Post on 20-Jan-2016
description
HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved
Internal use only
www.huawei.com
MW Network Planning Introduction
HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential Page 2
Content
What is Microwave Communication
Advantage & Disadvantage of MW
1
2
Planning Service overview4
Microwave Link Design3
Process and Activities5
HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential
What is Microwave Communication
A communication system that utilizes the radio frequency band spanning 2 to 60 GHz. As per IEEE, electromagnetic waves between 30 and 300 GHz are called millimeter waves (MMW) instead of microwaves as their wavelengths are about 1 to 10mm.
Small capacity systems generally employ the frequencies less than 3 GHz while medium and large capacity systems utilize frequencies ranging from 3 to 15 GHz. Frequencies > 15 GHz are essentially used for short-haul transmission.
Page 3
HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential
Advantage of MicrowaveLinks across mountains and rivers are more economically feasible
Single point installation and maintenance
Single point security
They are quickly deployed
Disadvantage of MicrowaveMore affected by atmospheric conditions
Limited capacity compared to optical fiber
Line of sight must be clear between both ends of the link
Page 4
HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential
Microwave Link Design
Microwave Link Design is a methodical, systematic and sometimes lengthy process that includes:
Loss/attenuation calculations
Fading and fade margins calculations
Quality and availability calculations
Frequency planning and interference calculations
Page 5
HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential
Microwave Link Design (Cont.)
The whole process is iterative and may go through many redesign phases before the required quality and availability are achieved.
Link Budget
Propagation losses
Branching losses
Other Losses
FadingPredictions
Rainattenuation
Diffraction-refraction losses
Multipathpropagation
Frequency Planning
Interferenceanalysis
Qualityand
AvailabilityCalculations
Page 6
HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential
Microwave Link Design (Cont.)
Loss / Attenuation Calculations
The loss/attenuation calculations are composed of three main contributions
Propagation losses: Due to Earth’s atmosphere and terrain.
Branching losses: Comes from the hardware used to deliver the transmitter/receiver output to/from the antenna
Miscellaneous (other) losses: Unpredictable like fog, moving objects crossing the path, poor equipment installation and imperfect antenna alignment etc. *
* This contribution is not calculated but is considered in the planning process as an additional loss
Page 7
HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential
Microwave Link Design (Cont.)
Rain attenuation CalculationsRain attenuation is the main contributor in the frequency range used by commercial radio links
Rain attenuation increases exponentially with rain intensity
The specific attenuation of rain is dependent on many parameters such as the form and size of distribution of the raindrops, polarization, rain intensity and frequency
Horizontal polarization gives more rain attenuation than vertical polarization
Rain attenuation increases with frequency and becomes a major contributor in the frequency bands above 10 GHz
The contribution due to rain attenuation is not included in the link budget and is used only in the calculation of rain fading
Page 8
HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential
Microwave Link Design (Cont.)
Ground Reflection CalculationsReflection on the Earth’s surface may give rise to multipath propagation.
The direct ray at the receiver may interfered with by the ground-reflected ray and the reflection loss can be significant.
Since the refraction properties of the atmosphere are constantly changing the reflection loss varies.
The reflection coefficient is dependent on the frequency, grazing angle (angle between the ray beam and the horizontal plane), polarization and ground properties.
It is recommended to avoid ground reflection by shielding the path against the indirect ray.
The contribution resulting from reflection loss is not automatically included in the link budget. When reflection cannot be avoided, the fade margin may be adjusted by including this contribution as “additional loss” in the link budget.
Page 9
HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential
Microwave Link Design (Cont.)
Link Budget CalculationsThe link budget is a calculation involving the gain and loss factors associated with the antennas, transmitters, transmission lines and propagation environment, to determine the maximum distance at which a transmitter and receiver can successfully operate.
Receiver sensitivity threshold is the minimum signal level that can be received.
System gain depends on the modulation used (2PSK, 4PSK, 8PSK, 16QAM, 32QAM, 64QAM,128QAM,256QAM) and on the design of the radio.
The gains from the antenna at each end are added to the system gain (larger antennas provide a higher gain).
The free space loss of the radio signal is subtracted. The longer the link the higher the loss.
These calculations give the fade margin.
Page 10
HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential
Microwave Link Design (Cont.)
Link Budget Calculations (Cont.)
Receive Signal Level (RSL)RSL = Po – Lctx + Gatx – Lcrx + Gatx – FSL
Link feasibility formulaRSL Rx (receiver sensitivity threshold)
Po = output power of the transmitter (dBm)Lctx, Lcrx = Loss (cable, connectors, branching unit) between transmitter/receiver and antenna(dB)Gatx = gain of transmitter/receiver antenna (dBi)FSL = free space loss (dB)
The fade margin is calculated with respect to the receiver threshold level for a given bit-error rate (BER).The radio can handle anything that affects the radio signal within the fade margin but if it is exceeded, then the link could go down and therefore become unavailable.
Page 11
HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential
Microwave Link Design (Cont.)
Link Budget Calculations (Cont.)
waveguideTransmitter 1
Receiver 1
Splitter Splitter
Transmitter 2
Receiver 2
OutputPower (Tx)
Branching LossesP
ropa
gati
onL
osse
s
Ant
enna
Gai
n
Ant
enna
Gai
n
Branching Losses
Received Power (Rx)
Receiver threshold Value
Fade Margin
Page 12
HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential
Microwave Link Design (Cont.)
Types of Fading affecting MW links Fading is defined as the variation of the strength of a received radio carrier signal due to atmospheric changes and/or ground and water reflections in the propagation path.
Three fading types are considered while planning MW links:
• Multipath fading
Flat fading
Frequency-selective fading
• Rain fading
• Refraction-diffraction fading (k-type fading)
Page 13
HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential
Microwave Link Design (Cont.)
Types of Fading affecting MW links (Cont.)
(1) Multipath Fading:
Multipath Fading is the dominant fading mechanism for frequencies lower than 10GHz. A reflected wave causes a multipath, i.e. when a reflected wave reaches the receiver as the direct wave that travels in a straight line from the transmitter
If the two signals reach in phase then the signal amplifies. This is called up-fade
If the two waves reach the receiver out of phase they weaken the overall signal. A location where a signal is canceled out by multipath is called null or down-fade
As a thumb rule, multipath fading, for radio links having bandwidths less than 40MHz and path lengths less than 30Km is described as flat instead of frequency selective
Page 14
HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential
Microwave Link Design (Cont.)
Types of Fading affecting MW links (Cont.)
(1-a) Multipath Fading (Flat fading):
A fade where all frequencies in the channel are equally affected.
If necessary flat fade margin of a link can be improved by using larger antennas, a higher-power microwave transmitter, lower –loss feed line and splitting a longer path into two shorter hops
On water paths at frequencies above 3 GHz, it is advantageous to choose vertical polarization
(1-b) Multipath Fading (Frequency Selective fading):
There are amplitude and group delay distortions across the channel bandwidth.
It affects medium and high capacity radio links (>32 Mbps)
Modern digital radios are very robust and immune to spectrum- distorting fade activity. Only a major error in path engineering (wrong antenna or misalignment) over the high-clearance path could cause dispersive fading problems
Page 15
HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential
Microwave Link Design (Cont.)
Types of Fading affecting MW links (Cont.)
(2) Rain Fading:
Rain attenuates the signal caused by the scattering and absorption of electromagnetic waves by rain drops.
It is significant for long paths (>10Km).
It starts increasing at about 10GHz and for frequencies above 15 GHz, rain fading is the dominant fading mechanism.
Rain outage increases dramatically with frequency and then with path length.
Microwave path lengths must be reduced in areas where rain outages are severe
Hence a margin is included to compensate for the effects of rain at a given level of availability. Increased fade margin (margins as high as 45 to 60dB) is of some help in rainfall attenuation fading.
Page 16
HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential
Microwave Link Design (Cont.)
Types of Fading affecting MW links (Cont.)
(2) Rain Fading – How to reduce?:
Multipath fading is at its minimum during periods of heavy rainfall with well aligned dishes, so entire path fade margin is available to combat the rain attenuation.
When permitted, cross-band diversity is very effective.
Route diversity with paths separated by more than about 8 Km can be used successfully.
Radios with Automatic Transmitter Power Control have been used in some highly vulnerable links.
Vertical polarization is far less susceptible to rainfall attenuation (40 to 60%) than are horizontal polarization frequencies.
Page 17
HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential
Microwave Link Design (Cont.)
Types of Fading affecting MW links (Cont.)
(3) Refraction – Diffraction Fading:
Also known as k-type fading.
For low k values, the Earth’s surface becomes curved and terrain irregularities, man-made structures and other objects may intercept the Fresnel Zone.
For high k values, the Earth’s surface gets close to a plane surface and better LOS(lower antenna height) is obtained.
The probability of refraction-diffraction fading is therefore indirectly connected to obstruction attenuation for a given value of Earth –radius factor.
Since the Earth-radius factor is not constant, the probability of refraction-diffraction fading is calculated based on cumulative distributions of the Earth-radius factor.
Page 18
HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential
Microwave Link Design (Cont.)
Frequency Planning in MW links The objective of frequency planning is to assign frequencies to a network using as few frequencies as possible and in a manner such that the quality and availability of the radio link path is minimally affected by interference.
Frequency Band classification (Tables).
The following aspects are the basic considerations involved in the assignment of radio frequencies:
Determining a frequency band that is suitable for the specific link (path length, site location, terrain topography and atmospheric effects)
Prevention of mutual interference such as interference among radio frequency channels in the actual path, interference to and from other radio paths, interference to and from satellite communication systems
Correct selection of a frequency band allows the required transmission capacity while efficiently utilizing the available radio frequency spectrum
Page 19
HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential
Microwave Link Design (Cont.)
Frequency Planning in MW links (Cont.) Frequency channel arrangements:
The available frequency band is subdivided into two halves, a lower (go) and an upper (return) duplex half. The duplex spacing is always sufficiently large so that the radio equipment can operate interference free under duplex operation.
The width of each channel depends on the capacity of the radio link and the type of modulation used
The most important goal of frequency planning is to allocate available channels to the different links in the network without exceeding the quality and availability objectives of the individual links because of radio interference.
Frequency planning of a few paths can be carried out manually but, for larger networks, it is highly recommended to employ a software transmission design tool. One such vendor independent tool is Pathloss 4.0. This tool is probably one of the best tools for complex microwave design.
Page 20
HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential
Microwave Link Design (Cont.)
Frequency Planning in MW links (Cont.) Frequency planning for different network topologies
Chain/cascade configuration
Ring configuration
Star configuration
LU Uf1 HP f1 VP F1 VP
L
L
U U
L
Uf1 HP
f1 VP
f1 VP f1 VP
f1 HP
f1 VP
L
U U
U U
Uf1 HP
f2 VP
f1 HP
f1 HP
f2 VP
Page 21
HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential
Microwave Link Design (Cont.)
Frequency Planning in MW links (Cont.) Interference Fade Margin:
To accurately predict the performance of a digital radio path, the effect of interference must be considered.
Interference in microwave systems is caused by the presence of an undesired signal in a receiver. When this undesired signal exceeds certain limiting values, the quality of the desired received signal is affected.
To maintain reliable service, the ratio of the desired received signal to the (undesired) interfering signal should always be larger than the threshold value.
Thus, after performing interference analysis we must check the interference effect on the FM.
Page 22
HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential
Microwave Link Design (Cont.)
Quality & Availability targetsThe quality & availability targets is determined based on the customer’s used KPI.
Case (1) in case we use reliability method ITU-R P.530-7/8):
Example for KPI in this case:
1-Availability(needs to be 99.999 for rain and multipath and the total one).
2-Fade Margin should be more than or equal to 30dB.
3-May be customer ask for specific received signal.
Case (2) In case we use reliability method KQ S (1.3)
Example for KPI in this case:
1-the WORST MONTH SESR should be less than 10^-6 and so the seconds/month should less than 20 seconds.
The Fade Margin should be more than 30dB.
The Minutes /Year should less than 3 min in PDH and less than 0.5 min in SDH.
Page 23
HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential
Microwave Link Design (Cont.)
Improving MW systemHardware Redundancy
Hot standby protection
Diversity Improvement
Space Diversity
Frequency Diversity
Route Diversity
Repeaters
Active repeaters
Passive repeaters
Page 24
HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential
Microwave Link Design (Cont.)
Basic Recommendations:Use higher frequency bands for shorter hops and lower frequency bands for longer hops
Avoid lower frequency bands in urban areas
Use star and hub configurations for smaller networks and ring configuration for larger networks
Use protected systems (1+1) for all important and/or high-capacity links
Leave enough spare capacity for future expansion of the system
Space diversity is a very expensive way of improving the performance of the microwave link and it should be used carefully and as a last resort
The activities of microwave path planning and frequency planning preferably should be performed in parallel with line of sight activities and other network design activities for best efficiency.
Page 25
HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential
Microwave Link Design (Cont.)
Basic Recommendations (Cont.):Use updated maps that are not more than a year old. The terrain itself can change drastically in a very short time period. Make sure everyone on the project is using the same maps, datum's and coordinate systems.
Perform detailed path surveys on ALL microwave hops. Maps are used only for initial planning, as a first approximation.
Below 10 GHz , multipath outage increases rapidly with path length. It also increases with frequency , climatic factors and average annual temperature. Multipath effect can be reduced with higher fade margin. If the path has excessive path outage (low availability) the performance can be improved by using one of the diversity methods.
In areas with lots of rain, use the lowest frequency band allowed for the project.
Microwave hops over or in the vicinity of the large water surfaces and flat land areas can cause severe multipath fading. Reflections may be avoided by selecting sites that are shielded from the reflected rays.
Page 26
HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential Page 27
Microwave Network
Design
0 3 6 9
12
15
18
21
24
27
30
33
36
39
42
45
48
010
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Number of Sites
Launch
High Level Design
Survey
Frequency Scanning
Low Level Design
(Air Interface)
Low Level Design
(Service Design)
Equipment Installation
Acceptance Testing
Link Commission
ContractAgreement
Planning Service overview
HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential Page 28
KPI
Protection Mode
Microwave BOQ Risks Factor
BackboneTransmissionMode
Capacity Requirement
Geographic and Climatic Information
Site Attributive Relation
MicrowaveEquipment Selection
Microwave Frequency Selection
Antenna Installation Height
High Level Design
Microwave BOQ
Technical Proposal
Design Guideline
Link Info Table
High Level Design
Planning Service overview - Main Activities
HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential Page 29
效果图: Sketch map
LOS: Line of Sight Using high-definition satellite data to generate the
terrain profile data. On-site LOS survey is also a way to get the info.
Planning Service overview - Main Activities
HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential Page 30
Service Background: Crowded Frequency Channels
Poor Spectrum Supervision
H o r n A n t e n n a Pre-AmplifierSpectrum Analyzer
Typical Antenna Gain 10.6dB
Min. Gain 23.5dBNoise Fig. Level 8.5dB
RF Cable 2dB RF Cable 2dB
Reading
0 Degree Picture & Spectrum Scanned Result
Frequency Scanning—Optional
Benefit: Better network quality Avoid Equipment Re-installation Avoid interfering to existing MW Links.
Planning Service overview - Main Activities
HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential Page 31
Link Budget Design
TX/RX Power
Net Path Loss
Annual Availability
Other Link Parameters
Planning Service overview - Main Activities
HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential Page 32
Frequency and Interference Analysis
Frequency Design
Polarization Design
High Low Site Design
Interference Calculation
Planning Service overview - Main Activities
HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential Page 33
AM Design
AM: Adaptive Modulation KPI calculation for different modulation mode. QoS Design for different service ;
Bandwidth
HSDPATime
GSM/R99
HSDPA
99.999%
99.998%
99.995%
99.99%
99.95%
Low priority services (like internet data )
256QAM
128QAM
64QAM 16QA
M
QPSK
Voice Service
64QAM
128QAM
256QAM32QA
M
99.9%
Adaptive Modulation
Outage: 5.25min
Outage: 10.51min
Outage: 26.28min
Outage: 52.56min
Outage: 262.80min
Outage: 525.60min
High priority services (Voice), full insurance of bandwidth.
Planning Service overview - Main Activities
HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential Page 34
Packet Service Design
Service Accessing Design
• Tunnel Design
• VLAN Design
• PW Design
QoS DesignService Classification->Scheduling Module->Traffic Bandwidth Limitation->
Drop Policy
More Details
FE/GE
over MW Link
over Fiber
TDM E1
ATM
ETH
Tunnel
PW 10
PW 14
PW 15
Planning Service overview - Main Activities
HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential Page 35
Process and Activities
Start up
……
High Level Design
Survey
Frequency Scanning
Optional
LLD: Air-Interface
LLD: Service
Network Implementation
ActivitiesTopology PlanFrequency PlanCapacity PlanNM & DCN PlanCreate:HLD ReportBOQ
ActivitiesSite SurveyLOS SurveyCreate:Survey Report
ActivitiesFrequency ScanningCreate:ScanningReport
ActivitiesHLD Review/RedesignLink DesignLink Budget CalculationCreate:LLD Report(Air Interface)
ActivitiesTDM Service DesignHybrid Service DesignPacket Service DesignNM & DCN DesignCreate:LLD Report (Service Part)Naming Design
IP Addressing DesignTunnel DesignService Access DesignSynchronization DesignOAM DesignHigh Availability DesignQoS DesignNetwork Security Design
HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.
www.huawei.com
Huawei Confidential
Security Level: 内部公开
Thank you