Objective: 8.L.5.1 –Summarize how food provides the energy and molecules required for building...

Objective: 8.L.5.1 –Summarize how food provides the energy and molecules required for building materials, growth, and survival of all organisms.

All Living Things Share Four Characteristics of Life

• All living things have an ability to acquire materials and energy

• Living things are highly organized, from the smallest part to the largest

• All living things have an ability to respond to their environment

• All living things have an ability to reproduce

The Ability to Acquire Energy

Law of Conservation of Energy• Energy can not be create or

destroyed but transferred from one object to the next.

SIX ESSENTIAL NUTRIENTS• Water – transports nutrients, eliminates waste,

serves as a catalyst for chemical reactions

• Vitamins – encourage chemical reactions in cells

• Minerals – help form our bodies structure and regulate processes

• Carbohydrates – provides energy for cells

• Proteins – helps build and repair muscle

• Fats – acts as he body's insulator protecting organs and absorbing shocks, helps process vitamins and minerals, and provides energy

•It begins with It begins with radiation from the radiation from the SUN.SUN.

•Plants use Plants use Photosynthesis to Photosynthesis to capture sunlight.capture sunlight.

6CO2 + 6H2O + sunlight & chlorophyll C6H12O6 + 6O2

copyright cmassengale

PhotosynthesisPhotosynthesis•Chemical reaction where green plants use Chemical reaction where green plants use water & carbon dioxide to store the sun’s water & carbon dioxide to store the sun’s energy in glucoseenergy in glucose•Chemical Energy Chemical Energy is stored in the chemical is stored in the chemical bonds of glucose which is a carbohydratebonds of glucose which is a carbohydrate

Producers use Producers use cellular cellular

respiration to respiration to supply the supply the

energy they energy they need to live.need to live.

Producers Producers use most of use most of the energy the energy they make they make for for themselvesthemselves..

CELLULAR RESPIRATION CELLULAR RESPIRATION is is the chemical reaction that the chemical reaction that releases the energy stored releases the energy stored in the chemical bonds of in the chemical bonds of glucose.glucose.

6O2 + C6H12O6 --> 6H2O + 6CO2 + energy

• The Chemical energy that is The Chemical energy that is not used by producers can be not used by producers can be passed on to organisms that passed on to organisms that cannot make their own energycannot make their own energy..Heat or Heat or Thermal Energy Thermal Energy can can not be stored. It is transferred not be stored. It is transferred form one object to the next by form one object to the next by radiation, conduction, or radiation, conduction, or convection.convection.

Organisms that cannot Organisms that cannot make their own energy are make their own energy are called CONSUMERS.called CONSUMERS.

Consumers that eat Consumers that eat producers to get energy:producers to get energy:

•Are first order (1st) or primary consumers•Are herbivores (plant-eaters)

MostMost of the energy the of the energy the primary consumer gets primary consumer gets

from the producer is from the producer is used by the consumer.used by the consumer.

Thermal EnergyThermal EnergySomeSome of the energy of the energy

moves into the moves into the atmosphere as heatatmosphere as heat or or

Thermal Energy.Thermal Energy.

Some energy in the Some energy in the primary consumer is primary consumer is

stored as fat stored as fat && not lost to not lost to the atmosphere or used the atmosphere or used by the consumer itself.by the consumer itself.

This energy is This energy is called called Chemical Energy).Chemical Energy).

Ability to Respond to its environment

Functions of Cellular Membranes

1. Protect cell

2. Control incoming and outgoing substances

3. Maintain ion concentrations of various substances

4. Selectively permeable - allows some molecules in, others are kept out

Cell Membranes are Semi-permeable (selectively)

• Allows some substances into the cell, but screens out toxins and bacteria

• Substances allowed to cross include: water, CO2, Glucose, O2, Amino Acids,

Alcohol, and antihistamines. HIV and bacterial meningitis can cross the barrier.

Methods of Transport Across Membranes

1. Diffusion – the process by which molecules spread from areas of high concentration, to areas of low concentration.

Osmosis – the process by which water molecules spread across a membrane from areas of high concentration, to areas of low concentration

• 1.Osmosis: diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane.

• Water moves from high to low concentrations.

•Water moves freely through pores.

•Solute (green) too large to move across.

Passive Transport: 1. Osmosis

Study the diagram below.

Which arrow shows the direction the solute molecules would move to achieve homeostasis?

If the membrane shown is permeable to molecules of X, but impermeable to molecules of Y, what will

be the result of diffusion over time?

A. Molecules of X on each side of the membrane will become equal in concentration.

B. Molecules of Y on each side of the membrane will become equal in concentration.

C. Molecules of X will increase in concentration on the right side.

D. Molecules of Y will increase in concentration on the right side.

What determines the flow of materials in and out of the cell?

• Osmosis- diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane.

• There are 3 types of solutions:– Isotonic– Hypertonic– Hypotonic

Isotonic Solution

Isotonic: The concentration of solutes in the external solution is equal to the concentration of solutes inside the cell.

Result: Water moves equally in both directions and the cell remains same size! (Dynamic Equilibrium)

• Osmosis Animations for

isotonic, hypertonic, and

hypotonic solutions

Hypertonic Solution

Hypertonic: The solution has a higher concentration of solutes and a lower concentration of water than inside the cell. (High solute; Low water)

Result: Water moves from inside the cell into the solution: Cell shrinks -dehydration (Plasmolysis/crenation)!

hypotonic solutions

shrinks

Hypotonic Solution

Hypotonic: The solution has a lower concentration of solutes and a higher concentration of water than inside the cell. (Low solute; High water)

Result: Water moves from the solution to inside the cell): Cell Swells and bursts open (cytolysis)!

hypotonic solutions

Cell Theory

• All living things are made up of cells.

• Cells are the smallest working units of all living things.

• All cells come from preexisting cells through cell division.

Definition of Cell

A cell is the smallest unit that is capable of performing life

functions.

Examples of Cells

Amoeba Proteus

Plant Stem

Red Blood Cell

Nerve Cell

Bacteria

Two Types of Cells

•Prokaryotic – Eubacteria, and Archaeabacteria

•Eukaryotic – Plants, Animals, Fungi, Protista

Prokaryotic

• Do not have structures surrounded by membranes

• Few internal structures

• One-celled organisms, Bacteria

http://library.thinkquest.org/C004535/prokaryotic_cells.html

Eukaryotic• Contain organelles surrounded by membranes• Most living organisms

Plant Animal

http://library.thinkquest.org/C004535/eukaryotic_cells.html

“Typical” Animal Cell

http://web.jjay.cuny.edu/~acarpi/NSC/images/cell.gif

http://waynesword.palomar.edu/images/plant3.gif

“Typical” Plant Cell

Complex Organization

Cell Membrane• Outer membrane of cell that

controls movement in and out of the cell

• Double lipid layer • Selectively permeable -

allows some molecules in, others are kept out

. Protects cell

http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html

Phospholipid Bilayer

1. Diffusion

2. Osmosis

3. Facilitated Diffusion

4. Active Transport

1. Diffusion -passive transport of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration – no energy is used

2. Osmosis - Passive transport of water across membrane – no energy is used

3. Facilitated Diffusion - Use of proteins to carry polar molecules or ions across – energy used

4. Active Transport- requires energy to transport molecules against a concentration gradient – energy is used in the form of ATP

Cell Wall

• Most commonly found in plant cells & bacteria

• Supports & protects cells

• Selectively permeable

Inside the Cell

Nucleus

• Directs cell activities

• Separated from cytoplasm by nuclear membrane

• Contains genetic material - DNA

Nuclear Membrane

• Surrounds nucleus• Made of two layers• Openings allow

material to enter and leave nucleus

Chromosomes

• In nucleus• Made of DNA• Contain instructions

for traits & characteristics

Nucleolus

• Inside nucleus• Contains RNA to build

proteins

Cytoplasm

• Gel-like mixture

• Surrounded by cell membrane

• Contains hereditary material

Endoplasmic Reticulum• Moves materials around

in cell• Smooth type: lacks

ribosomes• Rough type (pictured):

ribosomes embedded in surface

Ribosomes

• Each cell contains thousands

• Make proteins• Found on ribosomes

& floating throughout the cell

Mitochondria

• Produces thermal energy through chemical reactions – breaking down fats & carbohydrates

• Controls level of water and other materials in cell

• Recycles and decomposes proteins, fats, and carbohydrates

Golgi Bodies

• Protein 'packaging plant'

• Move materials within the cell

• Move materials out of the cell

Lysosome• Digestive 'plant' for

proteins, fats, and carbohydrates

• Transports undigested material to cell membrane for removal

• Cell breaks down if lysosome explodes

Vacuoles

• Membrane-bound sacs for storage, digestion, and waste removal

• Contains water solution

• Help plants maintain shape

Chloroplast

• Usually found in plant cells

• Contains green chlorophyll

• Where photosynthesis takes place

Ability to Reproduce

Objective: 8.L.5.1 –Summarize how food provides the energy and molecules required for building...

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