Ports America
100%
50%
Global Container
Terminals
100%
Pacific Container Terminal
Total Terminals International
California United Terminals
Pier G Berth
Long Beach Container Terminal
Terminal A
Terminal C60
Global Gateway South
APM Terminals Pier 400
Evergreen Terminal
TraPac Los Angeles Berth 136
Yusen Terminals
West Basin Container Terminal
Stevedoring Services
of America
Ontario Teachers'
Pension Plan
100%
Cosco Pacific 51% 49%
100%
Hanjin AIG Highstar Capital
Deutsche Bank RREEF
Macquarie
Infrastructure20%
65%
Hyundai
100%
100%
K-Lines 100%
OOIL 100%
MSC 50%
APL
Evergreen 70% 30%
Yangming
100%
20%
Mitsui OSK 61%
NYK 100%
100%
Shipping Line Terminal Operator Terminal PORT Financial Holding
100%
China Shipping
40%
20%
Matson 35%
50%
MSC
34%
50%
MSC 46%
Inter-firm Relationships in the Three Main Container Ports of the Rhine-Scheldt Delta, 2015
DP World
PSAHUTCHISON PORT
HOLDINGS
APM Terminals
ANTWERP
Antwerp Gateway (3)
PSA HNN
MSC Home terminal
OCHZ
APM Terminal
ZEEBRUGGE
ROTTERDAM
Rotterdam World Gateway
(Maasvlakte II)
ECT
APM Terminal Rotterdam
CMA-CGM (2)
MSC
NYK
APM Terminals Maasvlakte II
Minority
Shareholding (4)
Waal- and
Eemhaven
Delta Terminal
Euromax
phase 1
Majority
shareholding
ZIM Line (1)
DP World Delwaidedock
North Sea Terminal
Europe Terminal
Deurganck Terminal
New World Alliance
CYKH Alliance
Antwerp International Terminal
(AIT) Shipping Line
(Global) Terminal
Operator
Terminal
Shanghai International
Port Group (SIPG)
Zeebrugge International Port
Cosco Pacific
100%
20%
51%
93%
100%
50%50%
50%
60%
30%
10%
100%
100%
100%
50%50%
100%
42.5%
20%
20%
10%
35%
100%
65%
75%
25%
PORT
Financial Holding
Delta MSC Terminal
50%50%
The Massification and Clustering of Transportation in Inland Systems
Port Port
IT
IT
IT
IT
Inland
Port
Corridor
Port-Centric
Direct truck
End haul
Rail / Barge
IT
Intermodal
Industrial Park
Inland
Terminal
Port
Inland Load Center Network Formation and Logistics
On-dock / near
dock rail
International Inventory of Inland Ports and Port Centric Logistics Zones