Nature + Technology = Solution?

Can natural forms and processes be integrated with modern technological

advances to save the world we live in from our destructive ways?

Raheel Yousaf – Diploma in Architecture (International) – TMA 1502

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A b s t r a c t

The aim of this study is to find, investigate, and learn from the influences nature has

on architecture and combine this with modern technological advances to find

practical and holistic solutions to the problems we face today. The natural world has

always existed in equilibrium with the animal kingdom, we as humans through vast

and rapid development and advancement as species have upset this balance. Only

now acknowledging the damage we have and still are causing. We have only

recognised the problem now because we find ourselves in a situation that requires

immediate change or we face disastrous environmental impact.

We are at crucial point in our history, where we have made unprecedented progress

in the last century for example massive increase in population and mega cities that

are home to more then 10 million residents. Technology has become a part of our

lives with our cities shaped and functioning around the motorcar and our homes full

of personal electronics.

Life has become unrecognisable from our humble roots, and we have progressed

from caves to mansions; from open fields to manmade skylines stretching as far as

the eye can see. This progress has developed some issues, which are threatening

our way of life and the planet we call home. In our selfish acts to feed our greed we

have become reliant on excessive amounts of energy, which we acquire through

unsustainable methods. In turn these methods are having detrimental effects to the

environment that we share with every other species on this planet. We have scarred

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vast landscapes, poisoned rivers and underground water supplies, polluted the

quality of air and have even increased the average temperature.

The purpose of this study is to investigate and seek inspiration from nature itself. It

will look at Biophilia; the influence that natural elements have on design to better the

psychological link between mankind and architecture. Biomimicry, the application of

natural processes into design. New technologies that can be combined and

integrated with natural forms and processes. These can be applied to design to

achieve a new balance and a new architecture.

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A c k n o w l e d g e m e n t

I would like to begin in the name of!God, Most Gracious, Most Merciful.

I would like to take this opportunity to thank each and every one of you

Who have assisted me to achieve my full potential

Without you I could not have arrived at this juncture:

My family, you have always encouraged me with both support and pride.

My fiancé, Amina, you have always shown love and support.

My personal tutor, Sophia, your help and guidance have been invaluable.

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L i s t o f i l l u s t r a t i o n s

1- Mechanical Beatle. Front cover

2- Full page – Logging photograph. Page. 1

3- Full page – Hurricane Katrina damage. Page. 5

4- Figure 1.1 – Chart showing population growth patterns.

Page. 6

5- Figure 1.2 – Table showing top 10 populated countries, data from US Census Bureau.

Page. 7

6- Figure 1.3 – Graph from the Global Education Project showing world energy use by fuel type.

Page. 8

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7- Figure 1.4 – Graph from the Global Education Project showing Energy use per capita.

Page. 8

8- Figure 1.5- Chart from the Global Education project showing CO2 emissions. Page. 9

9- Figure 1.6 – Chart showing population increases in the worlds largest cities.

Page. 10

10- Figure 1.7 – Above Shanghai skyline 1990, below Shanghai skyline 2010.

Page. 11

11- Figure 1.8 – Fuel to CO2 emission ratio. Page. 12

12- Figure 1.9 – (Left) A cartoonist expresses concern to the situation we currently face.

Page. 16

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13- Figure 1.10 – (Below) An Activist is hurt during protests regarding climate change at the 2009 G20 leader summit in London.

Page. 16

14- Full page – Flower. Page. 18

15- Figure 2.1 – A baby in the mother’s womb.

Page. 20

16- Figure 2.2 – Inside view of a cave. Page. 20

17- Full page – Termite nests. Page. 22

18- Figure 2.3 – Sketch showing the ventilation system of a termite nest.

Page. 24

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19- Full page – Weaverbird nest Page. 25

20- Figure 2.4 – The Eared Grebe makes its nest so that it floats.

Page. 26

21- Figure 2.5 – The Cliff Swallow nests along a cliff face.

Page. 27

22- Full page – Beaver dam. Page. 28

23- Figure 2.6 – Cross sectional image showing how a beaver home functions with two entrances and space for the beaver and its family.

Page. 29

24- Figure 2.7 – Beaver using its specialised teeth to cut down a tree.

Page. 30

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25- Full page – Germinating seed. Page. 31

26 -Full page – Camera eye. Page. 34

27- Full page – Water feature. Page. 37

28- Figure 3.1 – Water fountains are often used in landscape design to make the more interactive.

Page. 40

29- Figure 3.2 – A house designed in the shape of a seashell.

Page. 41

30- Figure 3.3 – The stealth fighter jet’s aerodynamic function is based on that of a stingray.

Page. 41

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31- Figure 3.4 – Tadao Ando’s Church of Light plays on the relationship of light and space.

Page. 41

32- Figure 3.5 – The Eden Project successfully connects visitors to a natural setting within a native environment created through its design.

Page. 42

33- Figure 3.6 – A man tends to his garden, a relationship that has psychological benefits.

Page. 42

34- Figure 3.7 – Chart from Biophilic Design, (Kellert, 2008) categorises the attributes and related design elements to biophilic architecture.

Page. 43

35- Full page – Woodpecker inspired hammer

Page. 47

36- Figure 3.8 – ‘Bone Chair’ designed by Joris Laarman in 1998 uses software mimicking the structure assessment used by bones to eliminate any extra material.

Page. 49

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37- Figure 3.9 – Mercedez-Benz prototype car based on two biomimetic principles.

Page. 50

38- Figure 3.10 – The structure of the car created using bone structure software allowing the removal extra material.

Page. 50

39- Figure 3.11 – The box fish on which the aerodynamic body fo the car is shaped.

Page. 50

40- Figure 3.12 – The moment a kingfisher bird enters the water.

Page. 51

41- Figure 3.13 – Japan's 500 Series Shinkansen bullet train as modeled on the beak of a kingfisher bird.

Page. 51

42- Full page – Banksy – I want change Page. 52

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43- Figure 3.14 – Fibre optic cables. Page. 54

44- Figure 3.15 – Venus’s flower basket. Page. 54

45- Full page – Change ahead Page. 56

46- Full page – Eastgate Centre Page. 58

47- Figure 4.1 – External elevation showing Eastgate and its distinct ‘chimneys’.

Page. 60

48 -Figure 4.2 – A view of Eastgate showing balconies shading the windows.

Page. 62

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49- Figure 4.3 – Diagram showing the environmental strategy of Eastgate.

Page. 63

50- Full page - BedZED Page. 65

51- Figure 4.4 – A chart comparing ecological footprints for different UK lifestyles.

Page. 66

52- Figure 4.5 – A cross sectional sketch shows the environmental strategy.

Page. 70

53- Figure 4.6 – Sketch showing the water treatment strategy.

Page. 71

54- Full page – California Academy of Sciences roof.

Page. 74

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55- Figure 4.7 – A cross sectional sketch shows how the building is ventilated.

Page. 77

56- Figure 4.8 – A view of the undulation roof of the academy.

Page. 78

57- Figure 4.9 – Photograph showing the California Academy of Sciences within its context.

Page. 81

58- Full page – California dry death valley Page. 83

59- Figure 5.1 – A visualisation of the naturally grown village.

Page. 86

60- Figure 5.2 – Cross sectional image describing how the home works.

Page. 86

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61- Figure 5.3 – A cross section showing the spaces created by selective solidification of sand dunes.

Page. 87

62- Figure 5.4 – An aerial visualisation showing the impact of the concept in its context.

Page. 88

63- Figure 5.5 – A diagram showing the three stages in construction.

Page. 89

64- Full page – Paradise Page. 93

65- Full page - Destruction Page. 94

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C o n t e n t s

Abstract i

Acknowledgment iii

List of illustrations iv

Introduction 2

- Life Unbalanced 6

Need for change 12

Learning from Nature’s Engineers 19

- The Termite 23

- The Bird 26

- The Beaver 29

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Seed for change 32

Nature led design 35

- Biophilic Design 38

- Biomimetic Design 47

Application of evolution 53

Evaluation of evolution 57

- Eastgate, Harare, Zimbabwe 59

- Beddington Zero Energy Development, London, UK 66

- California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, California, USA 75

Progress or regress 84

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Bibliography 96

Image references 102

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“There is a sufficiency in the world for man's need but not for man's greed.” 1

Mohandas K. Gandhi

1-http://www.drury.edu/multinl/story.cfm?ID=11595

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I n t r o d u c t i o n

Historically the natural environment has played a vital role in our development, and

has provided us with our first homes in the form of caves, shelters carved from the

landscape that protect us from the elements and predators. As we became

intelligent enough to create our own homes we lost our way with nature.

Progression for us caused the decay of the natural environment in which we chose to

settle, resulting in the destruction of whole forests and the flattening of entire

landscapes to create our environment.

We still long for the natural environment, creating parks and retreating to nature at

every possible juncture to relax. So why is that we cannot live harmoniously with

the natural environment rather than have two distinct places, the natural and urban

environments, which are completely detached? We have the technology for

amenities to be produced from natural means. Therefore we need to implement

these technologies and work closer with the natural environment to achieve the

balance we once had. We need to sustain our development before it is too late,

furthermore we must look back at our roots, our intelligence has taken us away from

nature and we must now use it to bring us closer to it and work together to create

equilibrium once more.

We live in uncertain times, we are surrounded by dwindling natural resources,

increasing natural disasters, and rising humanitarian crises. It is time to recognise

the need for change and begin the transformation in adequate time. This study will

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aim to research natural solutions rather then artificial solutions created by humans,

but the solutions that are present and evident in the natural world around us.

Through millennia the natural world has adapted and evolved to create solutions to

problems on it’s own. This study will look to nature as precedence to find the

possible application of forms and processes that can be integrated with new

technologies to achieve a balance. We must learn from nature to bring an end to

our selfish destructive ways we, that have become so accustomed to.

With focused research looking into design and architecture within nature and nature

within design and architecture, one can understand the situation in which we find

ourselves. This study will aim to change thoughts and perceptions we currently

have. This study will identify the effects we have had on the world we live in and

the damage we have caused. We must first fully understand the situation at hand

before we can try and solve it. Once the problem is understood, the study will then

focus on seeking solutions from the natural world around us, from plants, insects,

birds and animals; all of which live in harmony with their surroundings. This study

will look in detail at successful methods used in the natural world, which can be then

related and applied to design and architecture. It will also explore possibilities of

integration with new technologies and existing applications of natural processes,

which will be reviewed upon their success and practicality.

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This study will aim to answer a question that any architect or designer should ask

himself or herself since their designs ultimately impact both the end user and also

the world as a whole:

Can natural forms and processes be integrated with modern technological advances

to save the world we live in from our destructive ways?

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“Climate change is the most severe problem that we are facing today, more serious even than the threat of terrorism” 1

David King

1- http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/3584679.stm

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L i f e U n b a l a n c e d

The global environment is very sensitive to change. For instance localised

microclimates become unbalanced due to small-unexpected differentiations in

temperature or millimetres of precipitation. The earth has undergone many natural

climatic changes through out its history. However now we are on the brink of

another change which in even more crucial, as it is a man made change. This

change has come about due to the rapid growth in population, urbanisation, and the

increasing human reliance on fossil fuels.

The world’s population has grown

exponentially in a relatively short

amount time. According to the

US Census Bureau, in the year

1950 there was an estimated

world population between two

and three billion this has grown

to nearly seven billion, more than

double in 60 years. This figure is

estimated to grow to nine billion

by the year 2044. (See figure 1.1)

Figure 1.1 - Chart showing population growth patterns.

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Seven of the top ten populated countries are developing countries (see figure 1.2)

with weak infrastructure and an ever-increasing dependency on energy and food.

This dependency will only increase as they aim to achieve the same wasteful lifestyle

standards enjoyed by the developed nations.

The current demand for energy

is at an all time high (see figure

1.3) and there are no signs of

this reducing as the developing

nations grow and consume as

much resources as developed

nations. The developed nations

have not made any significant

changes to reduce their dependency on fossil fuels, extensive imports, or wasteful

lifestyles. This is proven in figure 1.4, as it is the developed world that uses more

energy per capita than the developing nations, which have relatively larger

population and still consume less. However this is a changing statistic as developing

countries continue to industrialise and develop similar lifestyles.

Figure 1.2 – Table showing top 10 populated countries, data from US Census Bureau.

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Developing countries are only now industrialising. This is shown by their continued

growth and energy hungry expectations, which are not sustainable and in the near

future will not be possible at all. The majority of the world’s energy comes from

fossil fuels, which are devastating the world’s climate and are being used

extensively and are now almost depleted. Currently the top 12 countries producing

CO2 emissions emit 76% of the total global CO2 emissions. (See figure 1.5)

Figure 1.3 – Graph from the Global Education Project showing world energy use by fuel type.

Figure 1.4 – Graph from the Global Education Project showing Energy use per capita.

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The rate of population growth coupled with

populations from rural communities moving

to the cities looking for a better life has

resulted in not just a population growth,

but also a change in lifestyle habits.

People who had lived a sustained life, in a

rural setting with minimal impact on their

surroundings and lived off their immediate

hinterland are now moving to the city.

They are becoming reliant on fossil fuels

for energy and acquiring resources from

the global hinterland resulting in a much

higher environmental impact.

“…the average UK meal having travelled over 2000 miles from farm to dinner plate” (Bill

Dunster Architects, 2003, p.8)

Cities of the world today create more pressure on resources than ever before, with

the emergence of mega cities with populations over ten million (see figure 1.6).

These cities have huge environmental impacts. For instance localised microclimates

that have been created and shaped by the natural environment and all that it

contains once coexisted in equilibrium. This equilibrium is no longer present and it is

for this reason we are experiencing climate change ranging from local microclimates

to a global scale.

Figure 1.5- Chart from the Global Education project showing CO2

emissions.

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Rapid urbanisation has destroyed vast areas of land which is no longer recognisable

to its natural state. There are both direct and indirect consequences as land is

cleared for construction where whole forests once stood. Now CO2 is released in

enormous amounts where it was once absorbed. Also mines for various minerals

and fuels have destroyed habitats, altered natural ecosystems, and scarred natural

landscapes.

China and India, the two largest and fastest growing populations in the world, both

combined make 30% of the worlds population, “Bombay’s population has quadrupled in

thirty years” (Boeri et al., 2001). The cities in these countries have undergone a

massive change, becoming unrecognisable in the last 20 years as can be seen in

figure 1.7 on page 11.

Figure 1.6 – Chart showing population increases in the worlds largest cities.

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Figure 1.7 – Above Shanghai skyline 1990, below Shanghai skyline 2010.

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N e e d f o r c h a n g e

Humans require energy in two forms; energy for internal consumption such as food

and energy for external consumption such as fuel. Food production per capita has

increased in recent years in all continents apart from Africa. This is largely due to

intensive chemical fertilization, which in turn has led to increased nitrate pollution of

underground water supplies (Samuels and Prasad, 1994). The world’s natural

resources need to be maintained in a more sustainable manner. If we overuse any

substance for a quick fix this will only facilitate immediate demand and result in long-

term damage to another aspect of nature that inevitably will be overlooked.

Fossil fuels are what all nations’ development and progress has been built upon and

what they rely on to maintain it. Fossil fuels such as coal, oil, and natural gas

combined are the single largest source of man-made global warming pollutants, all

to produce energy (Gore 2009). These are not renewable nor are they infinite, in the

last 50 years the extraction, production, and use of these fuels has seen an

exponential growth, which cannot be sustained.

Figure 1.8 – Fuel to CO2

emission ratio.

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We must make substantial changes to the way we live, we are environmentally

aware as people, but the way we live and the way we construct our buildings does

not reflect our awareness. There are many examples through out history that show

how important it is for us to live in equilibrium with our environment. There have

been many cities, some with populations of even one million that now cease to exist

because of their extensive unsustainable use of their resources.

Ancient Rome for example, by the year 100BC had reached a population of 1.2

million residents (Girardet, 2008). Between 500-1000AD, Rome had shrunk to a

population of 300,000, because the city could no longer sustain the large population.

It had required more resources than those that were available. Rome had used most

of Europe’s woodlands for fuel, because no fossil fuels were used, timber was used

as a fuel. Though timber is a natural resource, it was used extensively without

consideration. The destruction to Europe’s woodland had possibly created a whole

new landscape as Europe was once nearly completely covered in forests, seemingly

endless to its inhabitants, the forests of Europe now are merely a shadow of their

former selves.

“…from 95 percent coverage at the time of the Roman Empire’s collapse in 47 to only 20

percent at the beginning of the Scientific Revolution in the early 17th century.” (Gore 2009,

p.52)

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The main food source for Rome was grain and the land in Europe could not produce

enough to feed the large city. Therefore, land in North Africa was cleared and

farmed extensively without any crop rotation for hundreds of years. This resulted in

poor quality of soil, which eventually became unable to yield the amount of food that

was required. Rome was left with reduced food and fuel, which left the city and its

people to starve. This once great city shrank to a shadow of its former self. Europe

and North Africa were not enough to sustain one unbalanced city. The world’s

resources are stretched once more and the global hinterland is not enough to

provide for the worlds population with the same expectation. We must learn from

the past and make changes while we still can.

“Progress, far from consisting in change, depends on retentiveness. When change is absolute

there remains no being to improve and no direction is set for possible improvement: and

when experience is not retained, as among savages, infancy is perpetual. Those who cannot

remember the past are condemned to repeat it.” (The Life of Reason Vol.1, George

Santayana, 1905-1906)

The world is sensitive to changes such as the ones caused by human life. The

unhealthy lifestyle of humans is now having an adverse effect on the earth. History

is riddled with examples of cities and even civilisations that no longer exist because

of their un-resourceful lives. History teaches us to respect nature and be good to it

so it will be good to us. Furthermore governments and scientists warn us of the

imminent danger and advise us to change our current lifestyles.

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Climate change has become an important topic in politics and is at the forefront of

government ambitions and targets. Policies and legislation have been altered to help

reach set targets. The UK government has issued a review of targets set in June

2006 to be achieved in three areas (Defra, 2010):

Climate change & energy

Sustainable consumption & production

Natural resource protection

The issue of climate change is no longer a rumour, rather it is recognised as a real

issue and one of great importance that will challenge this generation. There is also a

strong belief that the increase of natural disasters is directly linked with global

warming. Ex UN Secretary General Kofi Annan’s warning in a report for the Global

Humanitarian Forum was cited in Oxfam’s ‘Climate Alarm’ briefing:

“The humanitarian impact of climate change is likely to be among the biggest humanitarian

challenges in years and decades to come. Actions so far have been slow and inadequate

compared with needs.” (Oxfam, 2007)

The issue of climate change has been established and this issue has also become

common knowledge, as expressed by William E, Rees, “There is little doubt that global

ecological change is real and threatening” (Rees, 2002). This study will attempt to find

solutions and answers inspired by nature’s own engineers in order to reduce

damage.

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Maybe it is time we realised that it was from nature that we were initially inspired to

construct our own homes. Therefore, we should go to our roots as we are not the

first nor are we the only species on this world to construct a home. However we are

the only species that have significantly impacted the world climate and altered it in a

negative way. The animal kingdom is full of inspirational and sustainable

construction. We can and should learn something from the creatures that share this

world with us, so that we may be able to preserve the length of time this world can

support our lives.

“We have arrived at a moment unlike any other in all of human history. Our home is in grave

danger. What is at risk of being destroyed is not the earth itself, of course, but the

conditions that have made it hospitable for human beings.” (Gore 2009, p.16)

Figure 1.9 – (Left) A cartoonist expresses concern to the situation we currently face.

Figure 1.10 – (Below) An Activist is hurt during protests regarding climate change at the 2009 G20 leader summit in London.

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The next chapter of this study will look to nature, to learn how the natural world has

responded to similar issues that face mankind. It will investigate the functional

aspect of nature which allows it operate in equilibrium no matter what the climatic

conditions. We need to appreciate how natural resources can be used in a manner

that has little or no impact on the local environment. How can we observe,

investigate, and adapt processes and forms in nature, which are fully sustainable and

apply them into architecture to create truly sustainable design?

Additionally, the following chapter will particularly look at forms and constructions in

the natural world, studying how natural forms and principles work within their own

context. Furthermore, cases where design has been applied outside its natural

context will be studied in order to learn how to create more efficient designs and

improve existing designs that are traditionally flawed by man.

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“No form of Nature is inferior to Art; for the arts

merely imitate natural forms” 1

Marcus Aurelius, 170-180

1-The Meditations of Marcus Aurelius - XI-10(http://www.bartleby.com/2/3/11.html)

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L e a r n i n g f r o m

N a t u r e ‘ s E n g i n e e r s

The previous chapter highlighted the need to seek a better relationship between man

and the natural world, in order to prevent the continuing environmental deterioration

we are faced with today. This chapter will look to nature seeking inspiration for the

ways that architects and designers approach environmentally efficient architecture.

Architecture and the people behind it need to evolve to the current environmental

needs. The natural world has been designing and evolving since before we humans

even contemplated creating a structure. Nature is the precedence that this chapter

will investigate, studying nature, learning from its lessons.

Nature has always been a vital part of man’s life, long before he discovered how to

build; nature provided shelter for him. Caves carved into the landscape by the

elements over time they provided man with a safe place of abode. Ironically,

protection from the elements in the forms of caves and caverns had been created by

the power and ferocity of the forces themselves, now providing protection for man

from themselves, natural predators and beasts. Though caves became man’s home

through no engineering or construction himself, they were selected with great

understanding and intelligence; for instance the opening had to be south facing to

protect from cold northern winds, a small opening was required at the end of the

cave to allow smoke from a fire to exit the cave and provide ventilation. Only as

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mans intelligence increased did he move out of the cave and begin to create a

dwelling of his own.

One of the essential aspects of both natural and manmade design is functionalism.

In nature, function is intimately related to form; there

is no form without function or function without form.

Both are essentially two parts of one solution, one

without the other cannot provide a holistic solution,

rendering the other as a folly. In 1896, Sullivan

declared that: “form ever follows function” (Sullivan,

1896). Senosiain quotes Le Corbusier as having

written that as far as he is concerned: “Plants grow

from the inside out, the exterior part being the result of

the interior” (Senosiain, 2003, p9).

Life for humans begins in the womb of

the mother, a form of nature created

through function. It is the first space

that is experienced by the foetus as it

grows and develops. The surrounding

liquid creates an ambient temperature

that remains constant, unlike the

temperature outside; the liquid also acts

Figure 2.1 – A baby in the mother’s womb.

Figure 2.2 – Inside view of a cave.

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as a damper for sound from outside the womb. All movements and bumps are

converted into gentle rocking. The birth throws the baby into a strange

environment, it’s cold, noisy and full or bright lights, and it is a long way from the

controlled environment they baby has thus far experienced.

It is from this moment we enter the world we begin to seek refuge, protection and

shelter reminiscent of the place from which we came. The cave was the simplest

and yet most versatile for this need, it gave shelter and protection, like the womb a

natural space that we did not create but inhabited. None the less a space that once

ready we left, to find our own individual space.

This new freedom that man had achieved through construction came through

observation, as humans are not the only species to construct a dwelling, nor were

they the first or even arguably the best at it. Natures other constructers have

created in relative comparison far more ingenious solutions to seek shelter, whether

that be land, air or water, and it is this that inspired constructions of our own.

The inspiration from the natural world has always been recognised and appreciated

in human construction, as cited by Senosiain in 400 BC the Greek philosopher

Democritus said:

“We learn important things from imitating animals, we are apprentices of the spider, imitating

her in the task of weaving and confecting clothing. We learn from the swallows how to

construct homes, and we learn to sing from the both the lark and swan…” (Senosiain, 2003)

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T h e T e r m i t e

Some of the most astonishing constructions that one can find on land in this world

are not man made, a termite nest is one of those. Termites live in large colonies and

therefore construct as one, with nothing more than earth, their own saliva and

materials traded with other insects they are known to create mounds. These

mounds in many cases reach heights of up to three meters and four meters in width.

These incredible structures are also resilient and can withstand environmental

conditions incredibly well; a mound found in Kenya has been dated to be 700 years

old. (Senosiain, 2003)

Generally located in the tropics, the termites cannot survive in hot temperatures;

their skin does not provide sufficient protection from the heat, they are usually blind

and require a relatively constant temperature. Termites have an infinite number of

nest forms but they are usually similar in materials and temperature control

methods. The nests are built transversely from East to West and longitudinally from

North to South, the orientation can be explained by the need for sun protection.

These astonishing structures are on average 800 times the height of the termites

themselves; by comparison the Petronas Towers (1483 feet) in Malaysia are only 200

times the height of an average human. (Senosiain, 2003)

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The functional aspect of the construction is just as, if not more remarkable than the

vast scale of it. The ventilation system engineered by these ingenious insects is

quite remarkable as shown in figure 2.3, they have created a system that allows

fresh air to be ventilated through perforations in the walls, channelling the air

through the nest. The flow of stale air facilitates the loss of carbon dioxide, while

the thinness of the walls and ducts allows gaseous diffusion, keeping a constant

temperature and humidity level.

The termites require a constant level of humidity, in arid climates this is a challenge

and one that the termites over come, they dig vertical tunnels sometimes up to 40m

deep to reach under ground water supplies. These allow the water to evaporate up

through the tunnel to create almost 100% humidity by disusing into the air. (Benyus,

2009)

Figure 2.3 – Sketch showing the ventilation system of a termite nest.

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T h e B i r d

As discussed previously the architectural feats constructed by termites are immense

shelters, perfectly suited to their requirements, adapted through evolution. Birds

similarly, are also one of nature’s constructors, creating a unique shelter for

themselves, as they have been for the past 150 million years, in the air, on the

ground and even on water. Working on the principles of tension and compression,

they use only natural materials available to them in their immediate surroundings.

Twigs work in tension are combined with mud or droppings that work in compression

to create solid structures, in which the birds lay and incubate eggs and then nurture

the hatchlings. Birds are probably the best-known example from nature, other than

man, which build a shelter for themselves and the raising of their young, with nests

sometimes in use all year round.

There are thousands of different

species of birds that build nests,

which are based on this basic

principle. Bird nests come in an

extensive range and sizes and they

can be found in trees, on the

ground, burrowed into the ground,

on water and even cliff faces.

Figure 2.4 – The Eared Grebe makes its nest so that it floats.

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27!

From birds we can learn a

lot, the reinforcement of

concrete has come through

the observation of the

structural integrity of a bird’s

nest. The mud in the nest

which acts as compression,

is replaced with concrete

which also acts in

compression, steel elements

are then added in some

cases, metallic or other fibres

in other cases which act in tension. Adding strength to the structure allowing it to be

slender, more efficient and reducing material usage.

We must also learn from birds to be resourceful, build and adapt with the materials

around us to suit the climate and conditions within which we construct out buildings.

Figure 2.5 – The Cliff Swallow nests along a cliff face.

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T h e B e a v e r

The beaver is the heavyweight of engineers within nature, creating dwellings well

protected from enemies and the elements. The beaver is able to construct dams in

order to control water flow around their homes. The beaver creates it’s home in

water, within a colony so they can build dams to raise water levels to help protect

their homes against predators.

Beavers are very intelligent

builders; they select their site at

the edge of water currents, close

to trees. The create dredges up to

trees they have selected to chop

down, using their chisel like teeth

(see figure 2.7) they chew the tree

until it falls, they then use the

dredge to transport it back to the

site.

With only the use of mud, branches, and stones beavers build their dams, they will

use natural rock outcrops or manmade walls if present to make their work less by

recycling existing structures. Their dams also benefit the local ecosystem by creating

wetlands as result of their dams, which support and host many species of animals

Figure 2.6 – Cross sectional image showing how a beaver home functions with two entrances and space for the beaver and its family.

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and plants these wetlands also help absorb water after heavy rainfall reducing flood

risks.

This reflects the importance of

considerate construction in

accordance to context.

Beavers have a large effect on

their local ecosystem, however

this is a positive affect unlike

the negative human impact.

Through creating their

dwellings and building dams to

protect themselves they are

also promoting natural growth

of life around them.

We should also try and adopt this approach to construction one, which is not only

sustainable but also ethical, nature has a lot to teach us through its natural

engineers, we should observe, take notes and adapt.

Figure 2.7 – Beaver using its specialised teeth to cut down a tree.

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S e e d f o r c h a n g e

This chapter has provided a brief insight into nature’s engineers; perfectly adapted

natural forms that perform with maximum efficiency, structures in the natural world

built intelligent and resourcefully. Many more examples can be taken from nature,

with clear and directed research a lot can be gained, we must stop destroying the

environment and rebuilding it to what suits us. We should embrace the challenges

and seek real long-term solutions, understanding natural constructions can help us

achieve what we need, a balanced coexistence with nature.

However, it is not only natural forms that we can observe, investigate and adapt; the

natural world is full of organic processes created as unique responses to individual

requirements. These processes are driven by natural principles, the problem is fully

understood and the response is an ideal solution. What if we were to replicate these

processes, what if we replicate the ventilation system used by termites, the way a

plant produces energy through photosynthesis? The application of these principles

can help designers achieve climatic and environmentally aware and responsible

architecture.

Ultimately, architects and designers must no longer see sustainable and

environmentally efficient design as an element of design, but as the driving force of

each and every project. A holistic design approach is required, we must plant the

seed for change now and embrace change as it grows and flourishes. The next

chapter will look at natural process with a vision for an integrated design approach.

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The following chapter will seek to understand the correlation between nature and

design, the elements of design that provide a connection with the natural world and

the user. The psychological effect of design characteristics that make a design feel

more entwined with its context. This study will then look into the possible

application of natural processes that can make design and architecture sit in

harmony with the environment.

Furthermore the next chapter will investigate research conducted into natural

processes, how and why they are the way they are. To then explore the possible

integration with technologies or directly to architecture and design. Providing not

only a form that is more naturally in balance with its surroundings, but architecture

and design that is as natural and intelligent as its local environment.

!"!"*The Venturi effect is the reduction in fluid pressure that results when a fluid

flows through a constricted section of pipe# # # $#

“Although nature commences with reason and ends

in experience it is necessary for us to do the

opposite, that is to commence with experience and

from this to proceed to investigate the reason. ” 1

Leonardo da Vinci

1- Leonardo da Vinci. (n.d.). BrainyQuote.com. Retrieved December 2, 2010, from BrainyQuote.com Web site: http://www.brainyquote.com/quotes/quotes/l/leonardoda118563.html

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N a t u r e l e d d e s i g n

While the previous chapter looked into architecture and design within nature, this

chapter will focus on nature within architecture and design. The following are two

main categories of nature within architecture and design that will be studied:

Biophilic Design – In this thesis, biophilic design is recognised as promoting a

holistic sustainable design approach. One aspect of biophilia is the

considerate use of material in terms of construction and the promotion of

renewable energy sources. Though it is not the same as the generally

perceived ‘sustainable design’, but it also incorporates user comfort and the

psychological effect of natural elements within its hypothesis A building can

be sustainable but if user comfort is sacrificed, the building will become

unused, and will ultimately deteriorate become a folly. To understand the

meaning of biophilia one can refer to the Oxford dictionary definition, which

describes it as: “An innate and genetically determined affinity of human beings with

the natural world.” (Oxford University Press, 2010)

Biomimimetic Design – This is a relative new concept in design and can be

seen as a direct response and continuation from the previous chapter.

Biomimicry looks to nature not for inspiration in form, but to understand

natural processes that drive and create the responsive design in the natural

environment. Biomimicry allows the architect or designer to understand the

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environmental, and/or climatic challenges and then look to the natural world

to see how natural design has provided a solution for those challenges. This

solution is then broken down to the basic concepts that are then adapted into

design and architecture, creating a solution that is sustainable,

environmentally conscious and climatically responsive. To understand the

meaning of biomimicry one can refer to the Oxford dictionary definition,

which describes it as: “The design and production of materials, structures, and

systems that are modelled on biological entities and processes.” (Oxford University

Press, 2010)

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B i o p h i l i c D e s i g n

As briefly mentioned before, biophilia recognises the positive effects of nature within

design. It recognises the need to preserve materials by considerate use and the

benefits attainable from the human-nature relationship.

Biophilic design looks into user comfort and the effect the natural environment has

on the users of the building. It recognises the basic principle of architecture as the

need to provide user comfort. Also it recognises that the architects and designers

have a duty of care not only for the user but also for society and the environment as

a whole. Biophilia looks to incorporate all these elements in order to create a fully

sustainable design, a design which is environmentally sound and provides a level of

user comfort that prolongs the maximum use and life of the building, coupled with

health and psychological benefits.

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The presence and respect for nature is something that man has slowly moved away

from; once living amongst nature in the fields and caves we now live in concrete

jungles, having conquered the landscape with a trophy plant pot sitting on the

mantle piece.

“Unfortunately, the prevailing approach to design of the modern urban built environment has

encouraged the massive transformation and degradation of natural systems and increasing

human separation from the natural world.” (Kellert 2008, p.5)

Society must function within the natural environment, in order to improve

psychological health and quality of life. We must seek inspiration from the natural

environment to live in harmony rather than destructively within the varied climatic

conditions around the world. Everything in nature apart from humans live in a

balance, we must also live in harmony with nature if we want to save this planet we

call home.

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Biophilia consists of the following two dimensions;

The first being one of an organic or naturalistic dimension, that defines

shapes and forms in design that directly or indirectly reflect the inherent

human affinity for nature.

The second dimension of biophilic design refers to what we see as vernacular

or place-based design. That incorporates the local or geographic areas

working with the local culture and ecology as part of a holistic design

approach, which works with and does not infringe on the local landscape and

values.

(Kellert, 2008)

There are six design principles that are connected to Biophilic architecture, they can

be split further into 70 design attributes (see figure 3.7); all aimed at integrating the

natural elements that improve the quality of our lives.

Environmental features – An

environmental feature as a design element

is probably the most obvious design

principal; it involves the use of well-

recognised characteristics of the natural

world in the built environment.

Figure 3.1 – Water fountains are often used in landscape design to make the more interactive.

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Natural shape and form – This includes

the representation and simulation of the

natural world.

Natural patterns and processes – This

principle emphasises the representation

rather than the simulation of nature. It

also takes the principles of natural

elements to improve the design deeper

than just for aesthetics.

Light and space – The focus of this design element is to

improve design qualities through the relationship of light

and space.

Figure 3.2 – A house designed in the shape of a seashell.

Figure 3.3 – The stealth fighter jet’s aerodynamic function is based on that of a stingray.

Figure 3.4 – Tadao Ando’s Church of Light plays on the relationship of light and space.

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Place-based relationships – The successful

combination of ecology and culture within a

geographical context is the aim of this

principle.

Evolved human-nature relationships – This

principle focuses on the inherent

psychological effect of the relationship

between man and nature.

(Kellert, 2008)

Figure 3.5 – The Eden Project successfully connects visitors to a natural setting within a native environment created through its design.

Figure 3.6 – A man tends to his garden, a relationship that has psychological benefits.

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Figure 3.7 - Chart from Biophilic Design, (Kellert, 2008) categorises the attributes and related design elements to biophilic architecture.

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Biophilia teaches us the importance of nature in design, illustrating how to make a

building truly sustainable the and further explaining the psychological effects on its

users. Architects explore the psychological effect of architecture by evoking

emotion, however the effect of environmental factors in building design is something

that is overlooked. We must understand and factor this into the design rationale.

The design elements discussed need to be explored and exploited in order to create

a building that is sustainable in construction and use. Architecture must evoke

emotion and allow the user to feel connected with the architecture creating a user

relationship that allows frequent, flexible and sustained use of the building.

To create a design that is sustainable and environmentally responsible an

understanding of the environment and its effect on humans is just as important as

the effect humans have on the environment, overall it is a balance we need in order

to achieve true success.

There is no wasteful design in biophilic architecture, alternative sources of energy

are recommended and materials should be used responsibly and appropriately. The

design should respond to environmental factors by working with them rather then

addressing climatic issues by means on unsustainable energy hungry methods once

the design is finished. The seeds of a maple tree are an example of extremely

efficient design, the winged seeds are designed perfectly to work with gravity using

an aerodynamic design; they catch the wind as they fall, making them spin and drift

to a spot beyond the shade of thier parent. (Benyus, 2008)

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We must embrace design in accordance to solutions perfected by nature through

millennia; after all, nature has created an ideal solution for each unique climatic issue

it presents. Design in nature is the same as purpose; there is not form without

function and no function without form. Superfluous design is an invention of man,

Architects and designers have a duty to efficiently address the needs of the client.

Nature is the only true precedence.

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B i o m i m e t i c D e s i g n

This study has thus far investigated the relationship between man and the natural

environment and how this relationship has in recent times become distorted by

man’s greed and lack of care. The damage caused to the environment has been

accepted, however the extent of the damage has not yet truly come forward. The

thesis then moved on to discuss the architecture in the natural world and the

influence it has or should have on design and architecture.

This chapter will focus on lessons to be learned from nature, from a different

perspective; it will focus on function. Though form and function in the natural world

are seen as one, natural processes are not as apparent as the appearance. Only on

close inspection can they be seen as an integrated part of the design. Biomimicry

investigates the processes and methodology in natural design and applies them

directly into the design process.

“Biomimicry is not a style of building, nor is it an identifiable design product. It is, rather a

design process- a way of seeking solutions...” (Benyus 2010, p.29)

The investigation of natural design and processes allows the understanding of just

how efficient natural processes have become through evolution, everything is

designed with a purpose in mind. The understanding of these processes ultimately

leads to the implementation and adaptation of those principles into architecture and

design, which defines biomimicry.

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We instinctively appreciate both the aesthetic and practical wonders of the natural

world, apprentices of the world we live in it is from observation we have fashioned

tools and processes. Biomimicry has two aspects, which are the following;

Observation – Biomimicry works by observation, when there is a problem one

looks to nature to see how the natural world has overcome that problem. We

then research, understand and adapt the solution. For instance, in terms of

aerodynamics, one researches the function and the solution is the form.

However one researches photosynthesis in leaves, the green pigment is part

of the form, but it is not the green pigment rather the function of it that is

imitated by solar cells. (Benyus 2008)

Application – Unique design principles in nature can help achieve better

climatic solutions with both minimal environmental impact and technological

input. Thus providing low-tech solutions to problems previously solved with

high-energy wasteful processes. Natural solutions are never wasteful and

this can be seen all around. For instance, eggshells, trees and skeletons to

name a few are structural elements, which have sufficient structural integrity

with minimal material use.

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Recent times have seen an increase into investigation on just how the natural world

deals with climatic issues to survive and progress. Therefore designers, architects

and engineers may develop those principles for use in manufacturing, industry and

construction. Janine Benyus describes in her talk ‘Biomimicry in action, July 2009’

available to view at www.ted.com as of August 2009, how people have forgotten

that we are surrounded by genius of design.

Bones and trees even assess and

improve their own structural integrity as

they mature. Bones reinforce

themselves in positions of high stress

while trees use branches to transfer

load, through the trunk and then

disperse it into the ground with an

extended root system. Research by

biologist Claus Mattheck has been

embedded into computer software to

mimic this self-assessment of loads and

stress. Thus making those same

principles applicable to design. The

software calculates where extra material

is required and where material can be

removed.

Figure 3.8 – ‘Bone Chair’ designed by Joris Laarman in 1998 uses software mimicking the structure assessment used by bones to eliminate any extra material.

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This software allowed a car designed by Mercedes-Benz had its weight reduced by

40%; it optimized the structure by featuring material only where it was required.

This technology was then combined with mimicking the aerodynamic shape of the

boxfish to allow the car to achieve 70-mpg. (Car body design, 2008)

Figure 3.9 – (Right) Mercedez-Benz prototype car based on two biomimetic principles.

Figure 3.10 – (Below right) The structure of the car created using bone structure software allowing the removal extra material.

Figure 3.11 – (Below left) The box fish on which the aerodynamic body fo the car is shaped.

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The developers of the bullet train in

Japan were faced with a problem; the

train would travel so fast that as it went

through a tunnel, upon exit it would

create a sonic boom due to the

difference in pressure (Dasgupta, 2009).

The solution to the problem came when

the engineer discovered a similar

challenge faced by the Kingfisher bird.

The bird needs to pass from two

mediums that vary in pressure, from air

to water, this needs to be seamless so it

can see the fish as it enters the water

without making a splash. The adaptation of this principle seen in the kingfisher bird

made the train quieter and allowed it to go 10% faster on 15% less electricity.

(Benyus, 2009)

Figure 3.12 – The moment a kingfisher bird enters the water.

Figure 3.13 – Japan's 500 Series Shinkansen bullet train as modeled on the beak of a kingfisher bird.

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A p p l i c a t i o n o f e v o l u t i o n

To fully integrate the principles of biophilia and the imitation of natural process

through biomimicry into modern architecture and design, consideration must be

given to address comfort issues. Many modern technologies, which are harmful to

the environment are implemented in order to achieve a certain degree of comfort to,

which society has come to accept as the standard. Changes in society and culture

cannot be forced and are changed over time, therefore must target the issues at

heart. How to achieve the same lifestyle as is expected by people of the world

today, without expecting people to change?

User comfort is determined by a number of factors, one being daylight; daylight is

important to many organisms. For humans, the lack of sunlight exposure can have

detrimental affects to our health. Sunlight exposure is how humans take in 80% of

their vitamin D intake and therefore it is vital in every design. Though not just for

health reasons but also to reduce energy use, the more we take advantage of

daylight the less the need artificially light buildings. Designs must respond to this

basic human need, as insufficient day lighting can reduce productivity at work and

over prolonged periods of time can lead to health problems.

Windows and skylights are currently the only viable solution to allow daylight into

buildings, yet it could be argued that this method is insufficient and creates design

compromises. Often the form of a building and its internal layout is dictated by the

availability of daylight; windows and skylights must be directly related to the rooms

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and spaces they provide daylight into. If we look at how nature addresses this issue,

we may be able to provide a solution, which we could possibly adapt to allow

daylight into any room no matter its position in plan.

The Venus’s flower basket a sea sponge that lives on the ocean floor, has adapted to

overcome the same problem; it has specially shaped filaments that channel light as

well as fibre optics with a remarkable difference. The filaments can even be tied into

a knot with out breaking. Scientists from Alcatel-Lucent Labs are in the process of

developing fibre optics, which mimic this attribute (Benyus, 2008). The development

of this technology opens up a range of possibilities and ways to transport natural to

light to spaces inside buildings, this task was previously was either impossible or

compromised.

Figure 3.14 – Fibre optic cables. Figure 3.15 – Venus’s flower basket.

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Windows and skylights can also be inspired and created with more natural means

rather then being manufactured in kilns off site. The University of California-Santa

Barbara is developing a method that may lead to windows and skylights being

created on site. Inspired by diatoms and sponges, windows and skylights may be

crystallised from water solutions in situ. However if we collaborate and combine

technologies with companies such as Konarka1, these windows could also create

energy. Konarka has developed dye-sensitised cells that actually harness energy

from light. Unlike photovoltaic cells they work on the same principle as leaves do

with photosynthesis. The film is flexible and less toxic than photovoltaic cells,

cheaper to produce and can be sandwiched into windows, glued to wall and roofs,

and they can even operate at shallow angles. (Benyus, 2008)

########################################################$Konarka is recognized throughout the world as a leader in OPV (organic photovoltaic) technology – a 3rd generation solar technology that is rapidly emerging to compete with silicon based 1st and 2nd generation solar technologies. The company holds over 350 patents and filings covering every aspect of our proprietary chemistry and processes. Their current research efforts are exploring exciting new OPV chemistries as well as advances to our existing technology that will produce greater power output at a lower cost. #

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E v a l u a t i o n o f e v o l u t i o n

Architecture has begun to look to nature, acknowledging there is much to be

learned. Design adaptation of natural processes and a holistic sustainable design

approach that benefits the earth, human health, and psyche is now more apparent

and celebrated.

At this point in the study the adaptation of natures perfected wisdom through

millennia of evolution will be evaluated in its success, analyzed in its weakness, and

possible improvements or combination of methods to create a more holistic design

approach.

To consider the benefits attainable across a varied range of architecture, this part of

the study will focus on three projects of varying scale and use in different climatic

conditions, these will be as following:

Eastgate, Harare, Zimbabwe – Large scale office and retail development.

BedZED, South London, U.K – A 100 House zero carbon eco village.

California Academy of sciences, California, USA – Museum and research

institute.

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E a s t g a t e , H a r a r e , Z i m b a b w e

The Eastgate office and retail building in Harare is an example of biomimicry applied.

The nine-story building does not look like a termite mound but operates in a similar

fashion, like the local insect construction, which shares the same climate. It is

surrounded by towers of glass that relay on air-conditioning systems to make the

building comfortable. The actual design of those buildings increasing and multiplying

discomforting conditions shows the failure of ‘aesthetic’ architecture that is designed

to simply look ‘beautiful’. Architects have a duty of care to ensure any building they

design is comfortable to the user, designed efficiently to respond to the local

geographical and climatic conditions. Too much of modern architecture is concerned

with promoting power and wealth, a wasteful and environmentally detrimental

process.

Mick Pearce, the architect behind Eastgate has in Harare approached design with the

fundamental principle of biomimicry, find the problem and ask nature for the

solution. Along with engineers Ove Arup and Partners a ventilation system was

developed to keep the building cool and comfortable for the user without the need to

rely on wasteful air conditioning. (Senosiain, 2003)

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Ventilation is a factor in architectural design and planning, which drastically affects

the comfort for the users of the building. Modern mechanical methods are heavily

reliant on air conditioning, which causes environmental deterioration. It also poses

potential health risks due to prolonged exposure and it is extremely wasteful of

energy. Modern regulations and user comfort require well-ventilated buildings, and

in places with extreme climatic issues the only perceived way is through mechanical

conditioned air, which is not a design response. A well-designed sustainable building

should not require any wasteful of energy to produce the required comfort level.

Figure 4.1 – External elevation showing Eastgate and its distinct ‘chimneys’.

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Architect Mick Pearce along with engineers Ove Arup and partners were to construct

a naturally ventilated building in Harare, Zimbabwe. To achieve the desired results

they took inspiration from local termites (Macrotermes michaelseni); the office block,

Eastgate is a nine-story, one-block-square building that has no air conditioning and

uses 35% less energy than six conventional buildings in Harare combined. (Senosiain,

2003)

The termite mound functions as a large extravagant ventilation system and rises

from 6-18 feet though no termites live in the actual mound but underground, this is

also where the termites cultivate their food source, fungus. The fungus and termites

require a certain temperature, the termites construct tunnels that pipe surface air

into cool mud chambers. The air then rises through the living quarters and out

through the chimneys via the Venturi effect1 created by the sun-heated mound

above. A vast network or ‘bronchial tubes’ in the mound allow ground-level breezes

to circulate and regulate the humidity.

The architectural design should address and respond to the issue as other builders in

the natural world do. As previously mentioned termites are remarkable insects, the

ventilation system adopted by termites does not require any mechanical support or

conditioning. The outside temperature may fluctuate daily between 37oF to 107oF

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!$The Venturi effect is the reduction in fluid pressure that results when a fluid flows through a constricted section of pipe. !

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but the inside temperature of the nest will remain constant to within one degree of

87oF. (Senosiain, 2003)(Benyus, 2008).

In the article learning from insect engineers by Don Borough, dated September

1999, the architect Pearce is quoted as describing the internal space, “the space that

you live and work in had to become the air duct” (Boroughs, 1999). Pearce had to work

closely with engineers from the beginning of the design; usually the architects call

upon engineers after the design process. They are then given are set of conditions

they need to match, in order to create a comfortable environment which then

requires air conditioning. The involvement from the beginning of the design allows

the building to remain a comfortable 25oC, even when the outside sub tropical

temperature rises to 35oC. (Boroughs, 2009)

Two parallel nine-storey office wings, each 15 metres deep are separated by a full-

height atrium that is also 15 metres deep. The

external wall compromises of in-situ concrete with

brick cladding and external balconies to shade the

walls and windows. A total of 32 vertical ducts

serve the ventilation in the building running

through the core of each floor. These together

act a plenum, delivering air to the office spaces

through grilles. The hollow concrete floor slabs

that remain at roughly 200C provide cooling to the

Figure 4.2 – A view of Eastgate showing balconies shading the windows.

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air in the hot periods of the year and a degree of heating during the cool season.

(McDonald et al., 2001)

As a production of the design process the form followed the function of the building.

The building design required that only 25% of the wall could be windows, which are

sealed due to varying wind pressure. However this has resulted in a very energy

efficient design in the first five years this system has saved the owner $3.5 million in

energy costs. (Benyus, 2009)

Figure 4.3 – Diagram showing the environmental strategy of Eastgate.

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Eastgate is the largest mixed used development in Zimbabwe and by the application

of a natural precedence to achieve user comfort it shows no matter the scale a

natural solution can be applied (Hawkes, et al., 2001). This shows that it is in our best

interest to stop and look to this world, to see what we can learn before we try to

‘progress’. We have come to a point where change is required and it is required

now. The Eastgate centre is a good example of modern architecture working within

in its natural climate rather than against it. It is also a good example that shows it is

not expensive to be environmentally conscious in fact it is cheaper. This is an

approach that must be adopted by all designers and architects.

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B e d d i n g t o n Z e r o E n e r g y

D e v e l o p m e n t , L o n d o n , U K

Completed in 2002 BedZED was a development first, an inspiring and ambitious

project to create a one hundred home development that is carbon neutral. Located

in Wallington, London, the housing was designed to be high density in order to

create a viable future precedence.

The architects behind the project, Bill Dunster Architects have not only set a design

precedence, but in the process have set a legal precedence, by expanding a normal

section 106 planning to include environmental impact targets (Bill Dunster Architects,

2003). The architects were hoping not only to achieve a zero carbon design but by

creating the development in a dense city environment that, they would design a

model that will be adopted by all new housing.

“The UK replaces its urban fabric (homes and workplaces) at an average 1-5%/year, meaning

that if ZED standards became common place – most of our habitat could be carbon neutral

well before the start of the next century” (Bill Dunster Architects, 2003, p.6)”11

Energy targets were to be achieved by high levels of insulation, passive heating and

ventilation, low energy appliances and renewable energy sources on site. This

included photovoltaic panels and a wood powered onsite combined heating and

power (CHP) plant. For which the fuel is compiled of waste wood products, including

a local tree-pruning firm.

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The design of the development was based on a carbon neutral strategy in regards to

individual design elements that work together to make a holistic design approach.

The principles of the strategy can be compared to those of biophilic design. As

BedZED was designed not only to be sustainable but also to provide the same level is

not better comfort and quality of life as normal homes. All most all homes were

designed with a garden and shared community facilities were also provided. The

architects understood the affinity to nature that man has, and the benefits to general

well being of the community this provided. Some of the key principles that formed

the strategy are:

To reduce energy requirements to the point where renewable energy us a

realistic viable option for a large in not entire required energy amount.

Design for a lifestyle that is not as dependant on the car by developing

diverse mixed-uses on site, and by promoting car pools and electric vehicles.

Maximise the use of local, reclaimed and recycled material and use materials

with low embodied energy.

Reduce mains water consumption by collecting rainwater and recycling

grey/black water on site.

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Integrate ‘green lifestyle’ services such as recycling and onsite composting;

coordinating deliveries of sustainably sourced products and local organic food

and waste collection.

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Figure 4.4 – A chart comparing ecological footprints for different UK lifestyles.

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The design strategy was accompanied by design requirements that would dictate and

reduce variables, allowing the development to work with the local climatic conditions

from the beginning of the design process. These elements of design are in

accordance with the biophilic design process, designing with the climate in mind not

just constructing without due care, these design elements are;

Passive design – Passive design is a vital design element, it works by thermal

mass, which helps to keep the building cool in the summer and warm in the

winter. By providing extensively exposed high thermal capacity room

surfaces, the walls absorb heat when the room becomes warmer and then

dissipate heat when the temperature falls.

Orientation – Orientation is another key element, like with the orientation of

termite nests it can play a big role in the energy efficiency of a building. The

orientation can regulate temperature gain and loss. The ZED principles

dictates that the development need to be within 20 degrees of due south to

obtain enough solar gain.

Ventilation – Wind cowls are orientated to allow prevailing wind, with the aid

of the shaped roof to be caught and ventilate the building, while a smaller

cowl as part of the same installation allows stale air to be flushed out.

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Renewable energy – A combination of solar collectors, photovoltaic panels,

wind turbines and bio-fuelled combination heat and power (CHP), provide the

home and development with the energy required.

(Bill Dunster Architects, 2003)

Figure 4.5 – A cross sectional sketch shows the environmental strategy.

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The theory behind BedZED is strong, the project was a first, inspiring and

ambitious, but has it achieved what it set out to?

It takes into account a holistic sustainable design approach from the ground up, not

just add-ons at then end of the design process. So much so that it is designed in a

way to encourage the shared use of cars, it makes provisions for the use of electric

cars, with charging stations designed in. On site facilities are incorporated so people

do not need to drive to access facilities elsewhere. It is a well though out design

that not only focuses on the building but the whole development and the lives of the

Figure 4.6 – Sketch showing the water treatment strategy.

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residents. In that sense BedZED is very successful in implementing a holistic design,

as architecture, in terms that are measurable, how successful is it in its own right?

BedZED was built to reduce environmental impact and enhance the quality of life of

the residents, has it achieved that goal? It is a success in the term of environmental

impact; the average BedZED house has 27% less energy requirements than a house

of similar size, built in accordance with building regulations in the year 2000. The

remaining heating requirements were to be provided by CHP, that however failed, it

worked intermittently between 2002-2005 and there after completely failed, at which

point the company the provided the equipments dissolved after bankruptcy. The

onsite water treatment facility also failed, BedZED was never fully carbon neutral. It

had never achieved its zero carbon aim, though because of the many design

elements attributed to a sustainable design it still had a relatively small

environmental impact.

An audit into BedZED seven years from construction by Bioregional in 2009 revealed

some facts. On average a BedZED home if compared to one of a similar size

required 45% energy then that of an average house in Sutton. However the homes

did have a lower demand for energy, even though the onsite energy failed the

energy required to run the homes was still considerably less than the average home.

The CHP was also to provide heating requirements, after the breakdown this was

provided by a district heating system by BedZED, the requirements were still 81%

less then that of a house of comparable size. (Bioregional, 2009)

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BedZED is seen as a social revolution as described by Peter F. Smith:

“It is not just another low-energy housing scheme, it is a prescription for a social revolution;

a prototype of how we should live in the twenty-first century if we are to enjoy a sustainable

future.” (Smith, 2007, p.157)

BedZED did not manage to attain its own ambitions but the in the process to achieve

them sustainable low environmental impact homes were still produced. With the

lack of energy efficient homes and prolonged use of out dated inefficient homes this

is still a welcome success by any means. A holistic approach is something which all

designers and architects should employee as good design, there were two failures in

the principle design strategy of BedZED yet it was still a successful design. Without

a holistic approach these failures would render BedZED an expensive experiment into

new technology, but with the adaptation of other key elements with failure it still

succeeded.

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C a l i f o r n i a A c a d e m y o f S c i e n c e s,

S a n F r a n c i s c o , C a l i f o r n i a , U S A

The California Academy of Sciences interviewed many potential architects to design

their new building. The primary goal of the project was to provide a safe, modern

facility for exhibition, education, and research all under one roof. The brief required

the reflection of the academy’s role, housing one of the worlds most innovative and

prestigious cultural institutions. (Feireis & Lovell, 2009)

The part research, part museum design project was consequently awarded to Renzo

Piano on the premise of a holistic sustainable design approach. The academy

commissioned the new building to replace a complex consisting of 11 buildings that

had received irreparable damage in the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake. These

buildings actually formed a major part of the design strategy as 90% of the

demolished buildings were reused in the construction of their successor. There is a

strong recycling ethic in place at the academy, as 95% of the steel used in the

construction is made up of recycled steel. The timber was also sourced from

responsible sources of which amount to 50% of the total timber used (Feireis & Lovell,

2009).

The concrete used in the construction also contains recycled material, it contains

30% fly ash, a bi-product of coal-fired power stations and 20% slag a waste product

from metal smelting. Compared to normal concrete the addition of these waste

products has prevented the release of 5,375 tons of carbon emissions. Even the

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insulation in the building is recycled; it is made from recycled blue jeans. (Pearson,

2009)

Piano had from the beginning envisioned the iconic roof of the building, as he is

quoted in the Architectural Record by Clifford A. Pearson as saying, “I saw it as

typography…The idea was to cut a piece of the park, push it up 35 feet-to the height of the

old buildings-and put whatever was needed underneath.” (Pearson, 2009)

As expressed by Piano it is the roof that is the driving force of the design, the ‘living

roof’ that incorporates the majority of the sustainable design attributes. The

construction of the roof gives it highly efficient insulation properties, making the roof

4 degrees cooler than a standard roof. (Feireis & Lovell, 2009)

The roof is built up in several layers, there is a layer of biodegradable coconut husk

trays containing soil and species of native Californian plants, an erosion-control

blanket design to retain soil, a drainage layer, insulation, a water proof layer and

finally a concrete slab. This extensive build up provides the roof with its insulation

properties, which in the summer allow the building to be 10 degrees cooler than the

outside temperature. (Feireis & Lovell, 2009)

A special layer creates a reservoir that absorbs rainwater for growing plants, when

full the remaining water is collected and stored as grey water to be sued for flushing

toilets. This process also reduces storm water run off by 7.5 million litres of water a

year (Hansen, 2005), comparable to the roots of a tree, which soak and hold water

within a certain radius.

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The undulating roof, which creates seven hills reflecting the characteristic Seven

Hills1 of San Francisco, is punctured with 100 skylights that flood the interior with

daylight, 36 of the skylights will be operable to allow ventilation (Hansen, 2005). The

dynamic shape of the roof is also what drives the passive ventilation, the steep

slopes and curves pull the warm air out of the building, while the shape also draws

air into the building.

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!1 “Seven Hills of San Francisco" refer to: Telegraph Hill, Nob Hill, Russian Hill, Rincon Hill, Mount Sutro, Twin Peaks and Mount Davidson

Figure 4.7 – A cross sectional sketch shows how the building is ventilated.

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Figure 4.8 – A view of the undulation roof of the academy.

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The success of the environmental strategy is accredited by LEED1 which awarded the

building a platinum certificate, its highest achievement, by the point system used by

LEED the academy is they most sustainable building of its typology in the world.

According to the San Francisco Citizen in its March 2009 article, it scored points in six

categories, which are the following:

Green building features – The integration of green building features allows

the building to use 30-35% less energy then a building of similar size.

Heat & humidity – Radiant floor heating reduces energy by 5-10%, heat

recovery systems capture and utilize heat produced by HVAC equipment,

reducing energy used to heat.

Natural light & ventilation – At least 90% of the occupied space has access to

natural light and outside views. The roofline draws ait into the building.

Renewable energy – The solar panels on the canopy of the building generate

up to 10% of the energy requirements, producing 213,000 kW of energy per

year. There are also sensor faucets in the bathrooms, which charge

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!$!The LEED green building certification program encourages and accelerates global adoption of sustainable green building and development practices through a suite of rating systems that recognize projects that implement strategies for better environmental and health performance.!

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themselves after each use, flowing water causes an internal turbine to

generate power and charge the battery.

Water efficiency – Reclaimed water form the city of San Francisco will be

used to flush the toilets reducing the use of potable water for waste water by

90%. In addition low flow fixtures reduce total water use by 78%. The

water for the aquarium is pumped from the Pacific Ocean to reduce fresh

water use.

(San Francisco Citizen, 2009)

The success of Piano’s California Academy of Sciences is apparent with critical

acclaim through the LEED award system for sustainable design. Though it is more

successful then the award can comprehend, the LEED award system recognises and

praises sustainable design, but through this study one can see that it is not only the

building which encompasses sustainability. A holistic sustainable design is a start

and something, which should be apparent in each and every new building; the next

step must be attitudes and the way we live, like BedZED the academy itself takes the

extra step forward.

Secure parking is available on site, both at the front and rear of the building for

bicycles, while electric car charging stations are also designed into the facility. Staff

members are encouraged to take public transport to and from work, as they are

compensated travel costs if they take public transport. Employing policies like this

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help change perspectives, initiating change not only to architecture and

infrastructure but society, by encouraging the use of public transport and welcoming

the use of bicycles and electric cars.

Another feature associated with the

living roof is its successful impact on

the local ecosystem. As previously

examined in this study how the

beaver adds to its local ecosystem

creating wetlands, which are home

to many living organisms. In a

similar fashion the roof of the

academy is home to 1.7 million

native Californian plants, insects and

birds (Pearson, 2009). The roof

created 2.5 acres of native vegetation, which is the largest concentration of native

vegetation in San Francisco. (San Francisco Citizen, 2009)

Piano’s academy is a great example of vision, he has achieved what he set out to; he

lifted the park and placed whatever is required underneath, without making a large

environmental impact. In the process much of what existed has been reused and a

mini ecosystem reintegrated and added where there was none before, enhancing the

Golden Gate Park in which it sits.

Figure 4.9 – Photograph showing the California Academy of Sciences within its context.

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These examples illustrate the fact that designing to achieve balance between man

and nature does not need to be difficult. Architects and designers only need to look

at nature to find solutions, in order to allow society to function in a sustainable

manner. Society functions as a whole but through individual achievements.

Buildings similarly to the ones studied in this thesis, are examples of progression in

design, attitudes and social acceptance. Responsibilities must be accepted and

change must be embraced. Species that fail to adapt in the wake of change

inevitably become extinct, it is our time to accept that we must now adapt to

change.

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“I want to testify today about what I believe is a planetary emergency - a crisis that threatens the survival of our civilization and the habitability of the Earth.” 1

Al Gore

1- http://www.allgreatquotes.com/global_warming_quotes.shtml

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P r o g r e s s o r r e g r e s s

The question this study proposed was to investigate if natural forms and processes

could be integrated with modern technological advances, to save the world we live in

from our destructive ways. This study first outlined the threat we humans posed to

the environment and in turn resulting to the threat we face from climatic issues. It

then explored the influences and possible application of lessons from nature in order

to resolve these issues to seek a balance. The analysis of research from this study

has shown some promise in a possible bleak future.

Evolution does not always need to be associated with physical attributes; the

evolution of the mind, the refinement of thought, and the progression of intelligence

can also lead to progress as species. What sets humans apart from the majority of

other creatures on this planet is our intelligence. The ability to fashion tools

preceded the ability to create mechanical systems, which in turn led to development

of electronic systems. This intelligence must not be linked to arrogance; we must be

humble and take advice from nature. We must learn to consult the natural world to

help us survive, and if we want to reverse the possible irreparable change that has

now begun.

Climate change as discussed earlier is a very serious problem that we face not as an

individual, a village, and city or even country but as a global community. We must

all accept responsibility and initiate the inevitable change. Architects and designers

have the ability to shape and create societies. This study has shown the potential of

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what can be achieved when we recognise and appreciate nature as a design

consultant. Nature’s engineers combined with natural processes can help create

sustainable buildings, communities, and cities, which do not affect their

surroundings. We possess the technology and the research facilities that allow us to

investigate nature and adapt the results to suit our needs. This is evident from the

research produced by this study as a viable solution.

The projects discussed in this study have shown the success of implementing natural

processes and positive ecological approach. Our planet is sensitive to change,

therefore we still have the power to reduce and possibly reverse this change, and all

we must do is accept the responsibility to change.

A difference in thought and perceptions is what we need and it is something, which

is becoming a topic of discussion. To redesign the building we must first alter our

perceptions of what we consider modern construction. This is something that the

work of Mitchell Joachim describes, in his video “Don’t build your home, grow it!” of

February 2009, available at www.ted.com from July 2009. In this talk Joachim

describes possible future eco-villages constructed by the method of pleaching trees.

This new concept is based on old knowledge combined with new thinking. This is

the type of re-invention we currently require.

Joachim describes how the living villages can be grown over a period of 15 years,

and once created a community can live and prosper in architecture, which is made

from natural living materials. (Joachim, 2009)

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Figure 5.1 – A visualisation of the naturally grown village.

Figure 5.2 – Cross sectional image describing how the home works.

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A revolution only begins from the eyes of visionaries. A revolution in design is

required now to combat the effects of climate change. Architect student Magnus

Larsson has proposed an idea, which transforms an inhabitable belt along the Sahara

dessert into a thriving ecosystem. He describes his proposal through the online

platform of www.ted.com his talk, “Turning dunes into architecture” of July 2009,

available on the website from November 2009. He highlights that the Sahara dessert

is moving further south into Africa at a rate of 600m per year. The idea is based on

the incorporation of the bacteria Bacillus pasteurii with the sand of the desert, this

bacteria solidifies the sand converting the sand into sand stone.

Solidifying the sand at selective places will create solid hollow structures that can be

lived in, by planting vegetation in these spaces a new ecosystem can be created and

the growing desert can be stopped. (Magnus, 2009)

Figure 5.3 – A cross section showing the spaces created by selective solidification of sand dunes.

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Figure 5.4 – An aerial visualisation showing the impact of the concept in its context.

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These ideas are new concepts that are not necessarily the solution but ideas which

show the difference in possibilities that can help achieve a better balance. However,

the world needs ideas to become reality to address current issues due to climate

change. Sustainable and low environmental impact solutions that address increasing

humanitarian issues caused through climate change, are also required as part of a

holistic solution.

The Concrete Canvas is an invention by Peter Brewin and William Crawford. It is

designed to house medical facilities in an emergency situation. This structure, which

arrives as a small package bag later turns into a Quonset-shaped structure within 12

hours. Structures such as these provide a safe environment to deal with medical

emergencies in humanitarian crisis zones. (Architects for Humanity, 2006)

Figure 5.5 – A diagram showing the three stages in construction.

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In October 2008, the North West Frontier Province and the Pakistani administered

state of Azad Jammu, Kashmir in Northern Pakistan, were devastated with an

earthquake measuring 7.6 on the Richter Scale. The earthquake left an estimated

3.3 million people homeless. It is during large-scale humanitarian crises such as

these, that architects and designers must apply short-term sustainable housing and

infrastructure. The re-housing of so many people is a vital priority; it must be

efficient and sustainable in order to reduce further impact. Article 25, an

architectural practice dedicated to deliver relief in the wake of humanitarian crises

were called to pioneer workshops. These workshops were based on the rebuilding of

homes with the recycling of what little material was available and to provide a

degree of resistance to seismic activity. (Article 25, 2010)

This highlights the social responsibility of architects; ultimately it is the architect who

dictates design, with the resources available within the local context. It is this basic

design response which is often over looked to seek architecture of wealth and power

which ironically is a design of poor and little thought.

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To truly address the state of unbalance, we must address the long-term impact of

our architecture and also facilitate humanitarian crises in a sustainable and

resourceful manner.

“True sustainable design takes on board the full complexity of ecology with its life-enhancing

agenda. Nature uses the minimum of resources to create the maximum of richness and

beauty, employing full recycling in the process. ” (Edwards & Plessis, 2001)

Many examples are available which promote the proverb, ‘where there is a will, there is

a way’. That is the only barrier; we have the technology, intelligence, and the skills

to create a viable solution for the challenges we face, the will to do so is the final

ingredient. The fate of future generations is in our hands, we must accept our duty

as a society to preserve this world for future generations to come. This study has

proven that inspiration is all around us, innovation is present amongst us, only

change is required from within us.

“One thin September soon

!

(Al Gore, 2009, p.28) 92

A floating continent disappears

In midnight sun

Vapors rise as

Fever settles on an acid sea

Neptune’s bones dissolve

Snow glides from the mountain

Ice fathers floods for a season

A hard rain comes quickly

Unknown creatures

Take their leave, unmourned

Horsemen ready their stirrups

Passion seeks heroes and friends

The bell of the city

On the hill is rung

The shepherd cries

The hour of choosing has arrived

Here are your tools”

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E v o l v e o r R e g r e t

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