Designing with Laminated Glass

Presented by:

This course is worth 1 hour of Health, Safety and Welfare Credit through

the American Institute of Architects

Saflex

About Solutia Inc.

World Headquarters World Headquarters located in St. Louis, MOlocated in St. Louis, MO

$3.5 Billion Chemical $3.5 Billion Chemical CompanyCompany

Saflex division is the Saflex division is the world’s largest producer world’s largest producer of polyvinyl butyral of polyvinyl butyral (PVB) used in (PVB) used in laminated glasslaminated glass

Solutia Architectural Brands

This program is registered with the AIA/CES for continuing professional education. As such, it does not include content that may be deemed or construed to be an approval or endorsement by the AIA of any material of construction or any method or manner of handling, using, distributing, or dealing in any material or product. Questions related to specific materials, methods, and services will be addressed at the conclusion of this presentation.

Thank you!

Course Objectives

What you will learn…

• Laminated glazing products

• Applications for laminated glass

• Benefits of laminated glass

• Designing with laminated glass

Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and MuseumArchitectural Firm: Pei Cobb Freed and Partners

Laminated Glazing Products

Laminated Glass is made with…

• Plastic “PVB” (Polyvinyl Butyral) interlayer sandwiched between two pieces of glass with heat & pressure

• Used in the automotive industry for over 60 years

• Used in the architectural market for over 30 years

PVB sheet being applied to glass

Laminated Glass can be …

• used in Insulated Glass units

• used with Low E coatings

• made with tinted glass

• made with multiple layers of glass

• cut when made with annealed glass

Grand Slam Canyon, Las Vegas

Laminated Glass Sizes

SIZES:

– can be produced up to 102” x 200”

– ** Depends on local plant autoclave size

Weight:

– 1/8” .030 1/8” = 3.50 lbs per sq. ft.

– 1/4” .030 1/4” = 6.6 lbs. per sq. ft.

Chromatic Oasis, Sacramento International Airport

Laminated Glass is used in Various Window Types

• Curtain walls

• Ribbon Windows

• Store Fronts

• Punched or Architectural windows

• Overhead Glazing

• Handrails & Floors

• Specialty Applications

Main Entrance Louvre Museum, Paris

Most Common Application

• High Performance Glazing– Commercial Buildings– Airports & Ports– Schools & Hospitals– Courthouses &

Federal Buildings

Las Vegas Federal Courthouse Architect: Dworsky Associates

Cost Elements of LAG…

• Thickness of glass• Glass Type• Thickness of interlayer• Special Interlayers

– acoustics– color

• Glass treatment– tinting– coatings

• Type of framing Installation Portofino Tower, Miami Florida

Architect: Seeger Architectural Partnership

Most Common Configurations of LAG …

PVB Thickness .030

Tempered, Heat Strengthened, and Annealed can be laminatedTypical lite thickness: 1/8” to 1/4”

PVB Thickness .060 PVB Thickness .090

Laminated Glass

Benefits and Performance

Benefits of Laminated Glass

• Safety• Sound• Security• Solar• Storm• Style

The 6 “S’s”The 6 “S’s”

Tokyo International Forum, JapanArchitect: Rafael Vinoly Architects

Meets all the national safety glazing standards:

ANSI Z97.1CPSC 16 CFR 1201 – Cat II (Consumer Product Safety Commission)

• Can be used anywhere Safety tempered glass is used

• Resist penetration, won’t shatter into dangerous fragment

• Seismic and Hurricane Glazing Solution

Benefits of Laminated Glass

• Safety

• Sound

• Security

• Solar

• Storm

• Style

Benefits of Laminated Glass

• Safety

• Sound

• Security

• Solar

• Storm

• Style

Glass House, Tokyo Japan Architect: Ken Yokogawa

Safety Applications for Laminated Glass

• Overhead Glazing

• Sloped Glazing

• Entrance Doors

• Storm and Patio-Type Doors

• Sidelights and Fixed Glazed Panels

Benefits of Laminated Glass

• Safety

• Sound

• Security

• Solar

• Storm

• Style

Reduces unwanted sound and noise

Typical STC (Sound Transmission Class)

ratings between 34 to 40*

Can reduce perceived noise by up to 50% *Based on PVB interlayer type, glass thickness, and airspace in IG Units

Sound Benefit of Laminated Glass

• Safety

• Sound

• Security

• Solar

• Storm

• Style

Laminated Glazing for Optimal Sound Performance

Typical Makeup and Performance:

Laminated Glass (1/4” nominal)

1/8” [.030” PVB] 1/8” STC 34

1/8” [.030” Acoustic PVB] 1/8” STC 35

Laminated Glass Insulated Glass Unit (1” nominal)

1/4” [.030” PVB] 1/2” A.S. 1/4” STC 39

1/4” [.030” Acoustic PVB] 1/2” A.S. 1/4” STC 40

Typical Makeup and Performance:

Laminated Glass (1/4” nominal)

1/8” [.030” PVB] 1/8” STC 34

1/8” [.030” Acoustic PVB] 1/8” STC 35

Laminated Glass Insulated Glass Unit (1” nominal)

1/4” [.030” PVB] 1/2” A.S. 1/4” STC 39

1/4” [.030” Acoustic PVB] 1/2” A.S. 1/4” STC 40

Kamm House, Miami, Florida Kamm House, Miami, Florida Architect: R.A. Kamm & Assoc.Architect: R.A. Kamm & Assoc.

Sound Reduction Applications for Laminated Glass

• Airports

• Educational Facilities

• Highways and Congested Traffic Areas

• Railways

• Residential areas bordering commercial and transit areas

Benefits of Laminated Glass

• Safety

• Sound

• Security

• Solar

• Storm

• Style

Can meet various levels of Can meet various levels of security including:security including:- BurglaryBurglary- Forced entryForced entry- Forced exitForced exit- BallisticsBallistics- Bomb BlastBomb Blast

Standards include:Standards include:- ASTM F1233/UL 972 (forced entry)ASTM F1233/UL 972 (forced entry)- ASTM F 1915 (forced exit)ASTM F 1915 (forced exit)- UL 752 (bullet resistant)UL 752 (bullet resistant)

Benefits of Laminated Glass

• Safety

• Sound

• Security

• Solar

• Storm

• Style

Benefits of Laminated Glass

• Safety

• Sound

• Security

• Solar

• Storm

• Style

Why Design for Security Protection?

• Burglary, Forced Entry, Ballistic Attacks, and Bomb Blasts and are more and more common

• A burglary occurs every 11 sec in the US

• Bomb Blast events are globally on the rise

• Flying glass shards: 50+% of all non-fatal blast injuries.

• Flying or Falling Glass #1 cause of injury non-structural collapse

Types of Security Glazing

Standard LAG (1/4” with 0.060” thickness) provides a significant improvement in resistance to attack from a variety of hand held weapons in:

– Residential: Rock, Hammer, Pry bar, Brick, etc.– Commercial: Sledgehammer, Battering Ram, Chisel,

Axe

LAG cannot be cut from one side deeming glass cutters useless

Impact resistance is improved as % of interlayer is increased, not glass

Burglary Resistance/Forced Entry

Types of Security Glazing

Bullet-resistant glass is made by laminating multiple layers of glass and interlayer to form a single multi-ply unit

The glass layers flatten the bullet upon impact

The interlayer provides flexibility and absorbs energy through the unit

Ballistic Protection

Typical Thickness per Level

UL 752 Test Typical Weapon Typical Laminate Thickness

Level 1Medium Power – Small Arms

Super .38

Automatic / 9mm1 ¼”

Level 2High Power – Small Arms

.357 Magnum Revolver 1 ½”

Level 3Super Power – Small Arms

.44 Magnum Revolver 1 ¾”

Level 4 High Power – Rifle

.30-’06 Rifle 2”

Types of Security Glazing

– Lite cracks as static strength is surpassed

– Laminate deforms inward

– Interlayer absorbs blast energy as it deflects

– Laminate deters accompanying debris

– Energy transferred to frame

– Laminate reacts with an elastic response

– Interior & Exterior protected due to Retention

Bomb Blast Resistance

LAG Configurations

Single LiteForced EntryBomb BlastHurricaneAcoustical

Safety

Laminated InsulatedSame as Single Plus:Energy ConservationEnhanced Acoustical

- Can be Double Laminated

Multiply LaminatedSame as Single Plus:

Enhanced Forced EntryBullet Resistance

Enhanced Blast Resistance

Bomb Blast BasicsChronology of a blast event

0.0

Time (milliseconds)

Ove

rpre

ssu

re (

psi

)

Positive Phase

Negative Phase

Awareness

Other Blast Considerations• Debris• Glass Retention• Secondary debris• Surrounding buildings…

sympathetic damage

Video of a Blast Event

Test Methods & Classifications

Test Methods/Standards

• ASTM F 1642

• GSA/ISC (injury criteria)

• Department of Defense

• ISO (draft)

Methodologies

• Arena

• Shock Tubes

Bomb Blast Applications

• Classifications and Performance Levels

• GSA Levels• Level C Building (4 psi/28

psi*msec)• Level D Building (10 psi/88

psi*msec)• Other Government/Private

Sector• ???

Oklahoma City Federal Campus Oklahoma City Federal Campus

Architect: Architect: Ross Barney and Jankowski Architects

Benefits of Laminated Glass

• Safety

• Sound

• Security

• Solar

• Storm

• Style

Screens out 99% of harmful & Screens out 99% of harmful & damaging UV rays up to 380 damaging UV rays up to 380 nm(= SPF 50+)nm(= SPF 50+)

Protects delicate plants, Protects delicate plants, fabrics, carpets, and furniture fabrics, carpets, and furniture from fadingfrom fading

Can use tinted PVB to reduce Can use tinted PVB to reduce solar heat gainsolar heat gain

Benefits of Laminated Glass

• Safety

• Sound

• Security

• Solar

• Storm

• Style

Benefits of Laminated Glass

• Green Friendly – can help meet LEEDS objectives through natural day lighting

• Open natural day lighted workspaces can reduce stress and enhance creativity

South Beach Lincoln Cinema, Miami FloridaSouth Beach Lincoln Cinema, Miami FloridaArchitect: Zyscovich Inc.Architect: Zyscovich Inc.

Benefits of Laminated Glass

• Safety• Sound• Security• Solar• Storm• Style

Laminated Glazing for Hurricane Protection

1. Flying debris breaks glass2. Wind and rain enters a building through

breached openings3. 1% opening on windward wall

1. 200% increase in pressure on underside of roof2. 50% increase in pressure on exterior walls

Structural Failure

Hurricane Applications

• Typically mandated by code and referenced by a standard– Dade County, FL– ICC (IRC, IBC)– ASTM E1886 * E1996

• Most stringent glazing standards in the industry– Impact– Cycling– Structural

City Place, Palm Beach, FL – Architects: Roger FryCity Place, Palm Beach, FL – Architects: Roger Fry

Benefits of Laminated Glass

• Safety• Sound• Security• Solar• Storm• Style

Designing with Functionality

Color adds

personality!

• Use Heat and Light Stable Pigments, Not Dyes

• 1000’s of Color Possibilities

• Unlimited Color Range When Combined with Tinted Glass and Coatings

• Ease of maintenance unlike surface treatments

Colors Colors

The Glass Store, Sao Paulo – Brunette FraccaroliThe Glass Store, Sao Paulo – Brunette FraccaroliPattern and Mass pigmented Color LAGPattern and Mass pigmented Color LAG

Office Partitions – Perkins & WillOffice Partitions – Perkins & WillPattern and Mass pigmented Color LAGPattern and Mass pigmented Color LAG

Grand Slam Canyon, Grand Slam Canyon, Circus Circus Circus Circus Hotel & Casino, Hotel & Casino, Las Vegas, NV Las Vegas, NV

Mass pigmented Mass pigmented Color LAGColor LAG

New York, New York New York, New York Hotel & Casino, Hotel & Casino, Las Vegas, NVLas Vegas, NV

Mass pigmented Mass pigmented Color LAGColor LAG

Olympic Cauldron, Salt Lake City, UT Olympic Cauldron, Salt Lake City, UT Jim Doyle, Wet Design - Mass pigmented Color LAGJim Doyle, Wet Design - Mass pigmented Color LAG

Questions?

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© Solutia Inc. 2007