Post on 14-Jan-2017
Mining Phenomenon of Agate Gemstone to Change
of Environment, Social and Economic
at Southeast Sulawesi Province
WEKA WIDAYATI1, IDA USMAN1, MULIDDIN2, FIRDAUS3, IRFAN IDO1, WEKA
GUSMIARTY ABDULLAH4
1Departement of Geography – Faculty of and Earth Science Technology
Universitas Halu Oleo Kampus Hijau Bumi Tridharma Anduonohu, Kendari 93232
INDONESIA weka_widayati@yahoo.com, idausman1972@gmail.com, irfanido@yahoo.com
2Departement of Technic Geology - Faculty of Earth Science and Technology
Universitas Halu Oleo Kampus Hijau Bumi Tridharma Anduonohu, Kendari 93232
INDONESIA muliddin@gmail.com
3Mining Engineering Departement of Technic Mining- Faculty of Earth Science and Technology
Universitas Halu Oleo Kampus Hijau Bumi Tridharma Anduonohu, Kendari 93232
INDONESIA firdaus66@live.com
4Departement of Agribusines –Faculty of Agriculture
Universitas Halu Oleo Kampus Hijau Bumi Tridharma Anduonohu, Kendari 93232
wkgusmiarty09@yahoo.com
Abstract: - This research aim to analyse agate games tone potency in various region of South-East Sulawesi
Province and change of environmental and social-economic and resulted by mining of agate gemstone. This
research was conducted in four region of South-East Sulawesi Province, that is: North Buton, Bombana, South
Konawe, and North Konawe. Data was collected through of various seconder data, result of research which is
relevant this mater, field observation and interview with key informant. Data was analyzed with qualitative
method and description of cause and effect between mining phenomenon. Result of research indicate that agate
gemstone potency in South-East Sulawesi Province is over spread. The region have unique gemstone, various
of color and pattern, which is on its base formed by focil wood is krisokola, pursuant to its hardness of apatite
classification and ortoklas, type of weighing mineral is under diamond. Color is influenced by content of
nickel, pirit, gold, iron and copper. Income of society to be increasing followed by alternative living. Changing
of society perception about agate gemstone from mystical to accessories value and prestige its owner. Mining
of gemstone resulting land conversion, opening of forest and decreasing of the water source for agriculture and
other activity. So that need the adjacent, regulation of government and supported by research of geophysics,
geology and geography and also capable mining technique to realize sustainable environment.
Key-Words: mining, gemstone, agate, environment change, social, economic
Advances in Environmental and Geological Science and Engineering
ISBN: 978-1-61804-314-6 352
1 Introduction
Indonesia has natural resources which amaze.
Located in Ring Fire of", Indonesia islands become
the source of various valuable mineral. Gemstones
become valuable mineral able to be found.
Gemstone = Stone Jewel = valuable stone. Each;
Every rock stone type, mineral , and other natural
raw material which after processed or processed to
have the beauty and adequate resilience to be
wearied as ornament goods [1,11,13]. Unequal
gemstone of stone with Precious (gemstone jewel
stone) like emerald delima-safir intan-mirah. It is
of course gemstone in Indonesia not yet all data,
even hither to Indonesia not yet been mapped of
gemstone on world. Though a lot of gemstone in
Indonesia have special and good quality.
South-East Sulawesi Province represents one of
the regions in Indonesia which is yielding
immeasurable gemstone, unique and qualified. This
last some years, invention phenomenon and mining
of gemstone which more knowledgeable with agate
is booming, to be conducted and become trend in all
society. Agate Gemstone represent natural resources
which cannot renewable so that intake of nature ever
require consideration to realize sustainable
environment.
Consideration of limitation and requirement of
society so that gemstone phenomenon need study of
potency, and also change of environment, social and
economic.
This research aim to: ( 1) analyzing agate gemstone
potency in region various of South-East Sulawesi
Province, ( 2) analyzing change of environmental
and socio-economic as influence of gemstone
mining phenomenon.
2. Problem Formulation
Location of this research in four region of South-East Sulawesi province, that is: North Buton,
Bombana, South Konawe, and North Konawe. Data
was collected through of various sekunder data,
result of research which is relevant this mater, field
observation and interview with key informan. Data
analysed with qualitative method and description of
cause and effect between mining phenomenons.
3. Problem Solution
3.1 Potency of Agate Gemstone in South-East
Sulawesi Province Gemstone which identified in South-East Sulawesi
spread over in region, that is: North Buton,
Bombana, South Konawe, and North Konawe. The
type, hardness, colour and quality are variously and
each owning the special character.
Agate gemstone from North Buton has variously
typical. Not merely its motif facet, but also
obstetrical facet, agate gemstone of North Buton
containing many pirit ( iron mineral mixture and
brimstone) so that price sell him bounce up. Agate
gemstone many get it in the mountain and river.
Agate type of silver badar found in Ereke-North
Buton. Type and density of agate gemstone rate 6-8
scale of most, coming near strength of diamond
(10). Besides agate gemstone, found other
specification also from wood fossil of krisokola
identified from ebony which old age 65 million
year. Because metamorphosis that happened have at
full so that light can penetrate.
Result of form identify and color, that wood fossil
represent or ebony[15]. One of the agate gemstone enthused by consumer
is agate gemstone from Kabaena-Bombana, among
others type of Giok, Turquoise, Diesel fuel and
Moss. The range Price from Rp.300.000,- till tens of
million after sharpened by worker. Agate gemstone
which not yet been sharpened, its price reach
Picture 1. Gemstone Swampy of Location based on
Type Stone in Indonesia.
Picture 2. Gamstone from Kabaena- Bombana
Advances in Environmental and Geological Science and Engineering
ISBN: 978-1-61804-314-6 353
Rp.500.000,- till Rp. 5 million per kg depend on
gemstone type.
Gemstone in Bombana area, precisely in
Pongkalaero and Batuawu-Kabaena area formed at
final phase a coagulation of magma which in basa
character, happened because process refrigeration of
magma which sudden so that the no time
crystalizing (crystallization) yield amorf tekstur.
Mains of rock generally represent rock from
substratum great chalk era. Gemstone color depends
on mains rock as its pollutant. Mains rock wich is
composing of serpentinit, gabro or dunit will yield
green chromatic stone until brass colour. Mains
rock wich is composing of iron will yield yellow
until brown, if composing of nickel will yield grey-
purple [1,11,13]. Most location gemstone in
Pongkalaero and Batuawu area. Pangkalaero can be
reached by using boat ( katinting) fringe the coast to
south about 45 minute, continued by walking trace
of Wawua riverto up at river pate about 4 km. That
location has many deposited of gemstone. Location
of Batuawu also can be reached to use boat with
distance about 45 minute, fringe coast to north,
continued walked about1,5 km fringe the dry river /
path wild. Location of Gemstone area is Region
Contract of PT. INCO. The Location is generally
growed by bush forest vegetation.
The Gemstone in Bombana has verities color, for
example green, yellow, black, white, sorrel, purple,
amorf.
Fraction of gemstone generally konkoidal, often
get it cavity contain of quartz crystallite, gleam
glass peel, most is compact. The gemstone naturally
there are as "rock bed" at dry river or path wild.
Partly of gemstone there are in the hill which is
closed by soil.
3.2 Gemstone exploitation in South-East
Sulawesi Province
Intake of local people version is general conducted by paring the cover of land or ground by using simple appliance, more than cover of vegetation is bush forest.
Picture 3. Gemstone from South Konawe
Picture 6. Gemestone from Bombana
Picture 4 . Gemstone from North Buton
Picture 5. Gemstone from North Konawe
Advances in Environmental and Geological Science and Engineering
ISBN: 978-1-61804-314-6 354
Because its pattern (mode of occurrence)
gemstone resource is spread over so it cannot use
formula calculation of standard reserve (thick,
estimation percentage, and mean area.
3.3 Change of environmental condition,
social and economic Damage of environment possible happened because
agate most there are in the land or ground so the
worker cope to unload top soil until deepness 20 m.
More than anything else if crowded market
progressively and more its enthusiast, hence very
open possibility of environment damage. The crisis
which result is quality of environment to be
decreasing. Besides that, the land of agriculture its
around mining of agate also will annoyed. It is not
impossible the agriculture change function if people
think more beneficial become mineworker of agate
compared to become farmer. Erosion and
sedimentation which is flange to river of course to
increase and the happening of mineworker conflict
because struggling of land. Phenomenon of agate
gemstone will be positive impact in some cases.
At least to this creative economics give
advantage because the people economics can make
a move up at which are positive. The making of
agate assigning have glowed at many area to
become centers of value economics. The people
economic and tourism industry become to expand.
..
Price of raw material: Rp. 1.000 bh/ kg
Traditional (40 bh/kg): Rp. 40.000,- machine
standard (150 bh/ kg): Rp. 150.000,- (the price
depend on quality and design product). The
workers get added value more than income is Rp.
40.
Picture 7. Mining of Gemstone by People
Picture 8 . Worker of Agate Gemstone
Picture 9. Agate Gemstone from South-East Sulawesi
Advances in Environmental and Geological Science and Engineering
ISBN: 978-1-61804-314-6 355
Tables 1. Phenomenon Mining of Agate Gemstone
To Change of Environment Social, and
Economic Past Now
Environment relative
awake • Farm forest conversion
and agriculture,
• erosion, sedimentation • loss of forest
vegetation
• Decreasing of it source of water
Economic Farmer,
Labor • Partly increase and
change over to
mineworker
• Earnings mount • Creative economics
expand "
• Improving earnings of area
Social Gemstone
(agate)
mystical
valuable
• "Agate gemstone as accessories,
• esthetics • prestige owner of agate
gemstone
Agate phenomenon has change the way of people
about agate. Before that, agate gemstone have
magical and mystical value which trusted by people
can improve portion, couple, health, luck and others.
But now, the agate gemstone to become esthetics
value, fashion, and prestige for people in South-East
Sulawesi (including servant public and high
functionary) 3.4 The Mining Solution of Agate Gemstone
to Sustainable environment Besides economic benefit along the increasing of
people enthusiasm to agate gemstone, people
require to give information about impact effect of
mass dig. More than anything the natural gemstone
represent natural resource which is not deflect to be
renewed [4,9,10].
Mining activity by people often did not consider
of safety and disregard impact to environment.
Though dig of rock at certain deepness of diffraction
influence to land or ground contour. As a result, the
land or ground easy downhill of soil when rain or if
happened earthquake [2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7].
The Dig leaves over holes because farm left off
hand. Inexistence process cure of farm of pasca
mine that menace preservation natural and safety of
people citizen. Dig with certain pattern in land or
ground make gristle area slide to extend. The
worker must be dig in deepness 16-20 meter to get
3kg natural rock [12, 14, 16]. Though, the people
often collect natural rock tens of kg to be sold.
During the time there is no required time depth
study till potency slide diffraction happened. For
that need there is research in area mine to know
strength of natural rock in sustaining land or ground.
If exploited is abundant, particularly vulnerable
happened to erosive.
4 Conclusion
− Agate gemstone potency with various of
color, type, and quality very copious in South-
East Sulawesi region, with mining of people
use simple appliance
− Prospect interposing of processing of agate
gemstone can improve earnings of people,
creative economic, and earnings of local
government
− Assess information people to agate gemstone
shift up its owner prestige and esthetics
− Exploiting effort and mining of natural rock
require to be supported by law and national
considering saving of environment and
without disregarding importance of people,
economics and social.
References: [1] Adamo, I., Pavese, A., Prosperi, L., Diella,
V., and Ajò, D., 2007. Gem-quality garnets:
correlations between gemmological
properties, chemical composition and infrared
spectroscopy. Journal of Gemmology, 30 (5/6), 307-19
[2] Arezoo Soltani, Arild Angelsen, Tron Eid,
Mohammad Saeid Noori Naieni, Taghi
Shamekhi. Poverty, sustainability, and
household livelihood strategies in Zagros,
Iran. Ecological Economics. July, 2012,
Vol.79:60–70.
[3] Blij, D.H.J., and Murphhy, A.B. 1998.
Human Geography, Culture, Society, and
Space. Six Editions. New York: John Wiley &
Sons,Inc
[4] Cao SX, Chen L, Zhu QK. 2010a.
Remembering the ultimate goal of
environmental protection: including
protection of impoverished citizens in China’s
environmental policy. Ambio 39:439–442
[5] Cao SX, Wang XQ, Song YZ, Chen L, Feng
Q. 2010b. Impacts of the Natural Forest
Conservation Program on the livelihoods of
residents of Northwestern China: perceptions
of residents affected by the program.
Ecological Economics 69:1454–1462.
[6] Cao SX, Chen L, Shankman D, Wang CM,
Wang XB, Zhang H. 2011. Excessive reliance
Advances in Environmental and Geological Science and Engineering
ISBN: 978-1-61804-314-6 356
on afforestation in China’s arid and semi-arid
regions: lessons in ecological restoration.
Earth-Science Reviews 104:240–245.
[7] Chambell,B. 1983. Human Ecology, The
Story of Our Place in Nature From Prehistory
to The Present. London: HEB Ltd.
[8] Chapman,K. 1979. People, Pattern and
Process an Introduction to Human Geography.
New York: Holsted Press.
[9] Evan D.G. Fraser, Andrew J. Dougill, Warren
E. Mabee, Mark Reed, Patrick McAlpine.
Bottom up and top down: Analysis of
participatory processes for sustainability
indicator identification as a pathway to
community empowerment and sustainable
[10] Firdaus M., 2010. Identifikasi Bahan Galian
dalam Metode Eksplorasi Awal Jurnal llmiah
MTG, Vol. 2 No. 5. Jurusan Teknik Geologi,
FTM, UPN "Veteran". Yogyakarta. (in
Indonesian)
[11] Hoover, D.B., and Williams, B., 2007.
Magnetic susceptibility for gemstone
discrimination. Australian Gemmologist, 23
(4), 146-59
[12] James Aronson and Sasha Alexander.
Restoration Ecology. Ecosystem Restoration
is now a Global Priority: Time to Roll up our
Sleeves. Article first published online: 18
FEB 2013. Volume 21, Issue 3.
[13] Pearson, G., 2003. Spectra of gem materials.
Australian Gemmologist, 21(12), 478-85
[14] Poerwanto,H. 2005. Kebudayaan dan
Lingkungan dalam Perspektif Antopologi.
Yogyakarta: Pustaka Pelajar Offset. (in
Indonesian)
[15] S. Jarot, 2014, Giok Singgah Mata dan Proses
Pembentukannya. http://aceh.tribunnews.com
/2014/04/16/gioksinggahmata-dan-proses-
pembentukannya. (in Indonesian)
[16] ______ . 2011 Ekologi Manusia, Konsep,
Implementasi dan Pengembangannya.
Kendari. Unhalu Press. (in Indonesian)
Advances in Environmental and Geological Science and Engineering
ISBN: 978-1-61804-314-6 357