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Project ManagementDefine project, project management, RAD, JADDescribe the project triangle and its tradeoffsDescribe project management activitiesDiscuss the advantages and disadvantages of functional,project (purpose) and matrix structuresDescribe the advantages, disadvantages and characteristics of SDLC (System Development Life Cycle) and prototypingDescribe the phases of SDLCDescribe project dimensions affecting risk Discuss integration in dealing with risk Discuss issues in managing behavioral factors

Discuss open sourcing as a development approach

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Project Management

Project - temporary endeavor undertakento create a unique product or service

may be divided into subprojectsProject management - application of knowledge, skills, tools and techniques to

project activities to meet or exceedstakeholder needs and expectations froma project

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Project Triangle

Time Cost

Scope

QUALITY

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Project ManagementActivities

Ensuring progress of project using metricsIdentifying risks and assessing the probability of them occurringEnsuring progress toward deliverables withinconstraints of time and resourcesRunning coordination meetings of the project

teamNegotiating for resources on behalf of theproject

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Development Models

Systems Development Life CycleRapid Applications Development (RAD)

PrototypingJoint Applications Development (JAD) (likeRAD with users)

Agile ProgrammingObject-Oriented

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Systems DevelopmentLife Cycle (SDLC)

Overview

Software Acquisition ChoicesSDLC OverviewSDLC:Phases

Alternative Approaches

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SDLC - Prior Problems

Failure to meet:BudgetsSchedulesExpectations

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SDLC - Characteristics “Problem” or “Opportunity” Many names; Widely applicable

“Analysis” vs. “Synthesis” Variance across stages

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SDLC - Characteristics

Disciplined approachSystems approachIterative (not sequential)Cyclical

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SDLC - Advantages

Focus on tradeoffsFocus on goals

Controls: milestones, checklist,accountabilityTools, models, CASEHierarchical decompositionDesigned for user & managerinvolvement

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SDLC - Reasons for Failure

Scope too broad or too narrowLack of needed skillsIncomplete specificationsNo control/no framework

Lack of management/userinvolvementToo time-consuming

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SDLC Phases

Initiation and FeasibilityRequirements DefinitionFunctional DesignTechnical Design and Construction

VerificationImplementationTest

Maintenance & Review

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SDLC Cycle

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. n a onFeasibility

Project objectives & ScopePreliminary survey & feasibility

TechnicalEconomicOperational

Project proposal and scheduleIdentify assumptions & constraints

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. equ remen sDefinition

Problem/Opportunity definition

Analyze current systemFocus on decisions and relatedinformation needsDefine business functionalityPlan for training, user acceptance

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ro em ppor un yDefinition

Symptoms vs. real problems

Question decision maker’sstatement of problemBound problem realisticallyTry to ascertain actual causeSometimes figuring out the

problem is half the solution

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na yze urrenSystem

+ Understand activities involved

+ Identify decision points+ Identify problems & efficiencies+ Be aware of history- Bias thinking

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III. Functional DesignFocus on business needs

usability, reliability

Logical designOutputsInputs

PresentationProcessesDatabases

Personnel

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IV. Technical Designand Construction

Finalize architecture and acquirehardware

Complete technical definition of data access and other systemcomponentsMake (program) vs. buyDevelop test plans

Revise schedule, plan and costs

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V. VerificationProgram Testing

Structured walkthrough

Code inspectionUnit testPairs testing

Verification, stress, user andsecurity testing

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VI. Implementation

Cut-overParallel conversionDirect cut-overPilot conversion

Phased conversionUser training

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. a n enance anReview

Post-implementation auditEnds - information requirements

(information, performance)Means - process

Maintenance (correcting bugs & scheduled maintenance)Enhancement (adding

functionality)

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Iterative Development

SystemConcept

Version“1”

Version“2”

Version“N” SoftwareDevelopment

Process

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Uses of Prototyping

Verifying user needs

Verifying that design = specifications

Selecting the “best” design

Developing a conceptual understanding of

novel situations

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Uses of Prototyping

Testing a design under varying

environments

Demonstrating a new product to upper

management

Implementing a new system in the user

environment quickly

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Prototyping

Proposed AdvantagesImproved user

communicationUsers like itLow risk

Avoids over-designExperimentation

and innovationSpreads labor to

user department

Disadvantages in practicePrototypes are used

“as is” Integration often

difficultDesign flawsPoor performance

Difficult to manage

processCreates unrealisticexpectations Documentation isdifficult

Ob d Eff t f

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Observed Effects of Prototyping

ease of use (+)user needs (+)unrealistic user

expectations (-)added features (?)poorer performance(-)mixed design quality

mixed maintainabilityless needmore difficult to do

effort decreased (+)difficult cost-estimation (-)end-user participationincreased (+)more expertiseneeded (-)difficult planning & control (-)

Software Product Software Process

R id A li i

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Rapid ApplicationsDevelopment (RAD)

+ Like prototyping, uses iterativedevelopment

+ Uses tools to speed up developmentGUIreusable codecode generation

programming, language testing and debugging- Requirements may be frozen too early- Basic standards often overlooked

J i t A li ti

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Joint ApplicationsDevelopment (JAD)

+ Saves interviewing and datacollection time

+ Structured process+ Highly collaborative with businessunits

- Expensive- Low use of technology

P j t Di i

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Project DimensionsAffecting Risk

Project Size (relative to others)

The pregnant ladyComplexity

Extent of difficultyInterdependence of componentsRelative

ClarityHigh vs. Low

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Integration ToolsEXTERNALUser project managerUser specificationapproval processUser-managed controlprocess

Users as teammembersUser responsibility foreducation&installation

INTERNALIT professional teamleaderFrequent teammeetingsRegular technical

status reviewsOutside technicalassistanceGoal setting by team