Post on 09-Apr-2018
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FIBER REINFORCED
COMPOSITES
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FIBERS:
1. Carbon Fiber Reinforced Composites
Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer (CFRP) is a
Polymer Matrix Composite material reinforcedby carbon fibers.
Carbonfibers are very expensive but they
possess the highest specific (divided by
weight) mechanical properties:modulus of
elasticity and strength.
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Carbon fibers are used for reinforcing
polymer matrix due to the following
their properties
Very high modulus ofelasticity exceeding thatofsteel;
High tensile strength, which may reach (7GPa);
Low density: 114 lb/ft (1800 kg/m);
High chemical inertness.
The main disadvantage ofcarbon (Graphite)fibersis catastrophic mode offailure (carbon
fibers are brittle).
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The types of carbon fibers are as
follows:
UHM (ultra high modulus). Modulus ofelasticity >65400 ksi (450GPa).
HM
(high modulus). Modulus ofelasticity isin therange 51000-65400 ksi (350-450GPa).
IM (intermediate modulus). Modulus ofelasticity isinthe range 29000-51000 ksi (200-350GPa).
HT (high tensile, low modulus). Tensile strength > 436
ksi (3 GPa), modulus ofelasticity < 14500 ksi (100 GPa). SHT (super high tensile). Tensile strength > 650 ksi
(4.5GPa).
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Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymers (CFRP)
are characterized by the following
properties:
Light weight;
High strength-to-weight ratio; Very High modulus elasticity-to-weight ratio;
High Fatigue strength;
Good corrosion resistance;
Very low coefficient ofthermal expansion; Low impact resistance;
High electric conductivity;
High cost.
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Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymers (CFRP) are
used for manufacturing:
automotive marine and aerospace parts, sport goods (golfclubs, skis, tennis racquets,
fishing rods)
bicycle frames.
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2.Glass-reinforced plastic
Glass-reinforced plastic (GRP),[1] also known
asglass fiber-reinforced plastic (GFRP),[2] is a
fiber reinforced polymer made ofa plastic
matrix reinforced by fine fibers made ofglass.
It is also known asGFK (for
Glasfaserverstrkter Kunststoff), or simply by
the name ofthe reinforcingfibers themselves:fiberglass.
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The types of glass used for fiberglasses
are as follows:
E-Glass the most popular and inexpensive glassfibers.The designation letter E means electrical (E-Glassisexcellent insulator). The composition ofE-glass rangesfrom52-56% SiO2, 12-16% A1203, 16-25% CaO, and 8-13% B203
S-Glass stronger than E-Glassfibers (the letter S meansstrength). S-Glassis used in military applications and inaerospace. S-Glass consists ofsilica (SiO2), magnesia(MgO), alumina (Al2O3).
S+R-Glass the strongest and most expensive glassfibers
oflow diameter (halfofthat ofE-Glassfibers). C-Glass corrosion and chemical resistant glassfibers. C-
Glassfibers are used for manufacturingstorage tanks, pipesand other chemical resistant equipment.
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Properties:
Anindividual structural glassfiber is both stiff
and strongintension and compression
GRP is a lightweight, strong material
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Fiberglasses (Glass fibers reinforced polymer
matrix composites) are characterized by the
following properties:
High strength-to-weight ratio;
High modulus ofelasticity-to-weight ratio;
Good corrosion resistance;
Good insulating properties;
Low thermal resistance (as compared to
metals and ceramics).
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Applications
GRP is also used in the telecommunications industry .
Used for partsinboats, automobiles, water tanks,roofing, pipes.
Storage tanks can be made ofGRP with capacities up toabout 300 tonnes. GRP tanks are also used for septictanks
Other usesinclude sheet form made electrical
insulators and other structural components commonlyfound in the power industries
GRP and GRE pipe systems can be used for a variety ofapplications, above and under the ground.
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3.Kevlar (aramid) fiber reinforced
polymers Kevlar is the trade name (registered by
DuPont Co.) ofaramid (poly-para-phenylene
terephthalamide) fibers.
Kevlar fibers were originally developed as a
replacement ofsteel in automotive tires.
Distinctive features ofKevlar are high impact
resistance and low density.
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Kevlar fibers possess the following
properties:
High tensile strength (five timesstronger per weightunite thansteel);
High modulus ofelasticity;
Very low elongation up to breaking point;
Low weight;
High chemical inertness;
Very low coefficient ofthermal expansion;
High Fracture Toughness (impact resistance);
High cut resistance;
Textile processibility;
Flame resistance
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TYPES OF KEVLAR FIBERS
Kevlar 29 high strength (520000 psi/3600 MPa), lowdensity (90 lb/ft/1440 kg/m) fibers used formanufacturing bullet-proofvests, composite armorreinforcement, helmets, ropes, cables, asbestos replacing
parts. Kevlar 49 high modulus (19000 ksi/131 GPa), high
strength (550000 psi/3800 MPa), low density (90lb/ft/1440 kg/m) fibers used in aerospace, automotiveand marine applications.
Kevlar 149
ultra high modulus (27000 ksi/186 GPa), highstrength (490000 psi/3400 MPa), low density (92lb/ft/1470 kg/m) highly crystalline fibers used asreinforcing dispersed phase for composite aircraftcomponents.
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MATRIX:
1.Polymer(Fiberglasses)
Fiberglass is a commonname ofPolymer MatrixComposite materials reinforced by fine glassfibers.
The most popular matrix materialsfor manufacturingfiberglasses are Thermosets such asunsaturatedpolyesters (UP), epoxies (EP) and Thermoplastics suchasnylon (polyamide), polycarbonate (PC), polystyrene(PS), polyvinylchloride (PVC).
Fiberflass materials usually have laminate structurewith different fibers orientationsin the reinforcingglass layers.
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Fiberglasses (Glass fibers reinforced polymer
matrix composites) are characterized by the
following properties:
High strength-to-weight ratio;
High modulus ofelasticity-to-weight ratio;
Good corrosion resistance;
Good insulating properties;
Low thermal resistance (as compared tometals and ceramics).
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Applications ofFiber Glass.
Fiberglass materials are used formanufacturing:
boat hulls and marine structures,
automobile and truck body panels,
pressure vessels,
aircraft wings and fuselage sections,
housingsfor radar systems,
welding helmets, roofs, pipes.
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2.Metal Matrix Composites
According to the classification ofcompositematerials:
MetalMatrix Composite (MMC) is a material
consisting ofa metallic matrix combined with aceramic (oxides, carbides) or metallic (lead,tungsten, molybdenum) dispersed phase.
AluminumMatrix Composites (AMC)
M
agnesiumM
atrix Composite TitaniumMatrix Composite
Copper Matrix Composites
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Aluminum Matrix Composites (AMC)
Aluminum Matrix Composites (AMC) arereinforced by:
Alumina (Al2O3) or silicon carbide (SiC)
particles (particulate Composites) in amounts15-70 vol%;
Continuousfibers ofalumina, silicon carbide,
Graphite (long-fiber reinforced composites); Discontinuousfibers ofalumina (short-fiber
reinforced composites);
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The following properties are typical for
Aluminum Matrix Composites:
High strength even at elevated temperatures;
High stiffness (modulus ofelasticity); Low density;
High thermal conductivity;
Excellent abrasion resistance.
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Magnesium Matrix Composite
Magnesium Matrix Composites are reinforced
mainly by silicon carbide (SiC) particles
(particulate composites)
The following properties are typical for
Magnesium Matrix Composites:
Low density;
High stiffness (modulus ofelasticity);
High wear resistance;
Good strength even at elevated temperatures;
Good creep resistance.
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Applications
Titanium Matrix Compositesare used for
manufacturingstructural components ofthe
F-16 jets landinggear,
turbine engine components (fan blades,
actuator pistons, connecting links, shafts,
discs), automotive engine components,
general machine components.
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Applications
Magnesium Matrix Compositesare used for
manufacturing componentsfor racing cars,
lightweight automotive brake system, aircraft partsfor:gearboxes,
transmissions, compressors and engine.
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Copper Matrix Composites
Copper Matrix Composites are reinforced by:
Continuousfibers ofcarbon , silicon carbon
(SiC), tungsten (W), stainlesssteel (long-fiberreinforced composites);
Silicon carbide particles (particulate
composites).
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The following properties are typical for
Copper Matrix Composites:
Low coefficient ofthermal expansion;
High stiffness (modulus ofelasticity); Good electrical conductivity;
High thermal conductivity;
Good wear resistance.
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Titanium Matrix Composite
Titanium Matrix Composites are reinforced
mainly by:
Continuous monofilament silicon carbide fiber(long-fiber reinforced composites);
Titanium boride (TiB2) and titanium carbide
(TiC) particles (particulate composites).
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The following properties are typical for
Titanium Matrix Composites:
High strength;
High stiffness (modulus ofelasticity);
High creep resistance; High thermal stability;
High wear resistance.
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Applications:
Copper Matrix Compositesare used for
electronic relays,
electrically conductingsprings and other electrical and electronic components
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ceramic matrix reinforced by whiskers ofsilicon carbide (SiC), titanium boride (TiB2),
aluminum nitride (AlN), zirconium oxide (ZrO2)
and other ceramic fibers. Most ofCMC are
reinforced by silicon carbide fibers due to theirhigh strength and stiffness (modulus of
elasticity).
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Typical properties of long-fiber
Ceramic Matrix Composites:
High mechanical strength even at hightemperatures;
High thermal shock resistance; High stiffness;
High toughness;
High thermal stability;
Low density;
High corrosion resistance even at hightemperatures.
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Application:
These composites are used for manufacturing
combustion liners ofgas turbine engines,
heat exchangers, rocket propulsioncomponents, filtersfor hot liquids, gas-firedburner parts, furnace pipe hangers, immersionburner tubes.
used for manufacturing heat exchangers,filtersfor hot liquids, thermo-photovoltaicburners, burner stabilizers.
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FILLERS:
These are quartz Silica Tricalcium phosphateand Zirconium dioxide
Addition offillers provide Strength
Rigidity
Hardness
Increase in modulus ofelasticity Decrease in coefficient ofthermal expansion
Decrease in contraction.
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COUPLING AGENTS:
Organic silanes such asgamma-methacryloxypropyltrimethoxy silane
Functions:-
binds the filling particles to resin matrix
Allow more flexible polymer matrix to transferstresses to stiffer filler particles
Provide hydrolytic stability by preventing thewater from penetrating along the filler resinmatrix.
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