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Biological Molecules & Biological Molecules & Origin of LifeOrigin of Life
Introduction to important molecules which comprise the structure and
function of all living organisms
• Universe formed 15 billion years ago (Big
Bang)
• Galaxies formed from stars, dust and gas
• Earth formed 4.6 billion years ago
• Suns energy stripped away 1st atmosphere
• 2nd atmosphere formed from volcanic outgassing
• Primitive atmosphere: CO2, water vapor, lesser
amts of CO, N2, H2, HCl, and traces of NH3 and
CH4 (3.5 bya)
• O2 came in 3.2-2 bya
• Autotrophic Organisms: photosynthesis
• Another environmental change
• Result in evolution
Life began~ 3.5 bya
Organic molecules (C H O N P S) swimming in shallow seas
Stage 1: Abiotic synthesis of organic molecules such as proteins, amino acids and nucleotides
Stage 2: joining of small molecules (monomers) into large molecules
Stage 3: origin of self-replicating molecules that eventually made inheritance possible
Stage 4: packaging these molecules into pre-cells, droplets of molecules with membranes that maintained an internal chemistry
Thomas Huxley- Search for origin of life
Wyville Thompson: HMS Challenger (1872-1876) found it was actually diatomacous ooze reacting with seawater and ethyl alcohol
Bathybias heckali- primordial ooze
• 0.5 billion years ago
• Atmosphere O2 to 1% current
• Compare to present: 78% N2, 21% O2, 0.04% CO2, + trace gasses
• Relatively small, most single cell
• Start of multicellularity
• Increase in cell complexity
Miller and Urey’s Experiment
ELECTRICITY!!!
Organic molecules like amino acids
Produced:• 20 amino acids• Several sugars• Lipids• Purine and pyrimidine bases
(found in DNA, RNA & ATP)
RNA worldRNA world The first genetic material was probably self-
replicating, catalytic RNA not DNA; In “RNA world”, RNA could have provided
the template on which DNA was assembled Once DNA appeared “RNA world” gave
way to “DNA world” The first organisms were not
photosynthetic; they were probably heterotrophic
Protobionts, collections of abiotically produced molecules surrounded by a membrane-like structures
Liposomes can form when lipids or other organic molecules are added to water.
- Have a bilayer- Can undergo osmosis- Can “reproduce”
Protocell (Protobiont)Protocell (Protobiont)
Fatty acid membrane with ribozymes inside
chemosynthetic bacteria (extremophiles)
Chemosynthesis:
02 + 4H2S + C02 CH20 + 4S +3H20
Stromatolites (bacteria & cyanobacteria)
Oldest fossils found in western Australia and southern Africa ~ 3.5 byo
Photosynthesis:
6H2O + 6CO2 + nutrients + light energy C6H12O6 + 6O2
Stromatolites from Shark’s Bay Australia
mostly cyano
Early prokaryotes may have arisen Early prokaryotes may have arisen near hydrothermal ventsnear hydrothermal vents
Hydrothermal vents are rich in sulphur and iron-containing compounds needed for ATP synthesis. Temperatures can reach 120oC.
Hot springs in Yellowstone National Hot springs in Yellowstone National Park – pigmented bacterial matsPark – pigmented bacterial mats
Categories:
Lipids
Proteins Nucleic Acids
Carbohydrates
Biological CompoundsBiological Compounds
Characteristics of Characteristics of Biological Molecules to Biological Molecules to ConsiderConsider
Monomer
• Subunits that serve as building blocks
• Connected by condensation reactions (dehydration) Polymers
• Covalent bonding occurs• Solubility in Water
Monomers and Monomers and PolymersPolymers
Monomer
Polymer
Dehydration Dehydration SynthesisSynthesis
Polymer
Monomers
H HO
H HO
H2O
C6H12O6 + C6H12O6 C12H22O11 + H2O
Dehydration Dehydration SynthesisSynthesis
H2O
Monomers
H HO
H2O
C12H22O11 + H2O C6H12O6 + C6H12O6
HydrolysisHydrolysis
Characteristics of Characteristics of CarbohydratesCarbohydrates
Sugars, Starches & Others
Principle Elements: C, H, & O
From Photosynthesis
Monomers: Monosaccharides
Polymers: Polysaccharides
Water Soluble
• Energy Metabolism• Structural Components• Cell-to-Cell Contacts and Recognition• Elimination of wastes (fiber)
APT cell
Helper-T cell
Chemical FormulasC6H12O6
C6H12O6
From corn syrup
Chemical FormulasC5H10O5 C5H10O4
deoxyribose
MaltoseMaltose
SucroseSucrose
glucose + fructose
glucose + glucose
LactoseLactose
glucose + galactose
glycogen
Characteristics of Characteristics of LipidsLipids
• Oils, fats, waxes, phospholipids, steroids
• Principle Elements: C, H, & O
• Some With P & N
• Water Insoluble
Functions of LipidsFunctions of Lipids
• Energy Storage
• Protection & Cushioning of Body
Organs
• Structural Components of
Membranes
• Chemical Messengers (hormones)
Major Types of LipidsMajor Types of Lipids
• Triglycerides (neutral fats)• Phospholipids• Sterols• Waxes
GlycerolGlycerol
Fatty AcidsFatty Acids
• Saturated with H+
• Most animal fats are saturated, ex. butter• Solid at room temp
• Has one or more double bonds between carbons• Most vegetable fats• Liquid at room temp
Hydrophilic head
Hydrophobic tails
phosphorous
carbon
hydrogen
oxygen
Nonpolar hydrophobic tails (fatty acids) exposed to oil
Polar hydrophilic heads exposed to water
Phospholipid Phospholipid BilayerBilayer
Outside of Cell
Inside of Cell
SteroidsSteroids
cholesterol
Bacon grease
• Cholesterol: <200 mg/dl• Triglycerides: blood fats, 30-175
mg/dl• HDL: Good cholesterol, > 35 mg/dl• LDL: Bad Cholesterol, <100 mg/dl• Chol/HDL ratio: < 4.5 indicates
heart disease
Your Cholesterol LevelYour Cholesterol Level
Lowering Your Cholesterol LevelLowering Your Cholesterol Level
• Eat healthy
• Exercise
• Lose wt.
• Quit smoking
• 1 glass of wine or beer
• Medications (Lipitor)
• Principle Elements: C, H, O, & N
• Monomers: Amino Acids
• Polymers: Polypeptides or Proteins
• Generally Water Soluble
Characteristics of ProteinsCharacteristics of Proteins
Characteristics of ProteinsCharacteristics of Proteins
Functional Groups of Amino Acids
• Carboxylic Acid (-COOH)
• Amine (-NH2)
• R-Groups (variable - 20 different kinds)
Functions of ProteinsFunctions of Proteins
• Enzymes
• Structural Proteins
• Chemical Messengers
• Hormones
• Antibodies
Levels of Protein Structure
Primary structure
Secondary structure
Tertiary structure
Quarternary structure
Primary structure: Linear sequence of amino acids
Levels of Protein Structure
Alpha helix
H-Bonds
Secondary structure:
Beta Pleated sheet
NH3 Leu Cys Val Asp Phe COO
Levels of Protein Structure
Tertiary: 3D configuration Weak bonds between side chains
Quartenary: Two or more polypeptides e.g. Hemoglobin (Hb)
Amino Acid StructureAmino Acid Structure
Some Amino AcidsSome Amino Acids
Formation of Peptide BondsFormation of Peptide Bonds
Peptide bond
Dipeptide Water
AA1 AA2
Formation of a Formation of a PolypeptidePolypeptide
Formation of a Formation of a PolypeptidePolypeptide
Two Different PolypeptidesTwo Different Polypeptides
GLY SER ALA TYR ILE GLNLEUMET
GLY SERASP GLUILE GLN HISASN
Characteristics of Nucleic AcidsCharacteristics of Nucleic Acids
Principle Elements: C, H, O, N, & PPrinciple Elements: C, H, O, N, & P
Monomers: NucleotidesMonomers: Nucleotides
Polymers: Nucleic AcidsPolymers: Nucleic Acids
Generally Water SolubleGenerally Water Soluble
Characteristics of Nucleic Characteristics of Nucleic AcidsAcids
Nucleotide Components: Ribose (5-C) Sugar
Phosphate
Nitrogenous Base
Functions of Nucleic AcidsFunctions of Nucleic Acids
• Genetic Instruction Set (DNA)
• Protein Synthesis (DNA & RNA)
• Energy Metabolism (ATP)
PolynucleotidesPolynucleotides= Nucleic Acids= Nucleic Acids
Double-Double-Stranded DNAStranded DNA
DNAPolymers made up of individual
nucleotidesNucleotides contain
• Phosphate group• Five carbon sugar• Ring shaped nitrogen base
DNA contains information for almost all cell activities
ATPATP
Role of ATP in Energy Role of ATP in Energy MetabolismMetabolism
ATP ATP ADP + ADP + PPii + Energy + Energy
Role of ATP in Energy MetabolismRole of ATP in Energy Metabolism
InquiryInquiry1. How old is the Earth?2. What was the 1st organism to
have appeared 3.5 bya?3. How did it eat?4. When did oxygen 1st appear in
the atmosphere?5. How was it produced?6. What did Miller & Urey’s study
conclude?
INQUIRY1. Describe the difference
between saturated and unsaturated fats.
2. Where are phospholipids found?
3. Cholesterol is the base molecule for what type of lipids?
4. Name a polysaccharide used to store energy.
5. Name the currency molecule for all the cells activities.