MUSIC HISTORY TIME PERIODS

• MIDDLE AGES • (450 fall of Rome – 1450 printing

press invented)

• RENAISSANCE (1450 – 1600 Birth of Opera)• BAROQUE (1600 – 1750 death of BACH)

• CLASSICAL ( 1750 – 1820 death of Beethoven)• ROMANTIC (1820 – 1900 start of 20th cen. Industrial rev)

• 20th CENTURY to 1945 (end of WWII)• 1945 to PRESENT

• THE MIDDLE AGES • 2 types of music • Church & Secular

• little of manuscript survives & has no tempos dynamics or instrument names• singers & instruments in paintings and

literary descriptions but not certain exactly how

• Gregorian Chant• for 1000 years official Roman Catholic Church

music• Monophonic in LATIN sung to enhance parts

of religious services• NAMED after POPE Gregory I (the great) who

reorganized liturgy 590-604

• Gregorian Chant• most melodies are fix and NOT to

be changed but written around later• at first were handed down orally

but after over 1000 chants notated to ensure uniformity

• TWO types of services for chants • MASS – formal religious right

(Last Supper) • THE OFFICE –everyday type pray

& worship

• CHURCH MODES • scales of the middle ages &

renaissance• CHURCH Modes vs. Major &

Minor Scales• Whole steps and half steps

• Monks were some main musicians because could read/educated (men)

• Church frowned on instruments because associated with pagan rites.

• Pipe Organ only allow at special feast / occasions

• long syllables with altered notes (small range)

• FREE TIME (no indicators in manuscript most likely improvised or based off of soloist)

• LISTENING JOURNAL

• Alleluia: ANONYMOUS• form ABA • soloist & choir in unison

• Hildegard of Bingen (bing –N) (1098-1179)• German nun • Abbess (a title of a mystic) of Rupertsberg • writer in Rupertsberg, Germany • 1st woman composer whose large number

or works survive

• LISTENING JOURNAL

• O successors: Hildegard of Bingen

• drone - constant note or notes under music• 1 to 4 notes per syllable / wider pitch range /

wider leaps in pitch / motion towards climax• form is ABC

• Secular Music• instruments used but mostly improvised

based around common folk melodies

• 1st large body of notated melodies in the 12th & 13th century by French

• Troubadours & Trouveres

• Troubadours & Trouveres =• nobles , dukes, ect..

• acts of chivalry written done about the• CRUSADES • LOVE

• DANCE SONGS• SPINNING SONGS

• Troubadours & Trouveres • vs.

•Minstrels

• Royalty vs. Scrubs

•MINSTRELS • were lower class performers in castles,

taverns, on the street. • Served as THE NEWS to common people

• Played fiddles, harps, lutes.

• LISTENING JOURNAL (ESTAMPIE)• Estampie = earliest example of instrumental

music• melody with most likely improvised accompaniment (1650 Melodies of this

survive)• drone has been added to imitate most likely

simple dance accompaniment • In TRIPLE METER

• Organum (dev of Polyphony)• 700-900 monks add second improvised

note to chant • usually the 5th (power chords)

• duplicated chant

• Organum (dev of Polyphony)• duplicated chant • parallel motion

• 1st type of harmony • note against note

• Organum (dev of Polyphony)• 900A.D.-1200A.D. second line becomes

more independent to create true polyphonic

• contrary motion • its own melodic curve

• 1100A.D. no more note against note restriction (dif melodically &

rhythmically)

• SCHOOL OF NOTRE DAME • (Measured Rhythm)

• PARIS 1150 University of PARIS – cathedral of Notre Dame

• SCHOOL OF NOTRE DAME • (Measured Rhythm)

• successive choir masters LEONIN & PEROTIN used measured

rhythm for 1st time • 1st composers of NAME

• SCHOOL OF NOTRE DAME • (Measured Rhythm)

• 1st to subdivide the music into 3 beats in honor of the Trinity

• early medieval music considers triad sound of today harsh and not used

but late medieval comes closer

• ARS NOVA (new art in France)• 14th century

• The Hundred Years War - France & England (1337-1453)• The Plague

• Weakening Feudal System

• ARS NOVA (new art in France)• literary & music became more

secular• wrote polyphonic music not based

on chants • 2 beat became popular • syncopation popular

• new attitude

• ARS NOVA (new art in France)• this end of middle ages music in France & Italy known as ARS NOVA

• MACHAUT = best known of ARS NOVA Composers

• 1300-1377 born Champagne , France • Both Musician & Poet

• MACHAUT = best known of ARS NOVA Composers

• spent many years in serve to royal families

• traveled to many courts and on military campaigns

• MACHAUT = best known of ARS NOVA Composers

• he made many copies of music & poetry & presented them all over

Europe to nobles • (reason his music survives)

• LISTENING JOURNAL (PUIS QU’EN UOBLI : MACHAUT) Farewell to Joy • completely original piece

• Fell in love late in life at age 60 with young noblewomen

• age difference too much • relationship ended in disappointment

• he immortalized their love in great narrative poem & 9 musical comps

• CONT……….

• LISTENING JOURNAL (PUIS QU’EN UOBLI : MACHAUT) Farewell to Joy

• piece is a Rondeau has poetic refrain in lyric • music uses only two different lines AB

• 3 beat• lead melody (lyric)

• 2nd part accompaniment in low pitch • (no text to 2nd part but sung on our recording)

• LISTENING JOURNAL (Agnus Dei from Norte Dame Mass : MACHAUT)

• based on chant melodies• Norte Dame MASS• part of ordinary mass • 5 sung prayers that remain the same day to

day • composers over the years change slightly their

interpretation

• LISTENING JOURNAL (Agnus Dei from Norte Dame Mass : MACHAUT)

• Agnus Dei – a prayer for mercy and peace (last sung prayer of mass ordinary)

• 4 voice parts / 3 beat / harmonies have dissonance / hollow sounds / and true full triads

• form ABA’ / lyric is A A A’ / division sections 3 (trinity reference) / music to appeal to mind and ear in this era