Mehran University Collage of Engineering and Technology

Abdul Latif AbroRoll No: 12EL-05Group: 10,11, 05

Outlines:

History of Computer• Generation of Computer• Types of Computer• Classes of Computer

History of Computer

By 3000 B.C., had developed written symbols to represent numbers

Computational methods developed to save labor and solve practical problems (i.e. gov: problems)

Applications included measuring time, drawing straight lines, counting money, and computing taxes

Developed tables for multiplication, square and cube roots, exponents, formulas for quadratic equations

Babylonians and Egyptians not systematic reasoners ; trial-and-error methods not always precise

The Origins of Computers

The Abacus Dates back to the

ancient Orient Beads represent

different values In used by the Greeks

and Romans in 500 B.C.E.

In this example the top frame beads are valued at 5 and the bottom frame beads represent 1

It ruled in the world ofcalculations until the 1500s and is still considered useful today.

History of Computers

beads on rods to count and calculatestill widely used in Asia!

History of Computer

Slide Rule Edmund Gunter (1581-1626) invented forerunner of

slide rule in 1620. Slide rule invented around 1630. Slide rule is ruler-like device marked with logarithmic

scales used to perform mathematical calculations. Slide rule used extensively for mathematical

calculations Its use continued to grow through the 1950s and

1960s does not depend on electricity or batteries. displays all the terms of a calculation along with the

result

History of Computer

Computer Generations

• First Generation - 1940-1956: Vacuum Tubes

• Second Generation - 1956-1963: Transistors

• Third Generation - 1964-1971: Integrated Circuits

• Fourth Generation - 1971-Present: Microprocessors

• Fifth Generation - Present and Beyond: Artificial Intelligence

Vacuum Tubes

Very expensiveVery bigVery hotUsed a lot of electricityBroke down a lotBut boy…were they cool at the time Vacuum tubes were used that have no air

inside and protects circuitry .

1st G

enera

tion

1940

- 1

956

The ENIAC

Built: 1943First fully electronic

digital computer built.Electronic Numerical

Integration and Calculator

ENIAC weighed 30 tons

contained 18,000 vacuum tubes.

It was considered to be a computer

1st G

enera

tion

1940

- 1

956

Transistors and other developments.

1956 – Computers began to incorporate Transistors

One transistor could replace many tubesThey made computers smaller and cheaperAssembly Language was introduced Magnetic Cores were used.

2nd G

enera

tion

1956

- 1

963

Transistors

Uses Silicondeveloped in

1948on-off switchSecond

Generation Computers used Transistors, starting in 1956

2nd G

enera

tion

1956

- 1

963 3 different

transistors showing how they kept getting smaller and smaller

3 different transistors showing how they kept getting smaller and smaller

Size vs. time

Integrated Circuits, Semiconductors and Silicon Discs

Integrated Circuits used(chips).

Integrated Circuits are transistors, resistors, and capacitors placed together into a single “chip” which increase speed

Transistors became small and built onto silicon chips called semiconductors

Speed of computer increased due to use of transistors.

3rd G

enera

tion

1956

- 1

963

Circuit paths

Circuitry in chips

As vacuum were replaced by transistors that still creates a lot of heat.

scientist develop Integrated Circuits (IC). Using IC was only to prevent damage of

computer. semiconductors were used that increase the

speed and efficiency of computer. users can interact through mouse and

keyboard.

3rd G

enera

tion

1956

- 1

963

The Microprocessor

Microchips.Microprocessors begin to move away from the

computer into other areas of everyday productsGetting smaller and smaller, but we are still

using microchip technology Thousands of integrated circuits were built onto

single chip.IBM sells its first computer designed for the

“home user”  The microprocessor was made to be used in

calculators,

4th G

enera

tion

1971

- P

rese

nt

Great increases in speed, storage, and memory

Increased networking, speed in Internet

Both wide area network (WAN) and local area network (LAN) developed

Cell PhoneStill in DevelopmentThousands of computation can take

place at same time.

Artificial intelligence5th

Genera

tion

1971

- P

rese

nt

IBM PC

IBM-Intel-Microsoft joint ventureFirst wide-selling personal

computer used in business8088 Microchip - 29,000

transistors• 4.77 Mhz processing speed256 K RAM (Random Access

Memory) standardOne or two floppy disk drives

Generations of Electronic Computers

First Generation

Second Gen.

Third Gen.

Fourth Gen.

Technology Vacuum Tubes

Transistors Integrated Circuits (multiple transistors)

Microchips (millions of transistors)

Size Filled Whole Buildings

Filled half a room

Smaller Tiny - Palm Pilot is as powerful as old building sized computer

Evolution of Electronics

Vacuum Tube – a dinosaur without a modern lineage

Transistor Integrated Circuit Microchip

Types Of Computer

Computer

AnalogueComputer

DigitalComputer

HybridComputer

Analogue Computer: An analog computer uses one kind of physical quantity to represent the behavior of another physical system, or mathematical function. it uses analogue signals.

Digital Computer: A computer that stores data in terms of digits and proceeds in discrete steps from one state to the next.

Hybrid computers are computers that comprise features of analog computers and digital computers. 

Types Of Computer

Classes of Computer

Computer

DesktopComputer

Workstation computer

Notebook PC

Tablet Computer

Handheld PC

Smart PC

Super Computer

Mainframe Computer

Mini Computer

Micro Computer

Desktop computerA desktop computer that

fits on a desk and runs on power from an electrical wall outlet.

The CPU can be housed in either a vertical or a horizontal case.

Has separate components (keyboard, mouse, etc.) that are each plugged into the computer.

There are two designs (Horizontal and Vertical)

used for communication, edit photography.

Workstation Computer

Powerful desktop computer designed for specialized tasks.Can also be an ordinary personal computer attached to a LAN (local area network).More power than desktop Computer.Large resolution monitors and accelerated graphics.

Notebook Computer

Use same type of technology as Pc but bit modifications as require less powerTake up less spaceEasy to movesize 8.5 to 11 inch called laptops. These requires BatteriesCostly as compare to PC.

Tablet PC

Same functions as notebook PC but has special input called Stylus.Stylus serves as a mouseSupports real-time writing; everything does not need to be done in advance, as in PowerPoint can save class work, or any assignment. More expensiveTablet PC just as capable as any notebook

Stylus

Smart Phones

perform functionalities other than the typical phone.

Can access email , surf the internet

diary, electronic organizer, reminders, and a contact list are also in feature.

transfer files to friends while online, or transfer files to friends via email.

faster connection to the internet. And can get weather coverage etc.

Super computer is the most powerful computer as physically they are large in size. Can process huge amounts of data and are faster. Can perform trillions of calculation per sec. have high operational rate than any computer.A super computer contains a number of CPU which operate in parallel to make it faster.

Super Computer

Main Frame Computer

Mainframe computers are those computers that offer faster processing and grater storage area.

Application – Host computer, Central data base server.

used in large organizations such as bank or insurance organization

designed to handle specific task.

Application – Host computer, Central data base server.

Mini Computer

These are also small general purpose system.

They are generally more powerful and most useful as compared to micro computer.

used in Network Servers, work group system.

Can handle much more input and output.

designed for single user but can access more work.

Micro Computer

Micro computer are the smallest computer system.

There size range from calculator to desktop size. Its CPU is microprocessor.

Used as personal computer, Multi user system, offices.

Used in schools, homes etc Enable people to do their

job efficiently. used for music, editing,

photography

The END Thanks