Post on 16-Feb-2016
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May 7, 2013
Yagnesh Jarmarwala Phani Jammalamadaka Michael CopelandManeesh Mahlawat
14th TRB National Transportation Planning Applications Conference
Development and Implementation of Congestion Pricing Triggers on Toll Roads to
Manage Congestion
TRB National Planning Applications Conference
Overview
• Background• Congestion pricing/capacity expansion triggers• Implementation process• Test scenarios/results• Summary
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BACKGROUND ON ROADWAY CONGESTION
State of Roadway Congestion
• Yearly delay per auto traveler– 14 hours (1982)– 34 hours (2010)
• Congestion cost per auto traveler (2010 $)
– $310 (1982) – $713 (2010)In most urban areas, congestion is expected to worsen.
*Ratio of the peak and off-peak travel timesSources: - 2010, 2011 Annual Mobility Report, Texas Transportation Institute Report- David T. Hartgen and M. Gregory Fields, Building Roads to Reduce Traffic Congestion in America's Cities, Reason Foundation.
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*
Why Congestion Pricing?
• Increased roadway demand– Alternative demand management strategies
• Challenges to increasing roadway capacity– Funding– Air quality impacts– Right of way, etc.
• Increased roadway capacity results in “Triple Convergence”– Temporal– Spatial– Modal
• Congestion pricing is one of the tools available to address triple convergence
Source: Anthony Downs. Stuck in Traffic (1992), pp. 27-295
Roadway Congestion Pricing
• A traffic demand management tool• Could eliminate discretionary trips and shift peak period trips to
off-peak periods, alternative routes or other modes• Could assist with meeting air quality compliance goals• Types:
– Traditional toll facilities– Managed lane facilities– Cordon tolling
• Could be very prevalent tool in future• Congestion pricing based triggers can aid in meeting national
performance goals (MAP-21)
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Where congestion pricing is successfully implemented? • Airline industry , airports, parking• Cell phone industry• Shipping and logistics industry• Utilities like electricity industry• Movie theaters• Museums, hotels and resorts Congestion pricing can be feasible on toll roads
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What are types of congestion pricing on roadways?
• Facility specific– Traditional toll facilities– Managed lane facilities– Cordon tolling
• Pricing specific– Static pricing– Dynamic pricing
Congestion pricing could be a prevalent tool in future
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CONGESTION PRICING & CAPACITY EXPANSION TRIGGERS
Trigger Mechanism
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Goals
Performance Measures
Triggers
Pricing
• Safety
• Reliability
• Financial viability
• Environmental sustainability
• Delay facility expansion
• Average speed
• Average delay
• Travel time
• Reliability
• Emissions
• Duration and extent
• Revenue
• Queue length
• Traffic density
• Level of service
• Traffic volume
• Traffic flow rate
• Trigger event Level of Service > D
Travel Speed < 15 mph below lesser of either free
flow speed or posted speed limit
Flow Rate > 2150* vehicles per hour per lane
* depends on geometry and location of facility
• Duration of the trigger event Measure congestion duration continuously
for three months
If trigger event happens for more than 10
percent of the time
P-CPR A-CPR
Preliminary Congestion Pricing Regime Aggressive Congestion Pricing Regime
Congestion Pricing Triggers
• Sample triggers and pricing regimes• First pricing trigger (FPT)
– 10 mph below posted speed over a two hour period on a 5 mile section• Second pricing trigger (SPT)
– 20 mph below posted speed over a two hour period on a 5 mile section• Preliminary congestion pricing regime (P-CPR)
– Implemented after FPT• Aggressive congestion pricing regime (A-CPR)
– Implemented after SPT, after PCPR is already in place• Capacity expansion trigger (CET)
– 20 mph below posted speed over a two hour period on a 5 mile section after the ACPR is implemented
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Congestion Pricing Triggers
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0
Spee
d (i
n m
ph)
Time
A-CPR
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IMPLEMENTATION PROCESS
Stakeholders
Congestion Pricing Policy
Input/BeneficiaryPublicCity
CountyState
ImplementationTolling Agency
DOTMPO
ResourcesFHWAFTAMPO
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Congestion Pricing Planning
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Congestion Pricing Implementation
Planning Pilot EvaluationCommunication
Plan
TechnologicalNeeds
Implementation Plan
Monitoring & Reporting
Feedback
Results/Effects
Customer Survey
Update Congestion Management Policy and
Plan
Where to start Pilot?
When to start Pilot?
How to implement Pilot?
All congestion management activities including monitoring, triggers, reporting, pricing shall be defined by Congestion
Management Implementation Plan (CMIP)and implemented by CMIP developed in
the planning phase
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TEST SCENARIOS/MODEL RESULTS
Test Model
• 1,029 Zones• 7,476 Links• Urban area highway model• Traditional toll facility system
– Toll facility 1• Segments 1,2,3
– Toll facility 2• Segments 4,5
• Time periods analyzed– AM Shoulder 1 (1 hour)– AM Peak (1 hour)– AM Shoulder 2 (1/2
hour)
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Modeling Methodology
• AM period traffic assignments• Binary choice (toll path vs. non-toll path) model
– Embedded in equilibrium assignment• Probability of toll road usage dependent on
– Toll rates– Congestion/travel time savings– Traveler values of time– Operating costs
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Scenarios Tested
The above alternatives were tested under• No expansion scenario• After expansion of sections 1,4, and 5
90% P P P P P95% P P P P PBase P P P P P P P105% P P P 110% P P P
Trip
Tab
le
Test Scenarios
-50% -30%
Base 30% 50% 100%200%
300%Toll Rates
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AM Peak Delay (Before Expansion)
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
50% 100% 150% 200% 250% 300%
Toll (% of Base)
Ave
rage
Del
ay (i
n m
in)
Section 1 Section 2 Section 3 Section 4 Section 5 System
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System Traffic (Before Expansion)
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
50% 100% 150% 200% 250% 300%
Toll (% of Base)
Traf
fic (i
n th
ousa
nds)
Base TT 90% TT 95% TT 105% TT 110% TT
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System Revenue (Before Expansion)
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
50% 100% 150% 200% 250% 300%
Toll (% of Base)
Rev
enue
(in
$ th
ousa
nds)
Base TT 90% TT 95% TT 105% TT 110% TT
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AM Peak Speed (Before Expansion)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
50% 100% 150% 200% 250% 300%
Aver
age
Spee
d (m
ph)
Toll (% of Base)
Section 1 Section 2
Section 3 Section 4
Section 5 System
Bas
e
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System AM Peak Speed (Before Expansion)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
50% 100% 150% 200% 250% 300%
Aver
age
Spee
d (m
ph)
Toll (% of Base)
90% TT 95% TTBase TT 105% TT110% TT
Bas
e
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0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
50% 100% 150% 200% 250% 300%
Aver
age
Spee
d (m
ph)
Toll (% of Base)
Section 1 Section 2
Section 3 Section 4
Section 5 System
Bas
e
AM Peak Speed (Before Expansion)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
50% 100% 150% 200% 250% 300%
Aver
age
Spee
d (m
ph)
Toll (% of Base)
Section 1 Section 2
Section 3 Section 4
Section 5 System
Bas
e
AM Peak Speed (After Expansion)
System AM Peak Speed (Before Expansion)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
50% 100% 150% 200% 250% 300%
Aver
age
Spee
d (m
ph)
Toll (% of Base)
90% TT 95% TTBase TT 105% TT110% TT
Bas
e
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0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
50% 100% 150% 200% 250% 300%
Aver
age
Spee
d (m
ph)
Toll (% of Base)
90% TT 95% TTBase TT 105% TT110% TT
Bas
e
System AM Peak Speed (After Expansion)
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
50% 70% 100% 130% 150% 200% 300%
Rev
enue
(in
$ th
ousa
nds)
Traf
fic (i
n th
ousa
nds)
Toll (% of Base)
Traffic Facility 1 Traffic Facility 2
Revenue Facility 1 Revenue Facility 2
T&R By Facility (Before Expansion)
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T&R By Facility (After Expansion)
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
50% 70% 100% 130% 150% 200% 300%
Rev
enue
(in
$ th
ousa
nds)
Traf
fic (i
n th
ousa
nds)
Toll (% of Base)
Traffic Facility 1 Traffic Facility 2
Revenue Facility 1 Revenue Facility 2
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SUMMARY
Summary
• Need for establishing triggers– Congestion pricing– Facility expansions
• Trigger criteria– Performance measures such as average speed, delay,
revenue, etc.– Duration of monitoring– Roadway section lengths
• Implementation process
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Summary
• Congestion pricing example– Impacts on a toll system
• Toll rate changes, trip table changes and expansion• Speeds, delay, transactions and revenue
• Future research– Explore impacts on other performance measures
such as density, queue lengths, emissions, etc.– Revenue neutral congestion pricing strategies
• Impacts of off-peak discounts
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