Chapter 1: ReviewChapter 1: Review

Renaissance & ReformationRenaissance & Reformation

1450-16001450-1600

EARLY MODERN EUROPEAN EARLY MODERN EUROPEAN SOCIETY & CULTURESOCIETY & CULTURE

1500-17501500-1750: Early Modern Europe: a time : Early Modern Europe: a time of transitions. The Renaissance & of transitions. The Renaissance & Reformation spread through much of Reformation spread through much of Europe during this period. Europe during this period.

Renaissance: an intellectual and artistic Renaissance: an intellectual and artistic movement. movement.

Reformation: intellectual with religion at Reformation: intellectual with religion at issue.issue.

The Big PictureThe Big Picture

late medieval society formed a hierarchylate medieval society formed a hierarchy status was often inherited, this would gradually status was often inherited, this would gradually

change. change. a period of localism, agrarian, power in parishes, a period of localism, agrarian, power in parishes,

families… all would change as power became more families… all would change as power became more centralized, and economic advancement changed centralized, and economic advancement changed relationships between & among people.relationships between & among people.

info was to spread with the printing press… info was to spread with the printing press… Early modern Europe was unable to protect itself from Early modern Europe was unable to protect itself from

famine, disease, accidents and social violence.famine, disease, accidents and social violence.

A Dangerous WorldA Dangerous World

famine, poor diet, poor hygiene, rats, dirt… famine, poor diet, poor hygiene, rats, dirt… epidemics flourished. Bubonic Plague was epidemics flourished. Bubonic Plague was worst… continued to return to kill in Europe. It is worst… continued to return to kill in Europe. It is a disease of rats and rodents, transmitted by a disease of rats and rodents, transmitted by fleas.fleas.

Others- fire, natural disasters, FAMINE…the Others- fire, natural disasters, FAMINE…the world was dangerous. world was dangerous.

On top of this was HUMAN causes, wars and On top of this was HUMAN causes, wars and violence were common.violence were common.

On top of all these fears, humans feared God, On top of all these fears, humans feared God, and quick punishment.and quick punishment.

ReligionReligion Relgion was at the forefront of life in 1500s… Relgion was at the forefront of life in 1500s… 3 purposes: providence (God’s justice), salvation (grace 3 purposes: providence (God’s justice), salvation (grace

given by church) & community.given by church) & community. Providence: God was seen as the reason for the bad Providence: God was seen as the reason for the bad

and the good in everyday life. and the good in everyday life. Salvation: Given by church- made them powerful.Salvation: Given by church- made them powerful. Religion was a rich web of beliefs & practices draped Religion was a rich web of beliefs & practices draped

over much of life. over much of life. The Reformation would rip out these beliefs. It was The Reformation would rip out these beliefs. It was

sudden, violent & passionate.sudden, violent & passionate.

CommunitiesCommunities

In communities there was both glory and harm. In communities there was both glory and harm. Men often fought for community just like gangs. Men often fought for community just like gangs.

Family was most important. Property was its Family was most important. Property was its bedrock- assets held the family together… bedrock- assets held the family together…

Communities were male dominated, males Communities were male dominated, males getting the inheritances, while women getting the inheritances, while women sometimes a dowry for husband.sometimes a dowry for husband.

The Renaissance Social HierarchyThe Renaissance Social Hierarchy

idea of hierarchy was a given, and pervaded astronomy, idea of hierarchy was a given, and pervaded astronomy, physics, biology, politics, etc… and all the Renaissance physics, biology, politics, etc… and all the Renaissance arts.arts.

Renaissance inherited Feudalism: it was economic, Renaissance inherited Feudalism: it was economic, social, political and legal. Lords were powerful- powers social, political and legal. Lords were powerful- powers were hereditary. were hereditary.

Feudalism continued to adapt to changes, maintaining Feudalism continued to adapt to changes, maintaining social inequity. social inequity.

The poorest were the dispossessed who were reduced The poorest were the dispossessed who were reduced to begging, odd jobs, prostitution… to begging, odd jobs, prostitution…

The Renaissance was a movement in the high classes, The Renaissance was a movement in the high classes, barely touching outside the elite classes. The barely touching outside the elite classes. The Reformation on the other hand touched everyone.Reformation on the other hand touched everyone.

DemographyDemography

Malthusian equilibriumMalthusian equilibrium: Simply put: as : Simply put: as population increases, more demand for population increases, more demand for resources= more degradation of resources= more degradation of resources= more deaths = population resources= more deaths = population equalization. equalization.

Plagues reduced populations, cycle was Plagues reduced populations, cycle was up and down in the 15 & 1600s…up and down in the 15 & 1600s…

Political BodiesPolitical Bodies

After fall of Roman Empire (ca. 500), there After fall of Roman Empire (ca. 500), there was fragmented power in Europe. was fragmented power in Europe.

Slowly by 1500 European monarchies Slowly by 1500 European monarchies became powerful, wealthy… but very became powerful, wealthy… but very different in every country. different in every country.

Vague zones were created with local Vague zones were created with local powers claiming ancestral privilege. powers claiming ancestral privilege.

A Revolution in the MilitaryA Revolution in the Military

The Middle Ages was a time of armoured The Middle Ages was a time of armoured knights on horse back and stone castles the knights on horse back and stone castles the emphasis was on strong defencesemphasis was on strong defences

This changed with the invention of gunpowder. This changed with the invention of gunpowder. The castle was now vulnerable.The castle was now vulnerable.

Star shaped fortresses were the answer like the Star shaped fortresses were the answer like the Peter and Paul Fortress in St. Petersberg, Peter and Paul Fortress in St. Petersberg, Russia. Russia.

Peter and Paul FortressPeter and Paul Fortress

Ambitions of the StateAmbitions of the State

Raise money, make war, feed the court & Raise money, make war, feed the court & do justice.do justice.

social welfare, health, etc… not yet part of social welfare, health, etc… not yet part of state concerns.state concerns.

justice was haphazard. justice was haphazard. Honour both caused and glorified violence. Honour both caused and glorified violence.

Without well established police forces it Without well established police forces it was often difficult to catch criminals. was often difficult to catch criminals.

Torture as PunishmentTorture as Punishment

Horrific torture and Horrific torture and punishments were the punishments were the answer… gallows, answer… gallows, heads on pikes, heads on pikes, torture wheels, etc.torture wheels, etc.

Intellectual Life in the Intellectual Life in the RenaissanceRenaissance

Worldviews summed up in 2 terms: Renaissance Worldviews summed up in 2 terms: Renaissance & Scientific revolution& Scientific revolution

What was the Renaissance? French for rebirth it What was the Renaissance? French for rebirth it was a time when the world looked back to the was a time when the world looked back to the great civilizations of Ancient Greece and Rome great civilizations of Ancient Greece and Rome for inspiration in the presentfor inspiration in the present

It was a cultural growth that pushed Europe to It was a cultural growth that pushed Europe to modernitymodernity

Intellectual Life in the Intellectual Life in the Renaissance continued…Renaissance continued…

Aspects of the Medieval WorldviewAspects of the Medieval Worldview1.1. a divine plan – the world was a product of God’s a divine plan – the world was a product of God’s

power power 2.2. Hierarchy – ascending orders of classesHierarchy – ascending orders of classes3.3. Dualism – spirit & matter…adopted by ChristianityDualism – spirit & matter…adopted by Christianity4.4. Allegory – literary examples to find higher moral Allegory – literary examples to find higher moral

meaningmeaning5.5. Providence – no accidents, do something bad and Providence – no accidents, do something bad and

God will punishGod will punish6.6. Teleology – all things have a purposeTeleology – all things have a purpose

Intellectual Life in the Intellectual Life in the Renaissance continued…Renaissance continued…

The Renaissance WorldviewThe Renaissance Worldview1.1. The Humanists looked to restore lost eloquence in The Humanists looked to restore lost eloquence in

language, culture, artlanguage, culture, art2.2. As the role of reason reasserted itself and the new As the role of reason reasserted itself and the new

scientific methodology began to be employed – first scientific methodology began to be employed – first to understand the world, then to improve it – an to understand the world, then to improve it – an optimistic belief in progress arose, as well as an optimistic belief in progress arose, as well as an increasing confidence in the capacity of humans to increasing confidence in the capacity of humans to solve problems. solve problems.

3.3. As a result Humanism began to replace theism in As a result Humanism began to replace theism in European society. European society.

Rene DescartesRene Descartes Philosophy itself became focused on the individual. Philosophy itself became focused on the individual.

During the Renaissance, René Descartes (1596-1650) During the Renaissance, René Descartes (1596-1650) found what he felt was an objective and certain found what he felt was an objective and certain foundation for knowledge in the individual. Accepting no foundation for knowledge in the individual. Accepting no tradition from the past, and questioning the truth of tradition from the past, and questioning the truth of everything, Descartes used a process of doubt to everything, Descartes used a process of doubt to discover if there was something he could not doubt.  discover if there was something he could not doubt.  

Descartes concluded there was one thing he could not Descartes concluded there was one thing he could not doubt his own existence. Accordingly, he founded his doubt his own existence. Accordingly, he founded his new philosophy on his famous axiom, new philosophy on his famous axiom, Cogito, ergo sumCogito, ergo sum – "I think, therefore, I am."– "I think, therefore, I am."

Renaissance ArtRenaissance Art

The Invention of Linear Perspective: Seeing Far The Invention of Linear Perspective: Seeing Far into Spaceinto Space

With depth and the ‘vanishing point’ realism With depth and the ‘vanishing point’ realism became a dominant art form in the Renaissance. became a dominant art form in the Renaissance.

Leonardo da Vinci worked on various techniques, Leonardo da Vinci worked on various techniques, many mastered by painters like Raphael.many mastered by painters like Raphael.

Remember it was a Christian period and art Remember it was a Christian period and art always reflects the times. always reflects the times.

The Expulsion of Heliodorus The Expulsion of Heliodorus from the Templefrom the Temple

The Sense of HistoryThe Sense of History In Medieval times history was a story of In Medieval times history was a story of

providence & salvation.providence & salvation. For the Renaissance, cultural integrity of For the Renaissance, cultural integrity of

antiquity mattered. antiquity mattered. The ancients were to be admired and revered. The ancients were to be admired and revered.

People often looked back to the past as perfect, People often looked back to the past as perfect, but soon gained confidence to look to the future but soon gained confidence to look to the future as they realized they could create just as well or as they realized they could create just as well or better than those of the past.better than those of the past.

PrintPrint

The Invention of movable type by Johann The Invention of movable type by Johann Guttenberg (1397-1468) set off a revolution. Guttenberg (1397-1468) set off a revolution.

Books went from rare to common, and Books went from rare to common, and expensive to cheap. expensive to cheap.

It promoted languages, fostered news and It promoted languages, fostered news and propaganda, encouraged literacy & scholarship, propaganda, encouraged literacy & scholarship, lowered barriers… yet was still mostly only lowered barriers… yet was still mostly only males that could read & write.males that could read & write.

The High RenaissanceThe High Renaissance

14th Century- centre of Renaissance was 14th Century- centre of Renaissance was Florence with the Medici, a dynasty of merchant Florence with the Medici, a dynasty of merchant princes. princes.

The dynasty fell in 1494, and eventually the best The dynasty fell in 1494, and eventually the best artists & intellectuals moved to Rome.artists & intellectuals moved to Rome.

Pope Julius II and Pope Leo X played a major Pope Julius II and Pope Leo X played a major role. Roman Renaissance collapsed under role. Roman Renaissance collapsed under Clement VII and never recovered.Clement VII and never recovered.

The High Renaissance:The High Renaissance:WorksWorks

Castiglione: The Courtier As IdealistCastiglione: The Courtier As Idealist- In 1514 Baldassare Castiglione wrote his - In 1514 Baldassare Castiglione wrote his Book Book of the Courtier. of the Courtier. A book that studied the skills and A book that studied the skills and values of a good courtier.values of a good courtier.

Machiavelli: The Courtier As CynicMachiavelli: The Courtier As Cynic- Wrote - Wrote The PrinceThe Prince, dedicated to the Medici , dedicated to the Medici Pope Leo X. He stepped away from honour and Pope Leo X. He stepped away from honour and religion. He asks the questions: Is it better that a religion. He asks the questions: Is it better that a prince be loved or feared? Should a prince keep prince be loved or feared? Should a prince keep his word? his word?

Intellectual DevelopmentsIntellectual Developments

The Renaissance spreads through The Renaissance spreads through EuropeEurope

Spread to areas that belonged to Church of Spread to areas that belonged to Church of Rome…. Rome….

Other areas such as Russia (Orthodox) Other areas such as Russia (Orthodox) were not affected. were not affected.

It spread because of travel to Italy, and the It spread because of travel to Italy, and the movement of artists out of Italy abroadmovement of artists out of Italy abroad

Intellectual DevelopmentsIntellectual Developments

Desiderius Erasmus and Thomas MoreDesiderius Erasmus and Thomas More- Erasmus had a huge influence. Because of - Erasmus had a huge influence. Because of print, he became Euope’s first public print, he became Euope’s first public intellectual… translated New Testament of Bible intellectual… translated New Testament of Bible from Greek to Latin…. Had vast correspondence from Greek to Latin…. Had vast correspondence bringing together educated people.bringing together educated people.- Thomas More, wrote - Thomas More, wrote UtopiaUtopia, eutopia (good , eutopia (good place) and outopia (no place). place) and outopia (no place).

The ReformationThe Reformation

problems in the Christian church stemmed problems in the Christian church stemmed from the shifting tastes of believers, and from the shifting tastes of believers, and the evolving habits of Christian institutions. the evolving habits of Christian institutions.

The Papacy was much like the modern The Papacy was much like the modern state… taxing, waging wars… and like state… taxing, waging wars… and like many leaders broke treaties and tried to many leaders broke treaties and tried to gain advantage.gain advantage.

The Pre-ReformationThe Pre-Reformation

grew in the fertile ground of religious feeling. grew in the fertile ground of religious feeling. One ingredient was anti-clericalism. Clergy was One ingredient was anti-clericalism. Clergy was often criticized for idleness, wealth, hypocritical often criticized for idleness, wealth, hypocritical self indulgence and sex. self indulgence and sex.

Another ingredient was the movement toward Another ingredient was the movement toward spiritual experiences that did not require the spiritual experiences that did not require the clergy. For Erasmus, believed in a self informed clergy. For Erasmus, believed in a self informed interpretation of the sacred text.interpretation of the sacred text.

Martin Luther and the Martin Luther and the ReformationReformation

Pope Leo launched a sale of indulgences, Pope Leo launched a sale of indulgences, aimed at funding the new St. Peter’s aimed at funding the new St. Peter’s Cathedral. Indulgences were basically Cathedral. Indulgences were basically buying a pass to salvation. buying a pass to salvation.

The indulgences set off the Reformation. The indulgences set off the Reformation. In 1517 Luther posted his famous 95 In 1517 Luther posted his famous 95

theses- debating points. theses- debating points.

Reformation continued…Reformation continued… In 1520 the pope issued a bull (papal order), In 1520 the pope issued a bull (papal order),

excommunicating Luther if he did not submit… excommunicating Luther if he did not submit… he had support, and burned the bull. Emperor of he had support, and burned the bull. Emperor of Germany, Charles V asked Luther to submit… Germany, Charles V asked Luther to submit… he said: “Here I stand, I cannot do otherwise”… he said: “Here I stand, I cannot do otherwise”…

What Luther started no one could control. Led to What Luther started no one could control. Led to Protestantism… Protestantism…

Protestantism stripped away medieval heritage: Protestantism stripped away medieval heritage: monks, nuns, pilgrimages, indulgences & papal monks, nuns, pilgrimages, indulgences & papal governance. governance.

The Counter-ReformationThe Counter-Reformation

The Church RespondsThe Church Responds- 1540s, under Paul III, the Council of - 1540s, under Paul III, the Council of Trent produced a papal victory. Against Trent produced a papal victory. Against the Reformation Catholics reinvented the Reformation Catholics reinvented almost all the arts: architecture, sculpture, almost all the arts: architecture, sculpture, painting, music, etc. painting, music, etc.

They developed the Baroque style.They developed the Baroque style.

The Counter-ReformationThe Counter-Reformation

Social ControlSocial Control- Both Catholicism and Protestantism did - Both Catholicism and Protestantism did have things in common. Both looked to have things in common. Both looked to moral reform.moral reform.

The Counter-ReformationThe Counter-Reformation

Sixteenth-Century PoliticsSixteenth-Century PoliticsMap of Religions in Europe (page 59)Map of Religions in Europe (page 59)

Spain- powerful, yet had internal divisions and economic Spain- powerful, yet had internal divisions and economic disadvantage. Columbus was huge for Spain… riches of the disadvantage. Columbus was huge for Spain… riches of the New World. New World.

Also, King Charles V (Carlos) comes to throne in 1516… Also, King Charles V (Carlos) comes to throne in 1516… became tied to Germany as well expanding its fortunes.became tied to Germany as well expanding its fortunes.

France- France- England- England- Italy- Italy- Germany-Germany-The Netherlands-The Netherlands-(page 58-63).(page 58-63).