Presented by..

Shash kant singhSaurav chandraSunny clifferedSahilSushanth ks

Networking & Telecommunication 

WATERFALL MODEL

NETWORKING & TELECOMMUNICATION 

NETWORKING

Networking is the practice of linking two or more computing devices together for the purpose of sharing data.

Networks are built with a mix of computer hardware and computer software.

Network & Telecommunications Management is concerned with information systems, telecommunications technology, computer technology, business practices, policy issues, and psychological/social considerations involved in voice, data, image, and facsimile transmission. 

USE :

To share (a)resources (such as printers and CDs) (b) exchange files, or allow electronic

communications.

The computers on a network may be linked through cables, telephone lines, radio waves, satellites, or infrared light beams.

Two very common types of networks include:

Local Area Network (LAN)

Wide Area Network (WAN)

Local Area Network A Local Area Network (LAN) is a network that

is confined to a relatively small area. It is generally limited to a geographic area such as a writing lab, school, or building.

Wide Area NetworkWide Area Networks (WANs) connect networks in larger geographic areas, such as India, the United States, or the world. Dedicated transoceanic cabling or satellite uplinks may be used to connect this type of global network.

There are many other types of computer networks, including:

Campus-area networks (CANs): The computers are within a limited geographic area, such as a campus or military base.

Metropolitan-area networks MANs): A data network designed for a town or city.

Home-area networks (HANs): A network contained within a user's home that connects a person's digital devices.

TELECOMMUNICATION

Telecommunications refers to the exchange of information by electronic and electrical means over a significant distance.

A complete telecommunication arrangement is made up of two or more stations equipped with transmitter and receiver devices.

A single co-arrangement of transmitters and receivers, called a transceiver, 

WHAT TELECOMSCAN DO

It is hard to run a business without a telephone or, increasingly, an Internet address.

Businesses need access to telephone lines and computers, and connectivity to the networks.

They need to understand how to make the best use of them. With the liberalization of the telecom sector in

many countries. voice and data services. Internet service or dedicated lines to larger

businesses. New technologies can connect a business to the

Internet by digital radio wireless links.

In addition to using the Internet, many larger corporations and most

multinational corporations are also building “intranets” (virtual private networks) that provide the same applications but with access limited to internal corporate use or perhaps selected business partners.

For example, intranet to improve communication between its

branches across the world. As they reach further out to suppliers, customers, distributors and other business partners in various countries, they will build “extranets” which connect these partner intranets or local area networks.

TELECOM APPLICATIONS

(1)Banking and finance Banks were the first business sector to become major

users of data communication networks to carry out cheque clearing and other transactions. branches and cashpoint machines. banks to global financial services such as VISA and MasterCard, EuroCard, Cirrus and Plus systems.

These networks allow cardholders to make purchases with credit or debit cards ,withdraw cash or foreign currency from bank cashpoint machines

(2) E-COMMERCE ON THE INTERNET

A key issue with e-commerce is providing reliable, secure means of making and receiving payments.

As buying through the Internet continues to expand, smaller businesses have opportunities to procure goods at competitive prices.

There is general agreement that credit card payments over the Internet will grow massively once reliable standards are formed and accepted.

confidential transmission method (encryption).

identification of all partners participating in the transaction.

securing of data integrity when ordering goods or services through use of digital signatures.

(3)COMMODITY MARKETS

Commodity markets are key information services for developing country.

producers, farmers and mining operations. Example the farmer in Africa being able to learn the

actual market price of his product, say coffee, and then being able to hold or sell to those who will give the best price.

Information about markets is fundamental to a market economy.

producers have access not only to timely and reliable information on pricing but also to information about buyers.

(4)ENGINEERING AND CONSTRUCTION

Global engineering enterprises use corporate or enterprise-wide communication

networks to operate sophisticated systems including computer-aided

design, logistics, sourcing and pricing, inventory control, project management

and procurement. Local partners of these global enterprises can benefit

from shared access to (and technical training in) this range of systems

(5)ENERGY COMPANIES

Energy exploration and development use specialized applications such as remote sensing and geographic information systems (GIS)

GIS provide visual information essential to planning the production process

depth of the deposits nature of surrounding soils location of aquifers and other factors for efficient and

environmentally safe production

.

(6)TRANSPORTATION

Transportation services such as railways, ships and buses have always had a significant requirement for telecommunication services. Railways were given radio frequencies so that they could communicate critical information throughout the system.

deploying fibre-optic cables along their rights of way and thereby creating new high-capacity networks.

Vehicle tracking

(7) IN BUSINESS

Increased availability and quality of information.

Trade and professional journals, as well as other sources of business data, are available on the Internet. This immediate access to information can be a significant benefit to entrepreneurs, industry leaders, academics and government leaders in developing countries, allowing them to compete on equal terms with their peers in industrialized countries.

(8) OVERALL BENEFITS TO ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT

For the period 1965-1995, the World Bank found that the availability of communication infrastructure, as measured by telephone density (the ratio of telephone lines to population), taken together with openness to international trade and educational attainment, correlated significantly with economic growth rates.

Waterfall Model

It is also called as linear sequential model.

In this model whole application is developed in a sequential approach.

In this model each phase must be completed fully before the next phase begin.

Provides structure to inexperienced staff.

History of waterfall model

The first formal description of the waterfall model is often cited as a 1970 article by Winston W.Royce.

Royce presented this model as as an example of a flawed,non-working model.

It has been widely used for software projects ever since.

Use of the waterfall model

Requirements are very well known.

Product definition is stable.

Technology is understood.

New version of an existing product.

Waterfall model Diagram

Requirement Gathering

Requirement Analysis

Design

Coding

Testing

Release&

Maintenance

In this phase business analyst will collect the requirements with an interaction of client and collected requirements will be documented.

In this phase system analyst will study the client requirements and prepare the system requirement specification.

In this phase design architecture is the responsible to decide architecture of an application in order to full-fill the client requirements .

In this phase developers will write the program using programming languages or scripting languages in order to develop the application.

Initially developers will perform unit testing and integration testing using of white box testing, After that separate team will be perform system testing using black box testing

After the testing client satisfied on work product then we deliver application to the customer to use at live environment. While using this application client identify can some defects in existing s/m then he will send to the CR to CCB .

ADVANTAGES

A waterfall model is easy to implementation. It helps to find errors earlier Easy to understand, easy to use. Works well when quality is more important than

cost or schedule Documentation is produced at every stage of a

waterfall model allowing people to understand what has been done.

Testing is done at every stage.

It is only suitable for the small size projects. Constant testing of the design is needed. If requirements may change the Waterfall model

may not work. Difficult to estimate time and cost for each stage of

the development process. Adjust scope during the life cycle can kill a project. High amount of risk and uncertainty. This model is not suitable to handle dynamic

changes in the requirements

DISADVANTAGES