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Nature + Technology = Solution?
Can natural forms and processes be integrated with modern technological
advances to save the world we live in from our destructive ways?
Raheel Yousaf – Diploma in Architecture (International) – TMA 1502
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A b s t r a c t
The aim of this study is to find, investigate, and learn from the influences nature has
on architecture and combine this with modern technological advances to find
practical and holistic solutions to the problems we face today. The natural world has
always existed in equilibrium with the animal kingdom, we as humans through vast
and rapid development and advancement as species have upset this balance. Only
now acknowledging the damage we have and still are causing. We have only
recognised the problem now because we find ourselves in a situation that requires
immediate change or we face disastrous environmental impact.
We are at crucial point in our history, where we have made unprecedented progress
in the last century for example massive increase in population and mega cities that
are home to more then 10 million residents. Technology has become a part of our
lives with our cities shaped and functioning around the motorcar and our homes full
of personal electronics.
Life has become unrecognisable from our humble roots, and we have progressed
from caves to mansions; from open fields to manmade skylines stretching as far as
the eye can see. This progress has developed some issues, which are threatening
our way of life and the planet we call home. In our selfish acts to feed our greed we
have become reliant on excessive amounts of energy, which we acquire through
unsustainable methods. In turn these methods are having detrimental effects to the
environment that we share with every other species on this planet. We have scarred
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vast landscapes, poisoned rivers and underground water supplies, polluted the
quality of air and have even increased the average temperature.
The purpose of this study is to investigate and seek inspiration from nature itself. It
will look at Biophilia; the influence that natural elements have on design to better the
psychological link between mankind and architecture. Biomimicry, the application of
natural processes into design. New technologies that can be combined and
integrated with natural forms and processes. These can be applied to design to
achieve a new balance and a new architecture.
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A c k n o w l e d g e m e n t
I would like to begin in the name of!God, Most Gracious, Most Merciful.
I would like to take this opportunity to thank each and every one of you
Who have assisted me to achieve my full potential
Without you I could not have arrived at this juncture:
My family, you have always encouraged me with both support and pride.
My fiancé, Amina, you have always shown love and support.
My personal tutor, Sophia, your help and guidance have been invaluable.
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L i s t o f i l l u s t r a t i o n s
1- Mechanical Beatle. Front cover
2- Full page – Logging photograph. Page. 1
3- Full page – Hurricane Katrina damage. Page. 5
4- Figure 1.1 – Chart showing population growth patterns.
Page. 6
5- Figure 1.2 – Table showing top 10 populated countries, data from US Census Bureau.
Page. 7
6- Figure 1.3 – Graph from the Global Education Project showing world energy use by fuel type.
Page. 8
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7- Figure 1.4 – Graph from the Global Education Project showing Energy use per capita.
Page. 8
8- Figure 1.5- Chart from the Global Education project showing CO2 emissions. Page. 9
9- Figure 1.6 – Chart showing population increases in the worlds largest cities.
Page. 10
10- Figure 1.7 – Above Shanghai skyline 1990, below Shanghai skyline 2010.
Page. 11
11- Figure 1.8 – Fuel to CO2 emission ratio. Page. 12
12- Figure 1.9 – (Left) A cartoonist expresses concern to the situation we currently face.
Page. 16
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13- Figure 1.10 – (Below) An Activist is hurt during protests regarding climate change at the 2009 G20 leader summit in London.
Page. 16
14- Full page – Flower. Page. 18
15- Figure 2.1 – A baby in the mother’s womb.
Page. 20
16- Figure 2.2 – Inside view of a cave. Page. 20
17- Full page – Termite nests. Page. 22
18- Figure 2.3 – Sketch showing the ventilation system of a termite nest.
Page. 24
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19- Full page – Weaverbird nest Page. 25
20- Figure 2.4 – The Eared Grebe makes its nest so that it floats.
Page. 26
21- Figure 2.5 – The Cliff Swallow nests along a cliff face.
Page. 27
22- Full page – Beaver dam. Page. 28
23- Figure 2.6 – Cross sectional image showing how a beaver home functions with two entrances and space for the beaver and its family.
Page. 29
24- Figure 2.7 – Beaver using its specialised teeth to cut down a tree.
Page. 30
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25- Full page – Germinating seed. Page. 31
26 -Full page – Camera eye. Page. 34
27- Full page – Water feature. Page. 37
28- Figure 3.1 – Water fountains are often used in landscape design to make the more interactive.
Page. 40
29- Figure 3.2 – A house designed in the shape of a seashell.
Page. 41
30- Figure 3.3 – The stealth fighter jet’s aerodynamic function is based on that of a stingray.
Page. 41
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31- Figure 3.4 – Tadao Ando’s Church of Light plays on the relationship of light and space.
Page. 41
32- Figure 3.5 – The Eden Project successfully connects visitors to a natural setting within a native environment created through its design.
Page. 42
33- Figure 3.6 – A man tends to his garden, a relationship that has psychological benefits.
Page. 42
34- Figure 3.7 – Chart from Biophilic Design, (Kellert, 2008) categorises the attributes and related design elements to biophilic architecture.
Page. 43
35- Full page – Woodpecker inspired hammer
Page. 47
36- Figure 3.8 – ‘Bone Chair’ designed by Joris Laarman in 1998 uses software mimicking the structure assessment used by bones to eliminate any extra material.
Page. 49
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37- Figure 3.9 – Mercedez-Benz prototype car based on two biomimetic principles.
Page. 50
38- Figure 3.10 – The structure of the car created using bone structure software allowing the removal extra material.
Page. 50
39- Figure 3.11 – The box fish on which the aerodynamic body fo the car is shaped.
Page. 50
40- Figure 3.12 – The moment a kingfisher bird enters the water.
Page. 51
41- Figure 3.13 – Japan's 500 Series Shinkansen bullet train as modeled on the beak of a kingfisher bird.
Page. 51
42- Full page – Banksy – I want change Page. 52
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43- Figure 3.14 – Fibre optic cables. Page. 54
44- Figure 3.15 – Venus’s flower basket. Page. 54
45- Full page – Change ahead Page. 56
46- Full page – Eastgate Centre Page. 58
47- Figure 4.1 – External elevation showing Eastgate and its distinct ‘chimneys’.
Page. 60
48 -Figure 4.2 – A view of Eastgate showing balconies shading the windows.
Page. 62
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49- Figure 4.3 – Diagram showing the environmental strategy of Eastgate.
Page. 63
50- Full page - BedZED Page. 65
51- Figure 4.4 – A chart comparing ecological footprints for different UK lifestyles.
Page. 66
52- Figure 4.5 – A cross sectional sketch shows the environmental strategy.
Page. 70
53- Figure 4.6 – Sketch showing the water treatment strategy.
Page. 71
54- Full page – California Academy of Sciences roof.
Page. 74
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55- Figure 4.7 – A cross sectional sketch shows how the building is ventilated.
Page. 77
56- Figure 4.8 – A view of the undulation roof of the academy.
Page. 78
57- Figure 4.9 – Photograph showing the California Academy of Sciences within its context.
Page. 81
58- Full page – California dry death valley Page. 83
59- Figure 5.1 – A visualisation of the naturally grown village.
Page. 86
60- Figure 5.2 – Cross sectional image describing how the home works.
Page. 86
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61- Figure 5.3 – A cross section showing the spaces created by selective solidification of sand dunes.
Page. 87
62- Figure 5.4 – An aerial visualisation showing the impact of the concept in its context.
Page. 88
63- Figure 5.5 – A diagram showing the three stages in construction.
Page. 89
64- Full page – Paradise Page. 93
65- Full page - Destruction Page. 94
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C o n t e n t s
Abstract i
Acknowledgment iii
List of illustrations iv
Introduction 2
- Life Unbalanced 6
Need for change 12
Learning from Nature’s Engineers 19
- The Termite 23
- The Bird 26
- The Beaver 29
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Seed for change 32
Nature led design 35
- Biophilic Design 38
- Biomimetic Design 47
Application of evolution 53
Evaluation of evolution 57
- Eastgate, Harare, Zimbabwe 59
- Beddington Zero Energy Development, London, UK 66
- California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, California, USA 75
Progress or regress 84
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“There is a sufficiency in the world for man's need but not for man's greed.” 1
Mohandas K. Gandhi
1-http://www.drury.edu/multinl/story.cfm?ID=11595
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I n t r o d u c t i o n
Historically the natural environment has played a vital role in our development, and
has provided us with our first homes in the form of caves, shelters carved from the
landscape that protect us from the elements and predators. As we became
intelligent enough to create our own homes we lost our way with nature.
Progression for us caused the decay of the natural environment in which we chose to
settle, resulting in the destruction of whole forests and the flattening of entire
landscapes to create our environment.
We still long for the natural environment, creating parks and retreating to nature at
every possible juncture to relax. So why is that we cannot live harmoniously with
the natural environment rather than have two distinct places, the natural and urban
environments, which are completely detached? We have the technology for
amenities to be produced from natural means. Therefore we need to implement
these technologies and work closer with the natural environment to achieve the
balance we once had. We need to sustain our development before it is too late,
furthermore we must look back at our roots, our intelligence has taken us away from
nature and we must now use it to bring us closer to it and work together to create
equilibrium once more.
We live in uncertain times, we are surrounded by dwindling natural resources,
increasing natural disasters, and rising humanitarian crises. It is time to recognise
the need for change and begin the transformation in adequate time. This study will
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aim to research natural solutions rather then artificial solutions created by humans,
but the solutions that are present and evident in the natural world around us.
Through millennia the natural world has adapted and evolved to create solutions to
problems on it’s own. This study will look to nature as precedence to find the
possible application of forms and processes that can be integrated with new
technologies to achieve a balance. We must learn from nature to bring an end to
our selfish destructive ways we, that have become so accustomed to.
With focused research looking into design and architecture within nature and nature
within design and architecture, one can understand the situation in which we find
ourselves. This study will aim to change thoughts and perceptions we currently
have. This study will identify the effects we have had on the world we live in and
the damage we have caused. We must first fully understand the situation at hand
before we can try and solve it. Once the problem is understood, the study will then
focus on seeking solutions from the natural world around us, from plants, insects,
birds and animals; all of which live in harmony with their surroundings. This study
will look in detail at successful methods used in the natural world, which can be then
related and applied to design and architecture. It will also explore possibilities of
integration with new technologies and existing applications of natural processes,
which will be reviewed upon their success and practicality.
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This study will aim to answer a question that any architect or designer should ask
himself or herself since their designs ultimately impact both the end user and also
the world as a whole:
Can natural forms and processes be integrated with modern technological advances
to save the world we live in from our destructive ways?
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“Climate change is the most severe problem that we are facing today, more serious even than the threat of terrorism” 1
David King
1- http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/3584679.stm
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L i f e U n b a l a n c e d
The global environment is very sensitive to change. For instance localised
microclimates become unbalanced due to small-unexpected differentiations in
temperature or millimetres of precipitation. The earth has undergone many natural
climatic changes through out its history. However now we are on the brink of
another change which in even more crucial, as it is a man made change. This
change has come about due to the rapid growth in population, urbanisation, and the
increasing human reliance on fossil fuels.
The world’s population has grown
exponentially in a relatively short
amount time. According to the
US Census Bureau, in the year
1950 there was an estimated
world population between two
and three billion this has grown
to nearly seven billion, more than
double in 60 years. This figure is
estimated to grow to nine billion
by the year 2044. (See figure 1.1)
Figure 1.1 - Chart showing population growth patterns.
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Seven of the top ten populated countries are developing countries (see figure 1.2)
with weak infrastructure and an ever-increasing dependency on energy and food.
This dependency will only increase as they aim to achieve the same wasteful lifestyle
standards enjoyed by the developed nations.
The current demand for energy
is at an all time high (see figure
1.3) and there are no signs of
this reducing as the developing
nations grow and consume as
much resources as developed
nations. The developed nations
have not made any significant
changes to reduce their dependency on fossil fuels, extensive imports, or wasteful
lifestyles. This is proven in figure 1.4, as it is the developed world that uses more
energy per capita than the developing nations, which have relatively larger
population and still consume less. However this is a changing statistic as developing
countries continue to industrialise and develop similar lifestyles.
Figure 1.2 – Table showing top 10 populated countries, data from US Census Bureau.
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Developing countries are only now industrialising. This is shown by their continued
growth and energy hungry expectations, which are not sustainable and in the near
future will not be possible at all. The majority of the world’s energy comes from
fossil fuels, which are devastating the world’s climate and are being used
extensively and are now almost depleted. Currently the top 12 countries producing
CO2 emissions emit 76% of the total global CO2 emissions. (See figure 1.5)
Figure 1.3 – Graph from the Global Education Project showing world energy use by fuel type.
Figure 1.4 – Graph from the Global Education Project showing Energy use per capita.
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The rate of population growth coupled with
populations from rural communities moving
to the cities looking for a better life has
resulted in not just a population growth,
but also a change in lifestyle habits.
People who had lived a sustained life, in a
rural setting with minimal impact on their
surroundings and lived off their immediate
hinterland are now moving to the city.
They are becoming reliant on fossil fuels
for energy and acquiring resources from
the global hinterland resulting in a much
higher environmental impact.
“…the average UK meal having travelled over 2000 miles from farm to dinner plate” (Bill
Dunster Architects, 2003, p.8)
Cities of the world today create more pressure on resources than ever before, with
the emergence of mega cities with populations over ten million (see figure 1.6).
These cities have huge environmental impacts. For instance localised microclimates
that have been created and shaped by the natural environment and all that it
contains once coexisted in equilibrium. This equilibrium is no longer present and it is
for this reason we are experiencing climate change ranging from local microclimates
to a global scale.
Figure 1.5- Chart from the Global Education project showing CO2
emissions.
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Rapid urbanisation has destroyed vast areas of land which is no longer recognisable
to its natural state. There are both direct and indirect consequences as land is
cleared for construction where whole forests once stood. Now CO2 is released in
enormous amounts where it was once absorbed. Also mines for various minerals
and fuels have destroyed habitats, altered natural ecosystems, and scarred natural
landscapes.
China and India, the two largest and fastest growing populations in the world, both
combined make 30% of the worlds population, “Bombay’s population has quadrupled in
thirty years” (Boeri et al., 2001). The cities in these countries have undergone a
massive change, becoming unrecognisable in the last 20 years as can be seen in
figure 1.7 on page 11.
Figure 1.6 – Chart showing population increases in the worlds largest cities.
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N e e d f o r c h a n g e
Humans require energy in two forms; energy for internal consumption such as food
and energy for external consumption such as fuel. Food production per capita has
increased in recent years in all continents apart from Africa. This is largely due to
intensive chemical fertilization, which in turn has led to increased nitrate pollution of
underground water supplies (Samuels and Prasad, 1994). The world’s natural
resources need to be maintained in a more sustainable manner. If we overuse any
substance for a quick fix this will only facilitate immediate demand and result in long-
term damage to another aspect of nature that inevitably will be overlooked.
Fossil fuels are what all nations’ development and progress has been built upon and
what they rely on to maintain it. Fossil fuels such as coal, oil, and natural gas
combined are the single largest source of man-made global warming pollutants, all
to produce energy (Gore 2009). These are not renewable nor are they infinite, in the
last 50 years the extraction, production, and use of these fuels has seen an
exponential growth, which cannot be sustained.
Figure 1.8 – Fuel to CO2
emission ratio.
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We must make substantial changes to the way we live, we are environmentally
aware as people, but the way we live and the way we construct our buildings does
not reflect our awareness. There are many examples through out history that show
how important it is for us to live in equilibrium with our environment. There have
been many cities, some with populations of even one million that now cease to exist
because of their extensive unsustainable use of their resources.
Ancient Rome for example, by the year 100BC had reached a population of 1.2
million residents (Girardet, 2008). Between 500-1000AD, Rome had shrunk to a
population of 300,000, because the city could no longer sustain the large population.
It had required more resources than those that were available. Rome had used most
of Europe’s woodlands for fuel, because no fossil fuels were used, timber was used
as a fuel. Though timber is a natural resource, it was used extensively without
consideration. The destruction to Europe’s woodland had possibly created a whole
new landscape as Europe was once nearly completely covered in forests, seemingly
endless to its inhabitants, the forests of Europe now are merely a shadow of their
former selves.
“…from 95 percent coverage at the time of the Roman Empire’s collapse in 47 to only 20
percent at the beginning of the Scientific Revolution in the early 17th century.” (Gore 2009,
p.52)
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The main food source for Rome was grain and the land in Europe could not produce
enough to feed the large city. Therefore, land in North Africa was cleared and
farmed extensively without any crop rotation for hundreds of years. This resulted in
poor quality of soil, which eventually became unable to yield the amount of food that
was required. Rome was left with reduced food and fuel, which left the city and its
people to starve. This once great city shrank to a shadow of its former self. Europe
and North Africa were not enough to sustain one unbalanced city. The world’s
resources are stretched once more and the global hinterland is not enough to
provide for the worlds population with the same expectation. We must learn from
the past and make changes while we still can.
“Progress, far from consisting in change, depends on retentiveness. When change is absolute
there remains no being to improve and no direction is set for possible improvement: and
when experience is not retained, as among savages, infancy is perpetual. Those who cannot
remember the past are condemned to repeat it.” (The Life of Reason Vol.1, George
Santayana, 1905-1906)
The world is sensitive to changes such as the ones caused by human life. The
unhealthy lifestyle of humans is now having an adverse effect on the earth. History
is riddled with examples of cities and even civilisations that no longer exist because
of their un-resourceful lives. History teaches us to respect nature and be good to it
so it will be good to us. Furthermore governments and scientists warn us of the
imminent danger and advise us to change our current lifestyles.
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Climate change has become an important topic in politics and is at the forefront of
government ambitions and targets. Policies and legislation have been altered to help
reach set targets. The UK government has issued a review of targets set in June
2006 to be achieved in three areas (Defra, 2010):
Climate change & energy
Sustainable consumption & production
Natural resource protection
The issue of climate change is no longer a rumour, rather it is recognised as a real
issue and one of great importance that will challenge this generation. There is also a
strong belief that the increase of natural disasters is directly linked with global
warming. Ex UN Secretary General Kofi Annan’s warning in a report for the Global
Humanitarian Forum was cited in Oxfam’s ‘Climate Alarm’ briefing:
“The humanitarian impact of climate change is likely to be among the biggest humanitarian
challenges in years and decades to come. Actions so far have been slow and inadequate
compared with needs.” (Oxfam, 2007)
The issue of climate change has been established and this issue has also become
common knowledge, as expressed by William E, Rees, “There is little doubt that global
ecological change is real and threatening” (Rees, 2002). This study will attempt to find
solutions and answers inspired by nature’s own engineers in order to reduce
damage.
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Maybe it is time we realised that it was from nature that we were initially inspired to
construct our own homes. Therefore, we should go to our roots as we are not the
first nor are we the only species on this world to construct a home. However we are
the only species that have significantly impacted the world climate and altered it in a
negative way. The animal kingdom is full of inspirational and sustainable
construction. We can and should learn something from the creatures that share this
world with us, so that we may be able to preserve the length of time this world can
support our lives.
“We have arrived at a moment unlike any other in all of human history. Our home is in grave
danger. What is at risk of being destroyed is not the earth itself, of course, but the
conditions that have made it hospitable for human beings.” (Gore 2009, p.16)
Figure 1.9 – (Left) A cartoonist expresses concern to the situation we currently face.
Figure 1.10 – (Below) An Activist is hurt during protests regarding climate change at the 2009 G20 leader summit in London.
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The next chapter of this study will look to nature, to learn how the natural world has
responded to similar issues that face mankind. It will investigate the functional
aspect of nature which allows it operate in equilibrium no matter what the climatic
conditions. We need to appreciate how natural resources can be used in a manner
that has little or no impact on the local environment. How can we observe,
investigate, and adapt processes and forms in nature, which are fully sustainable and
apply them into architecture to create truly sustainable design?
Additionally, the following chapter will particularly look at forms and constructions in
the natural world, studying how natural forms and principles work within their own
context. Furthermore, cases where design has been applied outside its natural
context will be studied in order to learn how to create more efficient designs and
improve existing designs that are traditionally flawed by man.
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“No form of Nature is inferior to Art; for the arts
merely imitate natural forms” 1
Marcus Aurelius, 170-180
1-The Meditations of Marcus Aurelius - XI-10(http://www.bartleby.com/2/3/11.html)
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L e a r n i n g f r o m
N a t u r e ‘ s E n g i n e e r s
The previous chapter highlighted the need to seek a better relationship between man
and the natural world, in order to prevent the continuing environmental deterioration
we are faced with today. This chapter will look to nature seeking inspiration for the
ways that architects and designers approach environmentally efficient architecture.
Architecture and the people behind it need to evolve to the current environmental
needs. The natural world has been designing and evolving since before we humans
even contemplated creating a structure. Nature is the precedence that this chapter
will investigate, studying nature, learning from its lessons.
Nature has always been a vital part of man’s life, long before he discovered how to
build; nature provided shelter for him. Caves carved into the landscape by the
elements over time they provided man with a safe place of abode. Ironically,
protection from the elements in the forms of caves and caverns had been created by
the power and ferocity of the forces themselves, now providing protection for man
from themselves, natural predators and beasts. Though caves became man’s home
through no engineering or construction himself, they were selected with great
understanding and intelligence; for instance the opening had to be south facing to
protect from cold northern winds, a small opening was required at the end of the
cave to allow smoke from a fire to exit the cave and provide ventilation. Only as
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mans intelligence increased did he move out of the cave and begin to create a
dwelling of his own.
One of the essential aspects of both natural and manmade design is functionalism.
In nature, function is intimately related to form; there
is no form without function or function without form.
Both are essentially two parts of one solution, one
without the other cannot provide a holistic solution,
rendering the other as a folly. In 1896, Sullivan
declared that: “form ever follows function” (Sullivan,
1896). Senosiain quotes Le Corbusier as having
written that as far as he is concerned: “Plants grow
from the inside out, the exterior part being the result of
the interior” (Senosiain, 2003, p9).
Life for humans begins in the womb of
the mother, a form of nature created
through function. It is the first space
that is experienced by the foetus as it
grows and develops. The surrounding
liquid creates an ambient temperature
that remains constant, unlike the
temperature outside; the liquid also acts
Figure 2.1 – A baby in the mother’s womb.
Figure 2.2 – Inside view of a cave.
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as a damper for sound from outside the womb. All movements and bumps are
converted into gentle rocking. The birth throws the baby into a strange
environment, it’s cold, noisy and full or bright lights, and it is a long way from the
controlled environment they baby has thus far experienced.
It is from this moment we enter the world we begin to seek refuge, protection and
shelter reminiscent of the place from which we came. The cave was the simplest
and yet most versatile for this need, it gave shelter and protection, like the womb a
natural space that we did not create but inhabited. None the less a space that once
ready we left, to find our own individual space.
This new freedom that man had achieved through construction came through
observation, as humans are not the only species to construct a dwelling, nor were
they the first or even arguably the best at it. Natures other constructers have
created in relative comparison far more ingenious solutions to seek shelter, whether
that be land, air or water, and it is this that inspired constructions of our own.
The inspiration from the natural world has always been recognised and appreciated
in human construction, as cited by Senosiain in 400 BC the Greek philosopher
Democritus said:
“We learn important things from imitating animals, we are apprentices of the spider, imitating
her in the task of weaving and confecting clothing. We learn from the swallows how to
construct homes, and we learn to sing from the both the lark and swan…” (Senosiain, 2003)
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T h e T e r m i t e
Some of the most astonishing constructions that one can find on land in this world
are not man made, a termite nest is one of those. Termites live in large colonies and
therefore construct as one, with nothing more than earth, their own saliva and
materials traded with other insects they are known to create mounds. These
mounds in many cases reach heights of up to three meters and four meters in width.
These incredible structures are also resilient and can withstand environmental
conditions incredibly well; a mound found in Kenya has been dated to be 700 years
old. (Senosiain, 2003)
Generally located in the tropics, the termites cannot survive in hot temperatures;
their skin does not provide sufficient protection from the heat, they are usually blind
and require a relatively constant temperature. Termites have an infinite number of
nest forms but they are usually similar in materials and temperature control
methods. The nests are built transversely from East to West and longitudinally from
North to South, the orientation can be explained by the need for sun protection.
These astonishing structures are on average 800 times the height of the termites
themselves; by comparison the Petronas Towers (1483 feet) in Malaysia are only 200
times the height of an average human. (Senosiain, 2003)
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The functional aspect of the construction is just as, if not more remarkable than the
vast scale of it. The ventilation system engineered by these ingenious insects is
quite remarkable as shown in figure 2.3, they have created a system that allows
fresh air to be ventilated through perforations in the walls, channelling the air
through the nest. The flow of stale air facilitates the loss of carbon dioxide, while
the thinness of the walls and ducts allows gaseous diffusion, keeping a constant
temperature and humidity level.
The termites require a constant level of humidity, in arid climates this is a challenge
and one that the termites over come, they dig vertical tunnels sometimes up to 40m
deep to reach under ground water supplies. These allow the water to evaporate up
through the tunnel to create almost 100% humidity by disusing into the air. (Benyus,
2009)
Figure 2.3 – Sketch showing the ventilation system of a termite nest.
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T h e B i r d
As discussed previously the architectural feats constructed by termites are immense
shelters, perfectly suited to their requirements, adapted through evolution. Birds
similarly, are also one of nature’s constructors, creating a unique shelter for
themselves, as they have been for the past 150 million years, in the air, on the
ground and even on water. Working on the principles of tension and compression,
they use only natural materials available to them in their immediate surroundings.
Twigs work in tension are combined with mud or droppings that work in compression
to create solid structures, in which the birds lay and incubate eggs and then nurture
the hatchlings. Birds are probably the best-known example from nature, other than
man, which build a shelter for themselves and the raising of their young, with nests
sometimes in use all year round.
There are thousands of different
species of birds that build nests,
which are based on this basic
principle. Bird nests come in an
extensive range and sizes and they
can be found in trees, on the
ground, burrowed into the ground,
on water and even cliff faces.
Figure 2.4 – The Eared Grebe makes its nest so that it floats.
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From birds we can learn a
lot, the reinforcement of
concrete has come through
the observation of the
structural integrity of a bird’s
nest. The mud in the nest
which acts as compression,
is replaced with concrete
which also acts in
compression, steel elements
are then added in some
cases, metallic or other fibres
in other cases which act in tension. Adding strength to the structure allowing it to be
slender, more efficient and reducing material usage.
We must also learn from birds to be resourceful, build and adapt with the materials
around us to suit the climate and conditions within which we construct out buildings.
Figure 2.5 – The Cliff Swallow nests along a cliff face.
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T h e B e a v e r
The beaver is the heavyweight of engineers within nature, creating dwellings well
protected from enemies and the elements. The beaver is able to construct dams in
order to control water flow around their homes. The beaver creates it’s home in
water, within a colony so they can build dams to raise water levels to help protect
their homes against predators.
Beavers are very intelligent
builders; they select their site at
the edge of water currents, close
to trees. The create dredges up to
trees they have selected to chop
down, using their chisel like teeth
(see figure 2.7) they chew the tree
until it falls, they then use the
dredge to transport it back to the
site.
With only the use of mud, branches, and stones beavers build their dams, they will
use natural rock outcrops or manmade walls if present to make their work less by
recycling existing structures. Their dams also benefit the local ecosystem by creating
wetlands as result of their dams, which support and host many species of animals
Figure 2.6 – Cross sectional image showing how a beaver home functions with two entrances and space for the beaver and its family.
30!
and plants these wetlands also help absorb water after heavy rainfall reducing flood
risks.
This reflects the importance of
considerate construction in
accordance to context.
Beavers have a large effect on
their local ecosystem, however
this is a positive affect unlike
the negative human impact.
Through creating their
dwellings and building dams to
protect themselves they are
also promoting natural growth
of life around them.
We should also try and adopt this approach to construction one, which is not only
sustainable but also ethical, nature has a lot to teach us through its natural
engineers, we should observe, take notes and adapt.
Figure 2.7 – Beaver using its specialised teeth to cut down a tree.
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S e e d f o r c h a n g e
This chapter has provided a brief insight into nature’s engineers; perfectly adapted
natural forms that perform with maximum efficiency, structures in the natural world
built intelligent and resourcefully. Many more examples can be taken from nature,
with clear and directed research a lot can be gained, we must stop destroying the
environment and rebuilding it to what suits us. We should embrace the challenges
and seek real long-term solutions, understanding natural constructions can help us
achieve what we need, a balanced coexistence with nature.
However, it is not only natural forms that we can observe, investigate and adapt; the
natural world is full of organic processes created as unique responses to individual
requirements. These processes are driven by natural principles, the problem is fully
understood and the response is an ideal solution. What if we were to replicate these
processes, what if we replicate the ventilation system used by termites, the way a
plant produces energy through photosynthesis? The application of these principles
can help designers achieve climatic and environmentally aware and responsible
architecture.
Ultimately, architects and designers must no longer see sustainable and
environmentally efficient design as an element of design, but as the driving force of
each and every project. A holistic design approach is required, we must plant the
seed for change now and embrace change as it grows and flourishes. The next
chapter will look at natural process with a vision for an integrated design approach.
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The following chapter will seek to understand the correlation between nature and
design, the elements of design that provide a connection with the natural world and
the user. The psychological effect of design characteristics that make a design feel
more entwined with its context. This study will then look into the possible
application of natural processes that can make design and architecture sit in
harmony with the environment.
Furthermore the next chapter will investigate research conducted into natural
processes, how and why they are the way they are. To then explore the possible
integration with technologies or directly to architecture and design. Providing not
only a form that is more naturally in balance with its surroundings, but architecture
and design that is as natural and intelligent as its local environment.
!"!"*The Venturi effect is the reduction in fluid pressure that results when a fluid
flows through a constricted section of pipe# # # $#
“Although nature commences with reason and ends
in experience it is necessary for us to do the
opposite, that is to commence with experience and
from this to proceed to investigate the reason. ” 1
Leonardo da Vinci
1- Leonardo da Vinci. (n.d.). BrainyQuote.com. Retrieved December 2, 2010, from BrainyQuote.com Web site: http://www.brainyquote.com/quotes/quotes/l/leonardoda118563.html
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N a t u r e l e d d e s i g n
While the previous chapter looked into architecture and design within nature, this
chapter will focus on nature within architecture and design. The following are two
main categories of nature within architecture and design that will be studied:
Biophilic Design – In this thesis, biophilic design is recognised as promoting a
holistic sustainable design approach. One aspect of biophilia is the
considerate use of material in terms of construction and the promotion of
renewable energy sources. Though it is not the same as the generally
perceived ‘sustainable design’, but it also incorporates user comfort and the
psychological effect of natural elements within its hypothesis A building can
be sustainable but if user comfort is sacrificed, the building will become
unused, and will ultimately deteriorate become a folly. To understand the
meaning of biophilia one can refer to the Oxford dictionary definition, which
describes it as: “An innate and genetically determined affinity of human beings with
the natural world.” (Oxford University Press, 2010)
Biomimimetic Design – This is a relative new concept in design and can be
seen as a direct response and continuation from the previous chapter.
Biomimicry looks to nature not for inspiration in form, but to understand
natural processes that drive and create the responsive design in the natural
environment. Biomimicry allows the architect or designer to understand the
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environmental, and/or climatic challenges and then look to the natural world
to see how natural design has provided a solution for those challenges. This
solution is then broken down to the basic concepts that are then adapted into
design and architecture, creating a solution that is sustainable,
environmentally conscious and climatically responsive. To understand the
meaning of biomimicry one can refer to the Oxford dictionary definition,
which describes it as: “The design and production of materials, structures, and
systems that are modelled on biological entities and processes.” (Oxford University
Press, 2010)
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B i o p h i l i c D e s i g n
As briefly mentioned before, biophilia recognises the positive effects of nature within
design. It recognises the need to preserve materials by considerate use and the
benefits attainable from the human-nature relationship.
Biophilic design looks into user comfort and the effect the natural environment has
on the users of the building. It recognises the basic principle of architecture as the
need to provide user comfort. Also it recognises that the architects and designers
have a duty of care not only for the user but also for society and the environment as
a whole. Biophilia looks to incorporate all these elements in order to create a fully
sustainable design, a design which is environmentally sound and provides a level of
user comfort that prolongs the maximum use and life of the building, coupled with
health and psychological benefits.
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The presence and respect for nature is something that man has slowly moved away
from; once living amongst nature in the fields and caves we now live in concrete
jungles, having conquered the landscape with a trophy plant pot sitting on the
mantle piece.
“Unfortunately, the prevailing approach to design of the modern urban built environment has
encouraged the massive transformation and degradation of natural systems and increasing
human separation from the natural world.” (Kellert 2008, p.5)
Society must function within the natural environment, in order to improve
psychological health and quality of life. We must seek inspiration from the natural
environment to live in harmony rather than destructively within the varied climatic
conditions around the world. Everything in nature apart from humans live in a
balance, we must also live in harmony with nature if we want to save this planet we
call home.
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Biophilia consists of the following two dimensions;
The first being one of an organic or naturalistic dimension, that defines
shapes and forms in design that directly or indirectly reflect the inherent
human affinity for nature.
The second dimension of biophilic design refers to what we see as vernacular
or place-based design. That incorporates the local or geographic areas
working with the local culture and ecology as part of a holistic design
approach, which works with and does not infringe on the local landscape and
values.
(Kellert, 2008)
There are six design principles that are connected to Biophilic architecture, they can
be split further into 70 design attributes (see figure 3.7); all aimed at integrating the
natural elements that improve the quality of our lives.
Environmental features – An
environmental feature as a design element
is probably the most obvious design
principal; it involves the use of well-
recognised characteristics of the natural
world in the built environment.
Figure 3.1 – Water fountains are often used in landscape design to make the more interactive.
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Natural shape and form – This includes
the representation and simulation of the
natural world.
Natural patterns and processes – This
principle emphasises the representation
rather than the simulation of nature. It
also takes the principles of natural
elements to improve the design deeper
than just for aesthetics.
Light and space – The focus of this design element is to
improve design qualities through the relationship of light
and space.
Figure 3.2 – A house designed in the shape of a seashell.
Figure 3.3 – The stealth fighter jet’s aerodynamic function is based on that of a stingray.
Figure 3.4 – Tadao Ando’s Church of Light plays on the relationship of light and space.
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Place-based relationships – The successful
combination of ecology and culture within a
geographical context is the aim of this
principle.
Evolved human-nature relationships – This
principle focuses on the inherent
psychological effect of the relationship
between man and nature.
(Kellert, 2008)
Figure 3.5 – The Eden Project successfully connects visitors to a natural setting within a native environment created through its design.
Figure 3.6 – A man tends to his garden, a relationship that has psychological benefits.
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#
Figure 3.7 - Chart from Biophilic Design, (Kellert, 2008) categorises the attributes and related design elements to biophilic architecture.
44#
Biophilia teaches us the importance of nature in design, illustrating how to make a
building truly sustainable the and further explaining the psychological effects on its
users. Architects explore the psychological effect of architecture by evoking
emotion, however the effect of environmental factors in building design is something
that is overlooked. We must understand and factor this into the design rationale.
The design elements discussed need to be explored and exploited in order to create
a building that is sustainable in construction and use. Architecture must evoke
emotion and allow the user to feel connected with the architecture creating a user
relationship that allows frequent, flexible and sustained use of the building.
To create a design that is sustainable and environmentally responsible an
understanding of the environment and its effect on humans is just as important as
the effect humans have on the environment, overall it is a balance we need in order
to achieve true success.
There is no wasteful design in biophilic architecture, alternative sources of energy
are recommended and materials should be used responsibly and appropriately. The
design should respond to environmental factors by working with them rather then
addressing climatic issues by means on unsustainable energy hungry methods once
the design is finished. The seeds of a maple tree are an example of extremely
efficient design, the winged seeds are designed perfectly to work with gravity using
an aerodynamic design; they catch the wind as they fall, making them spin and drift
to a spot beyond the shade of thier parent. (Benyus, 2008)
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We must embrace design in accordance to solutions perfected by nature through
millennia; after all, nature has created an ideal solution for each unique climatic issue
it presents. Design in nature is the same as purpose; there is not form without
function and no function without form. Superfluous design is an invention of man,
Architects and designers have a duty to efficiently address the needs of the client.
Nature is the only true precedence.
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B i o m i m e t i c D e s i g n
This study has thus far investigated the relationship between man and the natural
environment and how this relationship has in recent times become distorted by
man’s greed and lack of care. The damage caused to the environment has been
accepted, however the extent of the damage has not yet truly come forward. The
thesis then moved on to discuss the architecture in the natural world and the
influence it has or should have on design and architecture.
This chapter will focus on lessons to be learned from nature, from a different
perspective; it will focus on function. Though form and function in the natural world
are seen as one, natural processes are not as apparent as the appearance. Only on
close inspection can they be seen as an integrated part of the design. Biomimicry
investigates the processes and methodology in natural design and applies them
directly into the design process.
“Biomimicry is not a style of building, nor is it an identifiable design product. It is, rather a
design process- a way of seeking solutions...” (Benyus 2010, p.29)
The investigation of natural design and processes allows the understanding of just
how efficient natural processes have become through evolution, everything is
designed with a purpose in mind. The understanding of these processes ultimately
leads to the implementation and adaptation of those principles into architecture and
design, which defines biomimicry.
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We instinctively appreciate both the aesthetic and practical wonders of the natural
world, apprentices of the world we live in it is from observation we have fashioned
tools and processes. Biomimicry has two aspects, which are the following;
Observation – Biomimicry works by observation, when there is a problem one
looks to nature to see how the natural world has overcome that problem. We
then research, understand and adapt the solution. For instance, in terms of
aerodynamics, one researches the function and the solution is the form.
However one researches photosynthesis in leaves, the green pigment is part
of the form, but it is not the green pigment rather the function of it that is
imitated by solar cells. (Benyus 2008)
Application – Unique design principles in nature can help achieve better
climatic solutions with both minimal environmental impact and technological
input. Thus providing low-tech solutions to problems previously solved with
high-energy wasteful processes. Natural solutions are never wasteful and
this can be seen all around. For instance, eggshells, trees and skeletons to
name a few are structural elements, which have sufficient structural integrity
with minimal material use.
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Recent times have seen an increase into investigation on just how the natural world
deals with climatic issues to survive and progress. Therefore designers, architects
and engineers may develop those principles for use in manufacturing, industry and
construction. Janine Benyus describes in her talk ‘Biomimicry in action, July 2009’
available to view at www.ted.com as of August 2009, how people have forgotten
that we are surrounded by genius of design.
Bones and trees even assess and
improve their own structural integrity as
they mature. Bones reinforce
themselves in positions of high stress
while trees use branches to transfer
load, through the trunk and then
disperse it into the ground with an
extended root system. Research by
biologist Claus Mattheck has been
embedded into computer software to
mimic this self-assessment of loads and
stress. Thus making those same
principles applicable to design. The
software calculates where extra material
is required and where material can be
removed.
Figure 3.8 – ‘Bone Chair’ designed by Joris Laarman in 1998 uses software mimicking the structure assessment used by bones to eliminate any extra material.
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This software allowed a car designed by Mercedes-Benz had its weight reduced by
40%; it optimized the structure by featuring material only where it was required.
This technology was then combined with mimicking the aerodynamic shape of the
boxfish to allow the car to achieve 70-mpg. (Car body design, 2008)
Figure 3.9 – (Right) Mercedez-Benz prototype car based on two biomimetic principles.
Figure 3.10 – (Below right) The structure of the car created using bone structure software allowing the removal extra material.
Figure 3.11 – (Below left) The box fish on which the aerodynamic body fo the car is shaped.
51#
The developers of the bullet train in
Japan were faced with a problem; the
train would travel so fast that as it went
through a tunnel, upon exit it would
create a sonic boom due to the
difference in pressure (Dasgupta, 2009).
The solution to the problem came when
the engineer discovered a similar
challenge faced by the Kingfisher bird.
The bird needs to pass from two
mediums that vary in pressure, from air
to water, this needs to be seamless so it
can see the fish as it enters the water
without making a splash. The adaptation of this principle seen in the kingfisher bird
made the train quieter and allowed it to go 10% faster on 15% less electricity.
(Benyus, 2009)
Figure 3.12 – The moment a kingfisher bird enters the water.
Figure 3.13 – Japan's 500 Series Shinkansen bullet train as modeled on the beak of a kingfisher bird.
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A p p l i c a t i o n o f e v o l u t i o n
To fully integrate the principles of biophilia and the imitation of natural process
through biomimicry into modern architecture and design, consideration must be
given to address comfort issues. Many modern technologies, which are harmful to
the environment are implemented in order to achieve a certain degree of comfort to,
which society has come to accept as the standard. Changes in society and culture
cannot be forced and are changed over time, therefore must target the issues at
heart. How to achieve the same lifestyle as is expected by people of the world
today, without expecting people to change?
User comfort is determined by a number of factors, one being daylight; daylight is
important to many organisms. For humans, the lack of sunlight exposure can have
detrimental affects to our health. Sunlight exposure is how humans take in 80% of
their vitamin D intake and therefore it is vital in every design. Though not just for
health reasons but also to reduce energy use, the more we take advantage of
daylight the less the need artificially light buildings. Designs must respond to this
basic human need, as insufficient day lighting can reduce productivity at work and
over prolonged periods of time can lead to health problems.
Windows and skylights are currently the only viable solution to allow daylight into
buildings, yet it could be argued that this method is insufficient and creates design
compromises. Often the form of a building and its internal layout is dictated by the
availability of daylight; windows and skylights must be directly related to the rooms
54#
and spaces they provide daylight into. If we look at how nature addresses this issue,
we may be able to provide a solution, which we could possibly adapt to allow
daylight into any room no matter its position in plan.
The Venus’s flower basket a sea sponge that lives on the ocean floor, has adapted to
overcome the same problem; it has specially shaped filaments that channel light as
well as fibre optics with a remarkable difference. The filaments can even be tied into
a knot with out breaking. Scientists from Alcatel-Lucent Labs are in the process of
developing fibre optics, which mimic this attribute (Benyus, 2008). The development
of this technology opens up a range of possibilities and ways to transport natural to
light to spaces inside buildings, this task was previously was either impossible or
compromised.
Figure 3.14 – Fibre optic cables. Figure 3.15 – Venus’s flower basket.
55#
Windows and skylights can also be inspired and created with more natural means
rather then being manufactured in kilns off site. The University of California-Santa
Barbara is developing a method that may lead to windows and skylights being
created on site. Inspired by diatoms and sponges, windows and skylights may be
crystallised from water solutions in situ. However if we collaborate and combine
technologies with companies such as Konarka1, these windows could also create
energy. Konarka has developed dye-sensitised cells that actually harness energy
from light. Unlike photovoltaic cells they work on the same principle as leaves do
with photosynthesis. The film is flexible and less toxic than photovoltaic cells,
cheaper to produce and can be sandwiched into windows, glued to wall and roofs,
and they can even operate at shallow angles. (Benyus, 2008)
########################################################$Konarka is recognized throughout the world as a leader in OPV (organic photovoltaic) technology – a 3rd generation solar technology that is rapidly emerging to compete with silicon based 1st and 2nd generation solar technologies. The company holds over 350 patents and filings covering every aspect of our proprietary chemistry and processes. Their current research efforts are exploring exciting new OPV chemistries as well as advances to our existing technology that will produce greater power output at a lower cost. #
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E v a l u a t i o n o f e v o l u t i o n
Architecture has begun to look to nature, acknowledging there is much to be
learned. Design adaptation of natural processes and a holistic sustainable design
approach that benefits the earth, human health, and psyche is now more apparent
and celebrated.
At this point in the study the adaptation of natures perfected wisdom through
millennia of evolution will be evaluated in its success, analyzed in its weakness, and
possible improvements or combination of methods to create a more holistic design
approach.
To consider the benefits attainable across a varied range of architecture, this part of
the study will focus on three projects of varying scale and use in different climatic
conditions, these will be as following:
Eastgate, Harare, Zimbabwe – Large scale office and retail development.
BedZED, South London, U.K – A 100 House zero carbon eco village.
California Academy of sciences, California, USA – Museum and research
institute.
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E a s t g a t e , H a r a r e , Z i m b a b w e
The Eastgate office and retail building in Harare is an example of biomimicry applied.
The nine-story building does not look like a termite mound but operates in a similar
fashion, like the local insect construction, which shares the same climate. It is
surrounded by towers of glass that relay on air-conditioning systems to make the
building comfortable. The actual design of those buildings increasing and multiplying
discomforting conditions shows the failure of ‘aesthetic’ architecture that is designed
to simply look ‘beautiful’. Architects have a duty of care to ensure any building they
design is comfortable to the user, designed efficiently to respond to the local
geographical and climatic conditions. Too much of modern architecture is concerned
with promoting power and wealth, a wasteful and environmentally detrimental
process.
Mick Pearce, the architect behind Eastgate has in Harare approached design with the
fundamental principle of biomimicry, find the problem and ask nature for the
solution. Along with engineers Ove Arup and Partners a ventilation system was
developed to keep the building cool and comfortable for the user without the need to
rely on wasteful air conditioning. (Senosiain, 2003)
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"#!
Ventilation is a factor in architectural design and planning, which drastically affects
the comfort for the users of the building. Modern mechanical methods are heavily
reliant on air conditioning, which causes environmental deterioration. It also poses
potential health risks due to prolonged exposure and it is extremely wasteful of
energy. Modern regulations and user comfort require well-ventilated buildings, and
in places with extreme climatic issues the only perceived way is through mechanical
conditioned air, which is not a design response. A well-designed sustainable building
should not require any wasteful of energy to produce the required comfort level.
Figure 4.1 – External elevation showing Eastgate and its distinct ‘chimneys’.
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61!
Architect Mick Pearce along with engineers Ove Arup and partners were to construct
a naturally ventilated building in Harare, Zimbabwe. To achieve the desired results
they took inspiration from local termites (Macrotermes michaelseni); the office block,
Eastgate is a nine-story, one-block-square building that has no air conditioning and
uses 35% less energy than six conventional buildings in Harare combined. (Senosiain,
2003)
The termite mound functions as a large extravagant ventilation system and rises
from 6-18 feet though no termites live in the actual mound but underground, this is
also where the termites cultivate their food source, fungus. The fungus and termites
require a certain temperature, the termites construct tunnels that pipe surface air
into cool mud chambers. The air then rises through the living quarters and out
through the chimneys via the Venturi effect1 created by the sun-heated mound
above. A vast network or ‘bronchial tubes’ in the mound allow ground-level breezes
to circulate and regulate the humidity.
The architectural design should address and respond to the issue as other builders in
the natural world do. As previously mentioned termites are remarkable insects, the
ventilation system adopted by termites does not require any mechanical support or
conditioning. The outside temperature may fluctuate daily between 37oF to 107oF
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!$The Venturi effect is the reduction in fluid pressure that results when a fluid flows through a constricted section of pipe. !
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but the inside temperature of the nest will remain constant to within one degree of
87oF. (Senosiain, 2003)(Benyus, 2008).
In the article learning from insect engineers by Don Borough, dated September
1999, the architect Pearce is quoted as describing the internal space, “the space that
you live and work in had to become the air duct” (Boroughs, 1999). Pearce had to work
closely with engineers from the beginning of the design; usually the architects call
upon engineers after the design process. They are then given are set of conditions
they need to match, in order to create a comfortable environment which then
requires air conditioning. The involvement from the beginning of the design allows
the building to remain a comfortable 25oC, even when the outside sub tropical
temperature rises to 35oC. (Boroughs, 2009)
Two parallel nine-storey office wings, each 15 metres deep are separated by a full-
height atrium that is also 15 metres deep. The
external wall compromises of in-situ concrete with
brick cladding and external balconies to shade the
walls and windows. A total of 32 vertical ducts
serve the ventilation in the building running
through the core of each floor. These together
act a plenum, delivering air to the office spaces
through grilles. The hollow concrete floor slabs
that remain at roughly 200C provide cooling to the
Figure 4.2 – A view of Eastgate showing balconies shading the windows.
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air in the hot periods of the year and a degree of heating during the cool season.
(McDonald et al., 2001)
As a production of the design process the form followed the function of the building.
The building design required that only 25% of the wall could be windows, which are
sealed due to varying wind pressure. However this has resulted in a very energy
efficient design in the first five years this system has saved the owner $3.5 million in
energy costs. (Benyus, 2009)
Figure 4.3 – Diagram showing the environmental strategy of Eastgate.
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64!
Eastgate is the largest mixed used development in Zimbabwe and by the application
of a natural precedence to achieve user comfort it shows no matter the scale a
natural solution can be applied (Hawkes, et al., 2001). This shows that it is in our best
interest to stop and look to this world, to see what we can learn before we try to
‘progress’. We have come to a point where change is required and it is required
now. The Eastgate centre is a good example of modern architecture working within
in its natural climate rather than against it. It is also a good example that shows it is
not expensive to be environmentally conscious in fact it is cheaper. This is an
approach that must be adopted by all designers and architects.
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B e d d i n g t o n Z e r o E n e r g y
D e v e l o p m e n t , L o n d o n , U K
Completed in 2002 BedZED was a development first, an inspiring and ambitious
project to create a one hundred home development that is carbon neutral. Located
in Wallington, London, the housing was designed to be high density in order to
create a viable future precedence.
The architects behind the project, Bill Dunster Architects have not only set a design
precedence, but in the process have set a legal precedence, by expanding a normal
section 106 planning to include environmental impact targets (Bill Dunster Architects,
2003). The architects were hoping not only to achieve a zero carbon design but by
creating the development in a dense city environment that, they would design a
model that will be adopted by all new housing.
“The UK replaces its urban fabric (homes and workplaces) at an average 1-5%/year, meaning
that if ZED standards became common place – most of our habitat could be carbon neutral
well before the start of the next century” (Bill Dunster Architects, 2003, p.6)”11
Energy targets were to be achieved by high levels of insulation, passive heating and
ventilation, low energy appliances and renewable energy sources on site. This
included photovoltaic panels and a wood powered onsite combined heating and
power (CHP) plant. For which the fuel is compiled of waste wood products, including
a local tree-pruning firm.
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The design of the development was based on a carbon neutral strategy in regards to
individual design elements that work together to make a holistic design approach.
The principles of the strategy can be compared to those of biophilic design. As
BedZED was designed not only to be sustainable but also to provide the same level is
not better comfort and quality of life as normal homes. All most all homes were
designed with a garden and shared community facilities were also provided. The
architects understood the affinity to nature that man has, and the benefits to general
well being of the community this provided. Some of the key principles that formed
the strategy are:
To reduce energy requirements to the point where renewable energy us a
realistic viable option for a large in not entire required energy amount.
Design for a lifestyle that is not as dependant on the car by developing
diverse mixed-uses on site, and by promoting car pools and electric vehicles.
Maximise the use of local, reclaimed and recycled material and use materials
with low embodied energy.
Reduce mains water consumption by collecting rainwater and recycling
grey/black water on site.
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Integrate ‘green lifestyle’ services such as recycling and onsite composting;
coordinating deliveries of sustainably sourced products and local organic food
and waste collection.
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Figure 4.4 – A chart comparing ecological footprints for different UK lifestyles.
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The design strategy was accompanied by design requirements that would dictate and
reduce variables, allowing the development to work with the local climatic conditions
from the beginning of the design process. These elements of design are in
accordance with the biophilic design process, designing with the climate in mind not
just constructing without due care, these design elements are;
Passive design – Passive design is a vital design element, it works by thermal
mass, which helps to keep the building cool in the summer and warm in the
winter. By providing extensively exposed high thermal capacity room
surfaces, the walls absorb heat when the room becomes warmer and then
dissipate heat when the temperature falls.
Orientation – Orientation is another key element, like with the orientation of
termite nests it can play a big role in the energy efficiency of a building. The
orientation can regulate temperature gain and loss. The ZED principles
dictates that the development need to be within 20 degrees of due south to
obtain enough solar gain.
Ventilation – Wind cowls are orientated to allow prevailing wind, with the aid
of the shaped roof to be caught and ventilate the building, while a smaller
cowl as part of the same installation allows stale air to be flushed out.
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Renewable energy – A combination of solar collectors, photovoltaic panels,
wind turbines and bio-fuelled combination heat and power (CHP), provide the
home and development with the energy required.
(Bill Dunster Architects, 2003)
Figure 4.5 – A cross sectional sketch shows the environmental strategy.
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The theory behind BedZED is strong, the project was a first, inspiring and
ambitious, but has it achieved what it set out to?
It takes into account a holistic sustainable design approach from the ground up, not
just add-ons at then end of the design process. So much so that it is designed in a
way to encourage the shared use of cars, it makes provisions for the use of electric
cars, with charging stations designed in. On site facilities are incorporated so people
do not need to drive to access facilities elsewhere. It is a well though out design
that not only focuses on the building but the whole development and the lives of the
Figure 4.6 – Sketch showing the water treatment strategy.
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residents. In that sense BedZED is very successful in implementing a holistic design,
as architecture, in terms that are measurable, how successful is it in its own right?
BedZED was built to reduce environmental impact and enhance the quality of life of
the residents, has it achieved that goal? It is a success in the term of environmental
impact; the average BedZED house has 27% less energy requirements than a house
of similar size, built in accordance with building regulations in the year 2000. The
remaining heating requirements were to be provided by CHP, that however failed, it
worked intermittently between 2002-2005 and there after completely failed, at which
point the company the provided the equipments dissolved after bankruptcy. The
onsite water treatment facility also failed, BedZED was never fully carbon neutral. It
had never achieved its zero carbon aim, though because of the many design
elements attributed to a sustainable design it still had a relatively small
environmental impact.
An audit into BedZED seven years from construction by Bioregional in 2009 revealed
some facts. On average a BedZED home if compared to one of a similar size
required 45% energy then that of an average house in Sutton. However the homes
did have a lower demand for energy, even though the onsite energy failed the
energy required to run the homes was still considerably less than the average home.
The CHP was also to provide heating requirements, after the breakdown this was
provided by a district heating system by BedZED, the requirements were still 81%
less then that of a house of comparable size. (Bioregional, 2009)
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73!
BedZED is seen as a social revolution as described by Peter F. Smith:
“It is not just another low-energy housing scheme, it is a prescription for a social revolution;
a prototype of how we should live in the twenty-first century if we are to enjoy a sustainable
future.” (Smith, 2007, p.157)
BedZED did not manage to attain its own ambitions but the in the process to achieve
them sustainable low environmental impact homes were still produced. With the
lack of energy efficient homes and prolonged use of out dated inefficient homes this
is still a welcome success by any means. A holistic approach is something which all
designers and architects should employee as good design, there were two failures in
the principle design strategy of BedZED yet it was still a successful design. Without
a holistic approach these failures would render BedZED an expensive experiment into
new technology, but with the adaptation of other key elements with failure it still
succeeded.
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C a l i f o r n i a A c a d e m y o f S c i e n c e s,
S a n F r a n c i s c o , C a l i f o r n i a , U S A
The California Academy of Sciences interviewed many potential architects to design
their new building. The primary goal of the project was to provide a safe, modern
facility for exhibition, education, and research all under one roof. The brief required
the reflection of the academy’s role, housing one of the worlds most innovative and
prestigious cultural institutions. (Feireis & Lovell, 2009)
The part research, part museum design project was consequently awarded to Renzo
Piano on the premise of a holistic sustainable design approach. The academy
commissioned the new building to replace a complex consisting of 11 buildings that
had received irreparable damage in the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake. These
buildings actually formed a major part of the design strategy as 90% of the
demolished buildings were reused in the construction of their successor. There is a
strong recycling ethic in place at the academy, as 95% of the steel used in the
construction is made up of recycled steel. The timber was also sourced from
responsible sources of which amount to 50% of the total timber used (Feireis & Lovell,
2009).
The concrete used in the construction also contains recycled material, it contains
30% fly ash, a bi-product of coal-fired power stations and 20% slag a waste product
from metal smelting. Compared to normal concrete the addition of these waste
products has prevented the release of 5,375 tons of carbon emissions. Even the
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76!
insulation in the building is recycled; it is made from recycled blue jeans. (Pearson,
2009)
Piano had from the beginning envisioned the iconic roof of the building, as he is
quoted in the Architectural Record by Clifford A. Pearson as saying, “I saw it as
typography…The idea was to cut a piece of the park, push it up 35 feet-to the height of the
old buildings-and put whatever was needed underneath.” (Pearson, 2009)
As expressed by Piano it is the roof that is the driving force of the design, the ‘living
roof’ that incorporates the majority of the sustainable design attributes. The
construction of the roof gives it highly efficient insulation properties, making the roof
4 degrees cooler than a standard roof. (Feireis & Lovell, 2009)
The roof is built up in several layers, there is a layer of biodegradable coconut husk
trays containing soil and species of native Californian plants, an erosion-control
blanket design to retain soil, a drainage layer, insulation, a water proof layer and
finally a concrete slab. This extensive build up provides the roof with its insulation
properties, which in the summer allow the building to be 10 degrees cooler than the
outside temperature. (Feireis & Lovell, 2009)
A special layer creates a reservoir that absorbs rainwater for growing plants, when
full the remaining water is collected and stored as grey water to be sued for flushing
toilets. This process also reduces storm water run off by 7.5 million litres of water a
year (Hansen, 2005), comparable to the roots of a tree, which soak and hold water
within a certain radius.
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The undulating roof, which creates seven hills reflecting the characteristic Seven
Hills1 of San Francisco, is punctured with 100 skylights that flood the interior with
daylight, 36 of the skylights will be operable to allow ventilation (Hansen, 2005). The
dynamic shape of the roof is also what drives the passive ventilation, the steep
slopes and curves pull the warm air out of the building, while the shape also draws
air into the building.
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!1 “Seven Hills of San Francisco" refer to: Telegraph Hill, Nob Hill, Russian Hill, Rincon Hill, Mount Sutro, Twin Peaks and Mount Davidson
Figure 4.7 – A cross sectional sketch shows how the building is ventilated.
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79!
The success of the environmental strategy is accredited by LEED1 which awarded the
building a platinum certificate, its highest achievement, by the point system used by
LEED the academy is they most sustainable building of its typology in the world.
According to the San Francisco Citizen in its March 2009 article, it scored points in six
categories, which are the following:
Green building features – The integration of green building features allows
the building to use 30-35% less energy then a building of similar size.
Heat & humidity – Radiant floor heating reduces energy by 5-10%, heat
recovery systems capture and utilize heat produced by HVAC equipment,
reducing energy used to heat.
Natural light & ventilation – At least 90% of the occupied space has access to
natural light and outside views. The roofline draws ait into the building.
Renewable energy – The solar panels on the canopy of the building generate
up to 10% of the energy requirements, producing 213,000 kW of energy per
year. There are also sensor faucets in the bathrooms, which charge
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!$!The LEED green building certification program encourages and accelerates global adoption of sustainable green building and development practices through a suite of rating systems that recognize projects that implement strategies for better environmental and health performance.!
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80!
themselves after each use, flowing water causes an internal turbine to
generate power and charge the battery.
Water efficiency – Reclaimed water form the city of San Francisco will be
used to flush the toilets reducing the use of potable water for waste water by
90%. In addition low flow fixtures reduce total water use by 78%. The
water for the aquarium is pumped from the Pacific Ocean to reduce fresh
water use.
(San Francisco Citizen, 2009)
The success of Piano’s California Academy of Sciences is apparent with critical
acclaim through the LEED award system for sustainable design. Though it is more
successful then the award can comprehend, the LEED award system recognises and
praises sustainable design, but through this study one can see that it is not only the
building which encompasses sustainability. A holistic sustainable design is a start
and something, which should be apparent in each and every new building; the next
step must be attitudes and the way we live, like BedZED the academy itself takes the
extra step forward.
Secure parking is available on site, both at the front and rear of the building for
bicycles, while electric car charging stations are also designed into the facility. Staff
members are encouraged to take public transport to and from work, as they are
compensated travel costs if they take public transport. Employing policies like this
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81!
help change perspectives, initiating change not only to architecture and
infrastructure but society, by encouraging the use of public transport and welcoming
the use of bicycles and electric cars.
Another feature associated with the
living roof is its successful impact on
the local ecosystem. As previously
examined in this study how the
beaver adds to its local ecosystem
creating wetlands, which are home
to many living organisms. In a
similar fashion the roof of the
academy is home to 1.7 million
native Californian plants, insects and
birds (Pearson, 2009). The roof
created 2.5 acres of native vegetation, which is the largest concentration of native
vegetation in San Francisco. (San Francisco Citizen, 2009)
Piano’s academy is a great example of vision, he has achieved what he set out to; he
lifted the park and placed whatever is required underneath, without making a large
environmental impact. In the process much of what existed has been reused and a
mini ecosystem reintegrated and added where there was none before, enhancing the
Golden Gate Park in which it sits.
Figure 4.9 – Photograph showing the California Academy of Sciences within its context.
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82!
These examples illustrate the fact that designing to achieve balance between man
and nature does not need to be difficult. Architects and designers only need to look
at nature to find solutions, in order to allow society to function in a sustainable
manner. Society functions as a whole but through individual achievements.
Buildings similarly to the ones studied in this thesis, are examples of progression in
design, attitudes and social acceptance. Responsibilities must be accepted and
change must be embraced. Species that fail to adapt in the wake of change
inevitably become extinct, it is our time to accept that we must now adapt to
change.
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85
“I want to testify today about what I believe is a planetary emergency - a crisis that threatens the survival of our civilization and the habitability of the Earth.” 1
Al Gore
1- http://www.allgreatquotes.com/global_warming_quotes.shtml
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84
P r o g r e s s o r r e g r e s s
The question this study proposed was to investigate if natural forms and processes
could be integrated with modern technological advances, to save the world we live in
from our destructive ways. This study first outlined the threat we humans posed to
the environment and in turn resulting to the threat we face from climatic issues. It
then explored the influences and possible application of lessons from nature in order
to resolve these issues to seek a balance. The analysis of research from this study
has shown some promise in a possible bleak future.
Evolution does not always need to be associated with physical attributes; the
evolution of the mind, the refinement of thought, and the progression of intelligence
can also lead to progress as species. What sets humans apart from the majority of
other creatures on this planet is our intelligence. The ability to fashion tools
preceded the ability to create mechanical systems, which in turn led to development
of electronic systems. This intelligence must not be linked to arrogance; we must be
humble and take advice from nature. We must learn to consult the natural world to
help us survive, and if we want to reverse the possible irreparable change that has
now begun.
Climate change as discussed earlier is a very serious problem that we face not as an
individual, a village, and city or even country but as a global community. We must
all accept responsibility and initiate the inevitable change. Architects and designers
have the ability to shape and create societies. This study has shown the potential of
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85
what can be achieved when we recognise and appreciate nature as a design
consultant. Nature’s engineers combined with natural processes can help create
sustainable buildings, communities, and cities, which do not affect their
surroundings. We possess the technology and the research facilities that allow us to
investigate nature and adapt the results to suit our needs. This is evident from the
research produced by this study as a viable solution.
The projects discussed in this study have shown the success of implementing natural
processes and positive ecological approach. Our planet is sensitive to change,
therefore we still have the power to reduce and possibly reverse this change, and all
we must do is accept the responsibility to change.
A difference in thought and perceptions is what we need and it is something, which
is becoming a topic of discussion. To redesign the building we must first alter our
perceptions of what we consider modern construction. This is something that the
work of Mitchell Joachim describes, in his video “Don’t build your home, grow it!” of
February 2009, available at www.ted.com from July 2009. In this talk Joachim
describes possible future eco-villages constructed by the method of pleaching trees.
This new concept is based on old knowledge combined with new thinking. This is
the type of re-invention we currently require.
Joachim describes how the living villages can be grown over a period of 15 years,
and once created a community can live and prosper in architecture, which is made
from natural living materials. (Joachim, 2009)
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86
Figure 5.1 – A visualisation of the naturally grown village.
Figure 5.2 – Cross sectional image describing how the home works.
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87
A revolution only begins from the eyes of visionaries. A revolution in design is
required now to combat the effects of climate change. Architect student Magnus
Larsson has proposed an idea, which transforms an inhabitable belt along the Sahara
dessert into a thriving ecosystem. He describes his proposal through the online
platform of www.ted.com his talk, “Turning dunes into architecture” of July 2009,
available on the website from November 2009. He highlights that the Sahara dessert
is moving further south into Africa at a rate of 600m per year. The idea is based on
the incorporation of the bacteria Bacillus pasteurii with the sand of the desert, this
bacteria solidifies the sand converting the sand into sand stone.
Solidifying the sand at selective places will create solid hollow structures that can be
lived in, by planting vegetation in these spaces a new ecosystem can be created and
the growing desert can be stopped. (Magnus, 2009)
Figure 5.3 – A cross section showing the spaces created by selective solidification of sand dunes.
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89
These ideas are new concepts that are not necessarily the solution but ideas which
show the difference in possibilities that can help achieve a better balance. However,
the world needs ideas to become reality to address current issues due to climate
change. Sustainable and low environmental impact solutions that address increasing
humanitarian issues caused through climate change, are also required as part of a
holistic solution.
The Concrete Canvas is an invention by Peter Brewin and William Crawford. It is
designed to house medical facilities in an emergency situation. This structure, which
arrives as a small package bag later turns into a Quonset-shaped structure within 12
hours. Structures such as these provide a safe environment to deal with medical
emergencies in humanitarian crisis zones. (Architects for Humanity, 2006)
Figure 5.5 – A diagram showing the three stages in construction.
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90
In October 2008, the North West Frontier Province and the Pakistani administered
state of Azad Jammu, Kashmir in Northern Pakistan, were devastated with an
earthquake measuring 7.6 on the Richter Scale. The earthquake left an estimated
3.3 million people homeless. It is during large-scale humanitarian crises such as
these, that architects and designers must apply short-term sustainable housing and
infrastructure. The re-housing of so many people is a vital priority; it must be
efficient and sustainable in order to reduce further impact. Article 25, an
architectural practice dedicated to deliver relief in the wake of humanitarian crises
were called to pioneer workshops. These workshops were based on the rebuilding of
homes with the recycling of what little material was available and to provide a
degree of resistance to seismic activity. (Article 25, 2010)
This highlights the social responsibility of architects; ultimately it is the architect who
dictates design, with the resources available within the local context. It is this basic
design response which is often over looked to seek architecture of wealth and power
which ironically is a design of poor and little thought.
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91
To truly address the state of unbalance, we must address the long-term impact of
our architecture and also facilitate humanitarian crises in a sustainable and
resourceful manner.
“True sustainable design takes on board the full complexity of ecology with its life-enhancing
agenda. Nature uses the minimum of resources to create the maximum of richness and
beauty, employing full recycling in the process. ” (Edwards & Plessis, 2001)
Many examples are available which promote the proverb, ‘where there is a will, there is
a way’. That is the only barrier; we have the technology, intelligence, and the skills
to create a viable solution for the challenges we face, the will to do so is the final
ingredient. The fate of future generations is in our hands, we must accept our duty
as a society to preserve this world for future generations to come. This study has
proven that inspiration is all around us, innovation is present amongst us, only
change is required from within us.
“One thin September soon
!
(Al Gore, 2009, p.28) 92
A floating continent disappears
In midnight sun
Vapors rise as
Fever settles on an acid sea
Neptune’s bones dissolve
Snow glides from the mountain
Ice fathers floods for a season
A hard rain comes quickly
Unknown creatures
Take their leave, unmourned
Horsemen ready their stirrups
Passion seeks heroes and friends
The bell of the city
On the hill is rung
The shepherd cries
The hour of choosing has arrived
Here are your tools”
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