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Extrusion of aquafeeds
- the benefits of extrusion
technology over pellet milling
Wheat proteins
- high quality proteins foraquaculture feeds
Immunostimulation
in aquatic animals
Rotifers- Exploring this important species
VOLUME 18 ISSUE 2 - MARCH | APRIL 2015
Fish Farming Technology supplement
- Safety on aquaculture farms
INCORPORAT INGF ISH FARM ING TECHNOLOGY
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Editor
Professor Simon Davies
Email: simond@aquafeed.co.uk
Associate Editors
Dr Albert Tacon
Email: albertt@perendale.co.uk
Dr Yu Yu
Email: yuy@perendale.co.uk
Dr Kangsen Mai (Chinese edition)
Email: mai@perendale.co.uk
Editorial Advisory Panel
• Abdel-Fattah M. El-Sayed (Egypt)
• Dr Albert Tacon (USA)
• Professor António Gouveia (Portugal)
• Professor Charles Bai (Korea)
• Colin Mair (UK)
• Dr Daniel Merrifield (UK)
• Dr Dominique Bureau (Canada)
• Dr Elizabeth Sweetman (Greece)
• Dr Kim Jauncey (UK)
• Eric De Muylder (Belgium)
• Dr Pedro Encarnação (Singapore)
• Dr Mohammad R Hasan (Italy)
Editorial executive
Olivia HoldenEmail: oliviah@perendale.co.uk
Editorial assistance
Malachi Stone
Email: malachis@perendale.co.uk
Editor - Asia Pacific
Roy Palmer
Email: royp@perendale.com
Circulation & Events Manager
Tuti Tan
Email: tutit@aquafeed.co.uk
Design Manager
James Taylor
Email: jamest@perendale.co.uk
International marketing team (UK)
Darren Parris
Email: darrenp@aquafeed.co.uk
Tom Blacker
Email: tomb@perendale.co.uk
Tilly Geoghegan
Email: tillyg@perendale.co.uk
Latin America
Ivàn Marquetti
Email: ivanm@perendale.com
Pablo Porcel de Peralta
Email: pablop@perendale.com
India
Raj Kapoor
Email: rajk@perendale.com
Africa
Nathan Nwosu
Email: nathann@perendale.com
More information:
International Aquafeed
7 St George's Terrace, St James' Square
Cheltenham, GL50 3PT, United Kingdom
Tel: +44 1242 267706
Website: www.aquafeed.co.uk
REGULAR ITEMS
3-9 INDUSTRY NEWS
5 THE AQUACULTURISTS
28 PHOTOSHOOT
36 EXPERT TOPIC - CARP
44 INDUSTRY EVENTS52 THE MARKET PLACE
54 THE AQUAFEED INTERVIEW
56 INDUSTRY FACES
FEATURES10 Extrusion of aquafeeds
14 Wheat proteins - high quality
proteins for aquaculture feeds
18 Immunostimulation in aquatic animals22 AWF at ten - gearing up
for new challenges
30 Rotifers
34 Tour of a fish farm
FISH FARMING TECHNOLOGY
SUPPLEMENT
002 Safety on aquaculture farms
10 Extrusionof aquafeeds
CONTENTSVolume 18 / Issue 2 / March-April 2015 / © Copyright Perendale Publishers Ltd 2015 / All rights reserved
International Aquafeed is published six times a year by Perendale Publishers Ltd of the United Kingdom.
All data is published in good faith, based on information received, and while every care is taken to prevent inaccuracies,
the publishers accept no liability for any errors or omissions or for the consequences of action taken on the basis of
information published. ©Copyright 2015 Perendale Publishers Ltd. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may
be reproduced in any form or by any means without prior permission of the copyright owner. Printed by Perendale
Publishers Ltd. ISSN: 1464-0058
36 EXPERT TOPIC
- CARP 30 ROTIFERS
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World Aquaculture 2015 - International Aquafeedwill be exhibiting at World Aquaculture this year!
See the latest news on this event on page 44 of this edition of
International Aquafeed
Meet the team and pick up a free copy of the magzine on the beutiful Jeju
Island, Korea - between May 26 - 30, 2015
I am writing this editorial from Llanelli, a coastal townin South Wales on a Spring visit to my home region.
A view of the ocean provides much inspiration along
with the wonderful Welsh culture, cuisine and the
locally famous beer (Felinfoel), and also the heart of our
rugby heritage in Wales - the famous Llanelli Scarlets team.
Fishing has always been a major recreation here and
we have some of the finest beaches in Europe and water
sports activities.
Aquaculture in Wales has much potential and I hope it
is encouraged in future.
The magazine has always tried to bring innovations to
the forefront and we always focus on the most excitingdevelopments and technologies embracing aquafeed tech-
nology and the latest news and interviews of major figures
and those making waves in this dynamic industry. After
periods of uncertainty and austerity, we see encouraging
trends and a surge of interest in the fish nutrition domain
and applications to feed production.
As usual, we span some hot topics and articles from
experts in various fields.
In our news section we report on a new generation of
BioMar’s ORBIT feed concept targeting the specific chal-
lenges of the production of salmon smolt in Recirculation
Aquaculture Systems (RAS) that will become available
from the beginning of April.Our feature on extrusion of aquafeeds by Gordon
Young, Food Stream Pty Ltd, Australia and Dennis Forte,
Dennis Forte & Associates, Australia, outlines a number
of major benefits over the more traditional pellet mill-
ing processes. But extrusion is a very complex process.
Technology is ever changing to deal with this and we
report on these new developments.
Wheat proteins offer high quality proteins for aquacul-
ture feeds, and a feature by Dr Emmanuelle Apper, MSc
Aurélien Feneuil and Dr Frédérique Respondek of Tereos
provides an interesting scope for this interesting ingredient.
Immunostimulation in Aquatic Animals by Philippe
Tacon, Global Aquaculture Manager, Phileo reveals a new
applied perspective on natural solutions to combat emerg-
ing diseases in aquatic farmed species.
In our Fish Farming Technology section my very good
friend, Robert M Durborow, Professor and Aquaculture
Specialist, Kentucky State University, and Melvin L. Myers,
Associate Professor and Safety Engineer, Emory UniversityRollins School of Public Health, Atlanta review safety
measures on aquaculture farms, a very important topic as
the industry expands.
Our special species focus in this issue is on Carp. This
feature covers specific areas: Fish and finance: How China
dictates the size of your carp farm, by Malachi Stone of
International Aquafeed, and Carp production in India:
Present status and prospects, by Dr B. Laxmappa of the
Department of Fisheries in Mahabubnagar, India.
The significance of gender in aquaculture will be
addressed at the WA2015 on Jeju Island, Korea 26-30
May. Entitled ‘Women in Fisheries and Aquaculture’, itwill have a particular significance to Jeju, given that histori-
cally, the role of seafood-gathering on the island has been
dominated by women.
We also report on the recent Aquaculture America
2015 (AA15) in New Orleans. The Aquaculture America
conference is the best place to learn about the latest
aquaculture research and issues, newest technology and
associated aquaculture trade show.
Our Interview section is with Nils Einar Aas, Sales
Director, Aker BioMarine. He explains why krill is so ben-
eficial, krill’s future and how Aker BioMarine is working to
protect the krill resources of tomorrow.
Please enjoy the latest edition and keep sending us yourviews and articles for possible publication.
Creoso - welcomeProfessor Simon Davies
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Energy fromsalmonsperm?Ioannis Zabetakis,assistant professorof food chemistry,university of Athens,Greece
In aquaculture, we are looking at issues of functionality and
sustainability in order to produce more fish at affordable
prices to feed the World. But there are some other applica-
tions that are promising and fascinating.
For example, have you ever thought how fish and batteries
are connected?
A research group in China have turned to nature to help
overcome one of the key challenges facing the most probable
successor to the lithium ion (Li-ion) battery by using salmon
sperm!
Today, lithium–sulphur (Li–S) batteries are cheaper, more sus-
tainable and already capable of delivering up to three times theenergy density of most Li-ion cells. However, they are not stable
and this is a major problem for further development.
Li–S cells typically consist of a lithium metal anode and a
carbon–sulphur cathode separated by a liquid electrolyte.
Lithium ions dissolve from the anode during discharge, reacting
with sulphur to form lithium polysulfides (Li2Sx) at the cathode,
while the reverse occurs on charging. Some of the polysulfide
intermediates are unfortunately soluble in the electrolyte and
their dissolution from the cathode leads to irreversible loss of
the active sulphur, adversely affecting cell performance.
Several strategies have been tested to reduce the Li2Sx dis-
solution problem, which often involve coating the cathode toisolate sulphur from the electrolyte, or hybridising it with third
party materials that can help to anchor Li2Sx to the cathode
surface through electrostatic interaction with the lithium ions.
The drawback with these approaches is that there is substitu-
tion of the active materials that can increase internal resistance
or reduce capacity.
In a important development, though, Chenggang Zhou and
his colleagues at the China University of Geosciences, Wuhan,
have been looking for an additive that was molecularly light-
weight, dispersible on the carbon–sulphur cathode material,
and rich in sulphur-loving functional groups, they thought of
DNA. Computational chemistry verified that functional groups
common in all four of the nucleobases that comprise DNAwere sulphur-loving, with phosphate groups exhibiting the
strongest adsorption. Having confirmed their suspicion, the
team then observed experimentally a three-fold enhancement
in capacity retention after 200 discharge cycles by dispersing a
small amount of DNA derived from salmon sperm onto the
carbon–sulphur surface.
This development is quite exciting in terms of crossing species
barriers but also on joining forces of material scientists with bio-
scientists.
The future is definitely holistic and “salmony”!
Further reading
High-performance lithium/sulfur batteries by decorating CMK-3/Scathodes with DNA
http://pubs.rsc.org/en/Content/ArticleLanding/2015/TA/
c4ta06083k#!divAbstract
izabet@chem.uoa.gr
@yanzabet
A t the recent VIV Asia in
Bangkok, Nutriad CEO Erik
Visser formally announced
new distribution partnerships in
Thailand and the Philippines: “Asia
Pacific is an important region for
our company…. In the coming years
we aim to double our presence in
this dynamic market and are there-
fore extremely pleased to partner
with recognized companies that
share our ambitions.”
In Thailand Nutriad appointed
Brenntag as its distributor. BK Chew,
Regional Director APAC, high-
lighted: “We are confident that the
Nutriad - Brenntag partnership will
bring enormous benefits to both
companies and our customers. We
see much synergy with this associa-
tion, with the depth of reach, from
small to major customers that this
partnership will bring.”
In the Philippines Nutriad agreed
for Enovet to be the sole importer
and distributor of all major product
lines. Stated BK Chew: “The part-
nership is very timely as the market
has already recognized the need
to move from AGPs on which
NUTRIAD products will be a
perfect fit.”
Erik Visser, CEO
Nutriad: “Our new
partnerships al low
Nutriad to get even
more involved in the
key feed markets inThai land and the
Philippines. Nutriad’s local sales
management, regional technical
management and global product
management will support our
experienced distribution partners
to establish product leadership in
the market.”
Nutriad announces
new Asian partnerships
Erik Visser Boon Kee Chew
March-April 2015 | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED | 3
NEWS
New edition of AMINONews®
by Evonik is out now
Threonine, an essential amino
acid, is not only a building
block in meat production
but has also a key function in the
metabolism of the intestine and
in immune responses. The current
knowledge about this subject and
the consequences for an ideal
amino acid profile of pigfeed is
explained by Dr John Htoo in the
latest edition of Evonik’s customermagazine AMINONews® for the
feed industry.
Amino acid supplementation
is also catching on in aquaculture.
But how to define a species’ amino
acid requirements? Dr Andreas
Lemme provides an insight into test
approaches for tilapia feeding. As the
results show, the optimum methio-
nine concentration for this African
cichlid fish is significantly above
current recommendations.New approaches to animal nutri-
tion also come along with new
findings on the topic of oxidative
stress. Dr Behnam Saremi summa-
rises the basic mechanisms for the
latest AMINONews®.
Evonik is the only company
in the world that produces
and markets all four essen-
tial amino acids used in advanced
animal nutrition: MetAMINO®
(DL -me t h i on i ne ) , B i o l y s ®
(L-lysine source), ThreAMINO®
(L-threonine) and TrypAMINO®
(L-tryptophan). Mepron®, a rumen-
stable DL-methionine for high-
performance dairy cows, and
CreAMINO®, a creatine source for
broilers complement the product
portfolio. The company marketsinnovative products and services in
more than one hundred countries
and thus makes a valuable contribu-
tion to the cost-efficiency of its cus-
tomers and to healthy and environ-
ment-friendly animal nutrition.
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Aller Aqua Group
inaugurates its new
Egyptian factory
Aller Aqua Group A/S,
situated by Christiansfeld
in Denmark, is one of
Europe’s largest producers of
environmentally friendly fish feed.
The company officially inaugu-
rated the new Egyptian factory
on Tuesday 3rd March 2015.
Biggest in all of AfricaIn cooperation with the IFU
(Investment Fund for Developing
Countries), Aller Aqua Group
bought the majority of an
Egyptian family company in 2011.
In 2014 the company finished a
brand new state-of-the-art fishfeed factory in Egypt. It is this
factory – Egypt’s largest and most
modern producer of environ-
mentally friendly, extruded fish
feed – which was inaugurated on
3rd March.
Aller Aqua Egypt, as the
Egyptian company is called, has in
this connection invested a large
sum of money in the area known
as ‘6th of October City’, situated
a 1-hour drive from Cairo.“The momentum we have
managed to create in Egypt since
2011 creates the basis for this
extraordinary expansion, giving us
the oppor tunity to triple sales,”
explains Henrik Halken, Chairman
of Aller Aqua Egypt.
“We have settled well in Egypt,
where the daily management, with
great experience and a huge drive,
are co-owners and thereby moti-
vated to create a success story.
“Since 2009, when we first
travelled to Egypt, a great deal
has happened politically in the
country. We experience daily
challenges, which we wouldn’t
even contemplate in Denmark.
For the first year it could take up
to 3 days to get petrol for the
trucks transporting raw materials
to the factory – great planning
was essential for success! We
have also had to accommodateall our employees at the factory
during the most recent revolu-
tion, during which President Mursi
was overthrown.
“Managing a company in Egypt
requires that we make frequent
visits, staying close to the cus-
tomers and allocating the nec-
essary resources for training and
education of both our staff and
our customers.
“Further it is crucial to haveskilled local management – which
we have!
“We believe in the market and
a bright future for Egypt, and
the growth during the last year
strengthens this belief.
“We exper ience a great
interest in our project from
various politicians, and thus we
have had visits from both the
Danish Minister for Trade and
Development Cooperation, the
Danish Ambassador and several
local Egyptian politicians. It should
come as no surprise that we -
with our production which helps
create jobs, healthy food and a
significantly better environment
for our customers - experi-
ence a great deal of attention in
Denmark and Egypt, as well as
internationally.”
An expandingcompanySince commencing fish-feed
production 50 years ago, Aller
Aqua has experienced continuous
growth. Besides their factor y
in Christiansfeld, Denmark, they
have built a factory in Poland in
2001 and another in Germany in
2007 which integrates a modern
fish-feed factory with a facility
producing protein derived from
peas and broad beans.Hans Erik Bylling, majority share-
holder and managing director of
the Aller Aqua Group, expla ins
that the company now sells its
fish feed to more than 50 coun-
tries worldwide.
“We have a clear and concise
strategy at Aller Aqua, designed
to create further growth over the
coming years – and investments
like the one in Egypt is one of
the tools to reach our targets, as
well as the continued growth in
existing and new markets.
“2014 has been a busy year for
us, as we have further inaugu-
rated our new research center in
Büsum, Germany. This helps bring
us to the forefront in the devel-
opment of new efficient types of
feed – with increased focus on
better utilisation of raw mate-
rials.”
The company are proud to havebeen awarded a German inno-
vation award for this particular
effort.
Fastest growing foodsector
“Aquaculture is today the fastest
growing food sector – and more
than half of the fish consumed
globally are farmed fish. Thus we
focus on growing our activities in
several of the world’s emergingmarkets,” Hans Erik Byl l ing
explains.
Second edition
of ‘Mycotoxins in
Focus’ comes to
VIV Asia 2015
The “Mycotoxins in Focus:
Trends, Facts, and Effects”
conference is set to
provide an insight into the latest
mycotoxin trends and occurences
to delegates at VIV Asia 2015 in
Bangkok, Thailand.
Biomin will host the second
edition of the “Mycotoxins in
Focus: Trends, Facts, and Effects”
conference on 12 March 2015
in the afternoon of second day
of VIV Asia 2015 at BITEC, inBangkok, Thailand, in partnership
with All About Feed, Pig Progress,
and VIV.
With i t s annua l B iomin
Mycotoxin Survey running
for over a decade, Biomin has
become the leading authority on
mycotoxins. The second edition
of the “Mycotoxins in Focus” con-
ference builds upon the success
of the inaugural edition held at
VIV Europe 2014 in Utrecht, The
Netherlands.The educational presenta-
tions from Biomin exper ts and
renowned academics from Asia
will provide new insights into
mycotoxin risk management, an
overview of developments on
mycotoxin occurrences in Asia
over the last decade, and their
effects on animal production.
The conference begins at 2pm
with opening remarks from Dr. Jan
Vanbrabant, Managing Director ofBiomin Asia Pacific. Dr Shu Guan of
Biomin Singapore will present key
points from the latest mycotoxin
survey, including trends in myco-
toxin occurrence and the prolifer-
ation of mycotoxins in feed and
feed raw materials in Asia.
Next, renowned industry
experts from Asia will deliver
species-specific presentations.
Dr Pariwat Poolperm, from
Kasetsar t Univeristy, Thailand,
wi l l d iscuss the economicimpact of mycotoxins in swine
farms. Prof Dr Charles Rangga
Tabbu from Universitas Gadjah
Mada, Indonesia, will present
on the common patholog-
ical lesions of mycotoxicosis in
poultry.
The presentations will be
followed by an open Q&A
session. The afternoon con-
ference will conclude with an
Austrian wine tasting.All VIV Asia 2015 delegates
are welcome to attend the con-
ference, and to visit the Biomin
booth J002 located in hall
102.
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Get more daily industry news at the
Aquaculturists
www.theaquaculturists.blogspot.com
4 | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED | March-April 2015
EWS
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BioMar launches new ORBIT diets to salmon smolt
farmed in recirculation systems
Anew generat ion of
BioMar’s ORBIT feed
concept targeting the
specific challenges of the pro-
duction of salmon smolt in
Rec i rcu la t ion Aquacul ture
Systems will become available
from the beginning of April.
Wi th the rap id expans ion
of recirculation systems used
for smolt production and even
in some cases for on-growing
of salmon BioMar has decided
to apply the successfu l ORBIT
concept to salmon feed and
launch a new range of ORBIT
products to salmon.
“BioMar’s ORBIT concept has
for long been the ultimate feedfor trout farming in Recirculation
Aquaculture Systems (RAS).
Fish farmers have praised it
for optimal feed performance
combined with optimal bio-filter
performance. Both contribute to
an increased biomass production
in farms with RAS and as a con-
sequence, an improved return
on investment,” says BioMar’s
Norwegian Product Manager
for fresh water diets Kristian Tuff
Carlsen.
The new diets focus on deliv-
ering high growth and an optimal
water quality with a minimal load
on the biofilter. This is achieved
mainly through a combination of
changes in the digestible energy
to protein ra tio, a perfec tl y
balanced and very precise amino-
acid profile and a careful selection
of raw materials.
The launch of the new product
range follows three years of
research and development with
tria ls performed in laborator ies
and recirculation farms in places
such as Norway, Denmark, and
Chile.Kristian Tuff Carlsen explains
that good water quality has been
a key success factor in the devel-
opment of the ORBIT diet for
salmon smolt and several changes
have been made compared
to standard die ts used in the
sector.
“The result is that we can both
reduce the nitrogen load and
the amount of organic matter in
the water column
and we make the
removal of faeces
in sludge cones
a n d m e c h a n -
ical filters easier.
This improves the
growth conditions
for the fish and
it increases the
capacity of the biofilter allowing
for a larger production,” he
says.
“Our researchers have refined
our raw material matrix to per-
fection to ensure that we have the
right information regards to the
amino acid profile and digestibility
for each raw material type. Andwe have identified within each
raw material type the specific
products which have the optimal
profile with regards to these
parameters, and at the same time
we have identified their potential
impact on the faeces’ structure.
This allows us to create a very
unique diet for smolt in recircu-
lation systems,” concludes Kristian
Tuff Carlsen.
The new diets are being pre-
sented to fish farmers with recir-
culation systems at customer
meetings during March with
the par tic ipa tion of rec ircula-
tion specia lis ts from BioMar’s
global recirculation team. In
September BioMar is again the
main sponsor for the NordicRAS workshop, which this year
takes place in Molde, Norway. The
workshop will gather recirculation
experts from the whole world
and Kristian Tuff Carlsen looks
forward to an event which is an
optimal forum for experience
sharing and networking between
farmers, researchers, and other
key persons within recirculation
aquaculture.
Skidmore College is the first liberal arts college in the state of
New York to achieve MSC certification
On March 12, Skidmore
College became the
first liberal arts college
in New York to achieve Marine
Stewardship Council (MSC) Chain
of Custody certification, the world’s
leading certification program for sus-
tainable, wild-caught seafood.
Skidmore’s Dining Services offersMSC certified sustainable seafood
in the full-service Murray-Aikins
Dining Hall, which serves more
than 4000 meals to students, faculty
and staff on a daily basis.
A variety of seafood is offered
weekly on the dining hal l
menus and includes MSC certi-
fied haddock, pollock, and cod.
Skidmore plans to add more
species of sustainable fish to the
menu in the future. Star ting today,MSC certified haddock and other
MSC certified species will be reg-
ularly featured on the Dining Hall
menu cycle .
MSC Chain of Custody certifica-
tion ensures that in every step of
the chain – from the fishers, to the
processor, to the distributor and the
end user – MSC certified seafood
is not mixed with or substituted
for non-certified seafood. It also
provides assurance that seafood
bearing the blue MSC ecolabel can
be traced back to a fishery that hasbeen certified as sustainable and
well-managed against the global, sci-
ence-based MSC standard.
Commitment tosustainability initiativesis key
“Sustainability is a key theme
in our dining facilities and we’re
committed to reducing impact on
the environment and increasing
sustainable initiatives,” said MarkMiller, director of Skidmore’s
Dining Services.
“MSC Chain of Custody certifi-
cation is a sign of our commitment
to sustainability. Skidmore’s Dining
Services believes that by obtaining
MSC certification, college students
and staff are able to contribute to
the health of the world’s oceans
by choosing seafood that can be
traced back to fisheries that have
achieved the MSC standard for
sustainable fishing.”
Skidmore Dining introduced MSCcertified seafood at Skidmore’s
fourth annual American Culinary
Federation (ACF) Conference
and Competition held in January.
The three-day event offered chefs
in the industry the opportu-
nity to participate in demonstra-
tions, educational sessions, and an
ACF-sanctioned culinary compe-
tition during which MSC certified
sea scallop samples were served
and Skidmore’s team won a goldmedal.
Additional sustainability initi-
atives led by Skidmore Dining
Services include composting
coffee-grounds, zero-sort recy-
cling, efforts to repurpose fryer
oil product as fuel, eliminating
trays from the din ing hal l, and
re-fillable water-bottle stations
that have saved the equivalent
of 171,816 bottles to date from
being used and discarded.
Culinary leadershiprewards sustainablefishing
“We congratulate Skidmore
College for their leadership
and efforts to recognize and
reward sustainable fishing prac-
tices through the achievement of
MSC Chain of Custody certifica-
tion,” said Geoff Bolan, MSC's US
program director.
“Skidmore Dining’s commit-
ment to offer seafood that hasbeen certified to the global, sci-
ence-based MSC standard,
will help to ensure sustainable
seafood for this and future gen-
erations.”
March-April 2015 | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED | 5
NEWS
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Problems with communications over the
festive season meant that we had to delay
our processes for our monthly award and
had to miss January.
February sees another unanimous approval for
Dr Anna Mercy, a professor at College of Fisheries,
Panangad since 1984 and there can be no doubting
that Dr Mercy has made a longstanding and signifi-
cant contribution in aquaculture with over 30 years
engagement in research and teaching.
Anna has spent invaluable time studying the
indigenous ornamental fishes of the Western Ghatsof India, originally starting her research with the
blind catfish, Horaglanis krishnai (Menon) but over
the years Anna is accepted as the ‘God Mother’ of
Miss Kerala (Puntius denisonii), considered the most
beautiful ornamental fish of the Western Ghats of
India. Dr Mercy with her team showed how Miss
Kerala could be successfully bred under captive
conditions.
Having successfully pioneered the development
of technology for raising 15 different species of
ornamental fish in the Ghats region Anna then
decided to initiate rural women in the breeding of these fish.
Her teaching obligations at the university did
not prevent Anna from developing a highly original
pioneering project to improve the living conditions
of the village of Kumbalam in the State of Kerala,
whose residents were daily wage earners. During
lean seasons where work was not available, the
families here would often struggle to even have
one square meal in a day, as is the case in most
circumstances.
Anna succeeded in convincing the Indian
Government Department of Technology to fund
five-day training to 20 women, teaching them all thedifferent aspects of this process, from the building
of aquariums to the production of food for the
fish. The training continued and many hundreds of
people have been able to be able to engage in this
opportunity.
Anna encouraged participants to start breed-
ing the fish in their own ponds and on their own
terraces and about 20 percent of those who are
trained establish aquariums in their own homes
and many others have started building molded
glass tanks. Aquarium keeping is a famous hobby
worldwide but its popularity has still not reached the majority of households of Kerala, however, for
a village such as Kumbalam where almost every
other house had a natural water body, there could
not have been a better area to be converted to an
ornamental fish village.
A report of this training states “the majority of
participants in this experiment earn an income of
around USD 100 per month thanks to the sale
of fish, aquariums and plants for aquariums or fish
food. Shops have been opened to sell fish and
accessories for aquariums, which increases local
income. The project has not only had a significant
financial impact, but has also had other positive side
effects. For instance numerous women suffering
from hypertension or asthma have acknowledged
the positive effects of this activity on their health.
There has also been a drastic decrease in domestic
violence and - especially important - most familiesnow send their girls to school. To insure the con-
tinued success of the project, participants receive
regular follow-up visits. Worldwide, ornamental fish
breeding is worth hundreds of millions and possibly
billions of US dollars and India could certainly turn
this into a significant source of income both for
individuals and the country.”
Through a series of popular articles, radio talks,
public talks in different seminars, television pro-
grams and training programs Anna generated an
interest among the rural people especially women
to adopt this activity. Her work on the socio
economic development of the rural population of
Kumbalam Panchayat, Ernakulam District of Kerala
saw her chosen as one of the eleven laureates of
the world in 2010 for her creativity in rural li fe by
World’s Women’s summit Foundation of Geneva
(WWSF).
Currently Anna has retired from the service of
College of Fisheries and working as a guest faculty
in Sacred Heart College, Thevera, Cochin in the
Department of Aquaculture and continuing her
passion in the field of ornamental fishes through
conducting training programs in ornamental fish
culture for the rural people.Our Executive Director, Roy Palmer, first met
Anna when the APC Conference was held in Kochi
in 2011 and last year he was able to listen to her
in Adelaide where she made a presentation at the
AwF Session ‘Finding livelihood through ornamental
fish culture – a success story from Kerala, India’.
At Jeju Anna is Co-Chairing the Ornamental Fish
sessions and may also be presenting a paper in the
Women in Aquaculture and Fisheries session so
look out for her there.
These awards are organised so that we recog-
nise achievements such as those accomplished byAnna not only covering aquaculture through her
research and technology and teaching but also in
other important issues such as poverty, gender and
promoting aquaculture as a solution in the world.
Congratulations Dr. T.V. Anna Mercy
Woman of the monthRoy Palmer, director, Aquaculturewithout Frontiers
Major Korean processor gains MSC
Chain of Custody certification,
launches new surimi product
Hansung Enterprise Co, Ltd, a seafood
processor based in Busan, South Korea,
has achieved Marine Stewardship
Council (MSC) Chain of Custody cer-
tification for sustainable, wild-caught
seafood.bit.ly/18IftNr
Mexican Southern Gulf of California
thread herring fishery enters MSC
assessment process
The Southern Gulf of California
thread herring (Opisthonema lib-
ertate, Opisthonema bulleri and
Opisthonema medirastre) fishery
located in Mexican territorial waters
has voluntarily entered the Marine
Stewardship Council’s (MSC) fullassessment process.
bit.ly/1MKgnIi
A regular look inside
the aquaculture
industry
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www.theaquaculturists.blogspot.com
Number crunching – Carp
67lb 14oz - The weight of Two
Tone, the UK’s biggest known carp
who died in 2010. - http://carp-uk.
net/forum/articles/carpfacts.htm
75lb - The largest reported grass
carp in Florida, USA.
1972 - The year Chinese grass carp
were imported and stocked into
Florida lakes as an experimental
effort to control hydrilla - http://
plants.ifas.ufl.edu/manage/control-
methods/biological-control/chinese-
grass-carp
114 - The amount of calories in
100 grams of Chinese grass carp
- http://www.fatsecret.com/calories-
nutrition/generic/chinese-grass-carp
March-April 2015 | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED | 7
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Dr Nigel Preston is the
Resear ch P rogram
Director for Aquaculture,
one of eight new programs in the recently created Agriculture
Flagship in the Austral ian
Commonwea l t h Sc i ent i f i c
Industrial Research Organisation
(CSIRO).
The restructure of CSIRO and
formation of the Agriculture
Flagship followed a reduction of
Aus$111 million to CSIRO in the
May 2014 federal budget, with sig-
nificant reduction in science and
support staff.
Dr Preston acknowledges that itis always difficult to meet the chal-
lenges of funding cuts, especially
the departure of close colleagues,
however, he and his research
team are determined to focus
on responding to the increasing
national and international demand
for aquaculture research and
development.
His research experience includes;
marine biology, marine ecology,
environmental management ofaquaculture and the develop-
ment and application of advanced
genetics and nutrition technolo-
gies in aquaculture.
He is an acknowledged world
authority in aquaculture and has
contributed to the sustainable
growth of aquaculture industries
in Australia and overseas. His pro-ficiency in assembling multidiscipli-
nary research teams to tackle key
research issues has been invaluable
in developing CSIRO’s research
portfolio and delivering realised
impacts to industry.
The programThe CSIRO Aquacul ture
Research Program covers a
large area within Australia, from
tropical aquaculture in the north
to temperate aquaculture in thesouth.
The program has also established
collaborative research partnerships
in many other countries.
The goal of the Program is to
transform the productivity, profita-
bility and sustainability of Australian
and global aquaculture industries
via whole of system collaborative
research. The Program integrates
capabilities in applied selective
breeding and quantitative genetics,molecular genetics bioinformatics
and genomics virology and immu-
nology, physiology and biology,
nutrition, nutrigenomics, feed tech-
nologies, microbiology, organic
chemistry, sensor based technology
and decision support systems.
At the World Aquaculture
meeting in Adelaide in June 2014,Dr Preston was honoured by
the World Aquaculture Socie ty
and made a Fellow of the
Society. Matt West, President of
the Australi an Prawn Farmer s
Association (APFA) said that
making Dr Preston a Fellow of
such an important body is a well-
deserved honour in recognition
of his contributions to Australian
and global aquaculture over the
last 25 years.
"Nigel has been at the fore-front of driving Australia's aquacul-
ture industry and his decades of
research work have encompassed
most aspects of the industry from
water quality to selecting brood-
stock. However the success of
recent commercial trials of the
new fish-meal-free feeds for
farmed prawns, the result of a
Aus$10 million CSIRO research
program headed by Nigel is a
standout achievement.”Nigel is rightly proud of leading
the CSIRO team that created the
Novacq prawn feed additive. The
research was a truly multidiscipli-
nary team effort.
Dr Brett Glencross turbo-
charged the research with his
comprehensive knowledge and
experience of feed technologies
and nutrition. Stuart Arnold and
Simon Irvin played critical roles in
testing the technology in China
and Vietnam. Andrew Chalmers
skillfully negotiated all aspects of
commercialising the Novacq tech-
nology. Every other member of
the team has also contributed to
the success of Novacq.
After 10 years of research,
the CSIRO team delivered the
Novacq technology.
Prawns (shrimp) fed withNovacq grow on average 20-30
percent faster, are healthier and
can be produced with no fish
products in their diet, a world-first
achievement in sustainability.
Major globalbreakthrough
Matt West considers that this
achievement by Nigel’s Program
in Australia is a major global break-
through in the prawn aquafeedindustry – something which is
viewed by the APFA as "a game
changer” that will deliver direct
benefits to the industry.
"This means that Australian
"Preston positive despite restructure"
- Australia responds to increasednational and international demand
for aquaculture technology despite
limited funding
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prawn aquaculture; already a
world leader in sustainability and
environmental management, is
now set to become even better,
and really solidifies aquaculture
as a sustainable source of protein
to help meet the ever growing
demand for food."
"When we are talking about
relieving pressure on our ocean
stocks of fish, every little bit helps.
Novacq will mean that the prawn
farming industry could poten-
tia lly no longer be rel iant on
wild-caught fishery products," Dr
Preston said.
Novacq is an entirely natural
food source based on the smallest
organisms in the marine envi-
ronment, the marine microbes
which are the foundation of the
marine food pyramid. Working on
understanding the natural marinemicrobial processes that occur in
prawn farm ponds and natural
marine estuaries, and the role of
microbes in prawn nutrition also
won the CSIRO team the prize
for the Environment, Agriculture
and Food category in The
Australian Innovation Challenge
in 2014.
Natural extension
Nigel sees his work as ResearchDirector of CSIRO’s Aquaculture
Program as a natural extension of
his career in science research and
management, with new challenges
in critical thinking and nurturing
partnerships that deliver practical
outcomes for aquaculture.
Research and industry part-
nerships have proven vital to Dr
Preston 's research in domesti-
cating the Black (Giant) Tiger
Prawn (Penaeus monodon) in
close collaboration with industryorganisations Gold Coast Marine
Aquaculture, Australian Prawn
Farms and Pacific Reef Fisheries,
is relieving the dependency of
Australian prawn farmers on wild
broodstock.
Subsequent genetic improve-
ments made through selective
breeding have improved repro-
ductive performance by 200
percent and doubled the harvest
yields of domesticated farmedprawns.
Australia is a minor player in
the global business of prawn pro-
duction, accounting for around
4500 of the three million tonnes
produced annually. The country is
a net importer of seafood (and
prawns) but, looking at the bigger
picture, Preston realises a rising
global population and greater
demand than ever for protein
that can be produced sustain-
ably, seafood is growing in impor-
tance.
“Although the Australian aqua-
culture industry is small by global
standards it has an excellent rep-
utation for sustainably producing
high quality seafood. There is
growing awareness the oppor-
tuni ty for a step-change in the
sustainable growth of Australian
aquaculture and to respond to
the increasing global demand for
advanced aquaculture knowledge
and technology.”
Novel technologyThe success of Novacq has high-
lighted the opportunity for the
development of novel Australian
aquaculture technology and
products for global markets.
In responding to this opportu-
nity it will be important to work
with effective commercialisation
partners.
An excellent example is Ridley
Agri-Products, the Australian
licensee for Novacq, who havealready enhanced the efficiency
and effectiveness of the tech-
nology for Australian and global
markets. Likewise, the commer-
cialisation partners in Vietnam,
China and other major prawn
farming countries are helping to
obtain maximum market pene-
tration via exclusive licenses.
Preston says “The CSIRO
Aquaculture Program is cur-
rently working a portfolio of new
technologies to fur ther enhanceadvances in; applied selective
breeding technology, reducing the
impacts of disease, relieving the
pressure on wild harvest fisheries
and sustainably enhancing pro-
duction efficiency.“
The business model that CSIRO
operates in today is so very dif-
ferent to the old days when
they were solely financed by the
Australian Government.
Commentators have highlighted that prior to the latest cut-backs
the CSIRO operated under a
matrix management system that
is overly complex. They claim it is
more or less bound to maximise
both the scale of the manage-
ment process and the number of
its management personnel and its
major characteristic is a diffusion
of the lines of responsibility.
There are multiple reporting
avenues that vastly increase the
time a scientist spends on bureau-
cracy rather than research. Whilst
governance is essential much of
the paperwork shuffl ing is not
necessarily conducive to good
and original research an adds to
the cost burdens.
The operation of the matrix
system with its inputs and outputs
and themes and streams and flag-
ships and business units and the
like would be a nightmare to the
CSIRO’s staff, let alone to poten-
tial c lients that have to deal with
and negotiate with the organisa-
tion.
Changing financescauses comments
The changing financial environ-
ment caused comments from
financial media who raised the
issue some time ago that CSIRO
is no longer as independent and
unbiased as it once was due to it
having to obtain external funding
and suggesting that its advice
might be compromised.Conflicts, however, are not nec-
essary an issue as long as there is
good transparency.
Whilst Australia still has good
intellectual capability in its aqua-
culture research area the finance
streams for industry to connect
with are becoming drought like
and when funding is available the
paper war that ensues can be
overly costly.
Many industry operators have
indicated frustration as theysay that Fisheries Research &
Development Corporat ion
(FRDC), a co-funded partner-
ship between the Australian
Government and the fishing
industry (commercial wild catch,
aquaculture, recreational and
indigenous) program is also
locked down in bureaucracy and
when you add the criticism men-
tioned above regarding CSIRO it
has become very difficult for smallbusiness to get direct access to
the needed expertise.
Another major complaint from
business has been the overall
aversion to risk.
Added to all this negativity
there has been a feeling in univer-
sity circles that the very presence
of the CSIRO was cutting them
out of their natural constituency
of pure research and that FRDC
are controlling who is awarded
the funding for various research
projects.
CRC falls short on vitalrole outcomes
Furthermore, The Australian
Seafood Cooperative Research
Centre (CRC) which started
in 2007 is in its last months of
existence. According to doc-
uments from the Australian
Government’s Senate Legislation
Committee this CRC aimed to
play a vital role in the seafood
industry by developing technol-
ogies to improve productivityand quality in the high-end of the
market, and delivering improve-
ment the entire value-chain.
Based on the planned seven year
investment of Aus$160 million
which included significant industry
cash contributions of Aus$37
million the CRC projected deliv-
ering a NPV of Aus$1.05 billion
over 12 years.
Whils t the CRC has under-
taken and suppor ted over 400projects during its existence it will
not go close to the NPV it pro-
jected.
Whilst there can be no doubt
that some sectors have profited
from engagement it would be
taking a very long bow to suggest
that is has played ‘a vital role in
the seafood industry’ during its
existence. At the grass roots end
of the industry there has been
minimal change and from a con-
sumers perspective it wouldbe hard to suggest any massive
improvements in the offering.
So in this atmosphere there can
be no doubts about Preston and
the work he and his team have
done at CSIRO. They have been
a shining light considering the dif-
ficulties relating to funding and
industry engagement have been
a constant.
Dr Nigel Preston wil l be
International Chair of the ShrimpGenet ics , Broodstock and
Hatchery Management Session
at the World Aquaculture 2015
Conference & Trade Show in Jeju,
Korea in May 2015.
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Extrusionof aquafeeds
But extrusion is a very complexprocess – and we only have
“indirect” control over that
process. That is, we have full
control over some variables – eg screw
speed and amount of water added. But
there are other inputs over which we have
“limited” control. For example, we specify
a formulation, and within limits we control
the specifications of ingredients that go into
it – but ingredients do vary, so our process
needs to cope with “normal variation”. We
set up the extruder and die to a known con-
figuration – but the machine and the die-plate
wears, so that over time the process changes.
In addition, we never get just one param-
eter changing during extrusion – if ingre-
dients vary, it doesn’t just change the final
product composition – it changes the rheol-
ogy of the mix and therefore changes how
the melt moves through the extruder and
the die, which in turn affects the residence
time and temperature developed in the melt,
which changes degree of cook and expan-
sion – and therefore affects digestibility andfloating/sinking characteristics. Within this
complex relationship, we need to achieve
consistency – of nutrition, of digestibility, of
physical characteristics. It is the cumulative
effect of these parameters which ultimately
determine the feed conversion ratio (FCR)for the product.
So to use extrusion effectively – and take
full advantage of the opportunities offered
by the technology – the extrusion process
needs to be properly understood. This article
discusses just a couple of the issues relating to
successful extrusion of aquafeeds.
Extrusion chemistry &aquafeed ingredients
In the area of ingredients, the aquafeeds
industry faces a series of contradictions.
Marine meals provide the best nutritionalbasis, but are increasingly difficult to obtain
and are therefore expensive. Selected plant
sources of protein can provide required
proteins, but tend to come with fibre and
starch which can interfere with the extru-
sion process and affect digestibility. We
generally require very high fat (energy) con-
tents in the feeds – but high fat levels are a
problem in extrusion. Following are some
basics of “extrusion chemistry” that relate
to the way we design aquafeed extrusion
processes:
by Gordon Young, FoodStream Pty Ltd, Australia and Dennis Forte, Dennis Forte & Associates, Australia
Extrusion technology provides a number of major benefits over the more traditional
pellet milling processes commonly used for aquaculture feeds. In particular, extrusion
can provide a much higher degree of control over the “cook” achieved, as well as better
control of the product density (therefore controlling the floating/sinking characteristics).
Figure 1
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StarchMany fish species do not tolerate starch –
especially uncooked starch. But starch comes
with many of the alternative plant-based
protein ingredients. Also starch can be an
important “binder” to help achieve pellet
durability.
Firstly, realise that starch does not truly
“gelatinise” during extrusion – there is not
enough water present for the swelling and
unravelling of granules that characterise the
gelatinisation reaction. In addition, the starch
is easily damaged by excessive “shear” during
extrusion. So we promote conditions that
will “cook” the starch – achieving sufficient
temperature with sufficient water, and with
sufficient time, but without excessive shear
– therefore use of a preconditioner can be a
major advantage.
Another option – if we require starch for
pellet binding – is to choose a starch that
cooks and binds more effectively at a lower temperature – such as use of tuber starches
instead of grain starches. Therefore effective
selection of both the source and the amount
of starch can be used to optimise the pro-
cessing and nutritional characteristics of the
product formulation.
ProteinDuring extrusion, the protein dena-
tura tion reaction is not unl ike that of
starch – that is, with respect to good“functional” protein (here referring to
protein functionality from a physical, rather
than nutritiona l, perspective). The globu-
lar proteins unravel and, under the right
conditions (optimal moisture content and
temperature), can cross- link. Therefore
“functional” protein contributes to binding
and pellet durability. But many of the tra-
ditional fish meals, while good nutritionally,
contain denatured protein, and contribute
little to the “binding” function.So while the scarcity of traditional
marine proteins (eg fish meals) is an
issue for nutritional balance, the sub-
stitution of “functional” plant proteins
can have the added benefit of assisting
pellet durability – as long as the process
promotes rather than destroys that
functionality (temperature and shear not
excessive).
Figure 2
March-April 2015 | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED | 11
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Effect of Density on Sink / Float
Pellet Behaviour Sea Water (3% Salt) Fresh Water
Fast Sinking 640 g/L > 600 g/L
Slow Sinking 580 to 600 g/L 540 to560 g/L
Neutral Bouyancy 520 to 540 g/L 480 to 520 g/L
Floating < 480 g/L < 440 g/L
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15/68March-April 2015 | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED | 13
FEATURE
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Wheat proteinshigh quality proteins for aquaculture feedsby Dr Emmanuelle Apper, MSc Aurélien Feneuil, Dr Frédérique Respondek Tereos, Innovation department
Many fish feed producers now formulate low fishmeal
diets. To ensure high growth performance, the use of
high quality alternative protein is then required. Both
Vital and Hydrolysed Wheat Gluten are high quality
proteins. While they don’t exhibit the same behaviour at extrusion,
they can both ensure good physical quality of pellets and high level
of growth performance with high nitrogen and energy retention.
Additionally, Vital and Hydrolysed Wheat Gluten may have some
functional health benefits at gut level, especially by stimulating gut
cell proliferation and antioxidative system without damaging gut
structure.
Intensive production of farmed fish fed with compound feeds has
increased greatly, mainly due to the growth of aquaculture production,
but also because it is the most efficient way of production (Olsen
and Hasan, 2012). In such feeds, Fish Meal (FM) used to be the major
source of proteins, especially for marine fish and salmonids (Tacon et
al., 2011). Nevertheless, because of the limited amount of available FM
on the market, its impact on the environment and marine diversity, and
its increasing price, its utilisation has been progressively reduced in the
formulation of diets.
In order to achieve a low FM incorpora-
tion (below 10 percent in formula) with-
out impairing growth performance, activeresearch was conducted on plant proteins
(PP), which represent an interesting alterna-
tive to FM. In this context, many studies
were undertaken to evaluate the effects
of replacing FM with different types of PP,
tested one by one or in mixture, on fish
growth and health. Among the tested PP
being considered to replace FM, Wheat Proteins (WP), including Vital
Wheat Gluten (VWG) and Hydrolysed Wheat Gluten (HWG) are
easily available PP sources that have given very promising results from
technological, nutritional and health points of view.
Vital and Hydrolysed Wheat Gluten exhibit different behaviour inextrusion and both proteins allow obtaining pellets of high physical
quality
VWG has already been described elsewhere (Apper-Bossard et al.,
2013) as an effective binder in fish feed, imparting good mechanical
properties (i.e. durability and hardness) to the fish feed pellets as well
as good water stability. Moreover, increased VWG inclusion rate in
replacement of soy protein concentrate results in decreasing extruder
motor load. Indeed, extrusion behaviour of 2 commercial salmon
feed diets has been explored both at small scale (Application Centre,
Tereos, Marckolsheim, France) and at a fish feed Technology Centre
(scale-up; Nofima, Fana, Norway). One diet contained 10 percent
VWG and the other 20 VWG. The two diets were extruded in the
same processing conditions. This resulted in a lower motor load (i.e.
torque) for 20 percent VWG compared to 10 percent VWG (36
percent versus 41 percent motor load). Higher inclusion of VWG
in formulation leads to a decrease in motor load due to the lowerwater holding capacity of VWG compared to soy protein concentrate
(Draganovic et al., 2011).
The technological properties of HWG had not yet been reported
in the literature while VWG and HWG have different impacts on
extruder system parameters, especially on motor load and pressure
at the die. Indeed, replacing 25 percent of Crude Protein (CP) of a
FM diet by either VWG or HWG (Voller et al., in preparation) results
in lower motor load with HWG (283 and 376 Nm with HWG and
VWG respectively). The higher effect of VWG on the motor load
can be attributed to the higher water holding capacity (table 1) of this
ingredient (1.5 g of water/g) compared to HWG (0.6 g of water/g).
The reduction in motor load can be seen as a direct process advantage
allowing reduction of energy consumption during extrusion (Specific
Mechanical Energy reduced from 65 to 50 Wh/kg). An alternative is torun the HWG diet at the same motor load as the VWG diet with the
potential to increase the extrusion capacity.
Wheat Proteins: Amino acid profile Wheat proteins are a source of functional amino acids, especially
Table 1: Water Holding Capacity (WHC) of different vegetable proteins
Amytex® (VWG) Solpro 508® (HWG)Soy Protein
Concentrate (Imcosoy62, Imcopa)
WHC in g of water/g ofcommercial product (Mean
+/- Standard Deviation)1,5 +/- 0,0 0,6 +/- 0,0 3,0 +/- 0,0
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sulphur amino acids and leucine. They contain rather low levels of
lysine, tryptophan, and arginine meaning that they should be comple-
mented with these amino acids when used at high level in formulae.
Several experiments showed WP can successfully replace a large part
of FM when diets are supplemented with free lysine in salmonids
(Davies et al., 1997).
WPs contain a relatively high concentration of sulphur-containing
amino acids, due to the numerous di-sulphur bonds (1.8 percent CP
of methionine and 2.6 percent CP of cysteine), whereas PP sources
are generally low in sulphur-containing amino acids. For instance, soy-
bean meal and soy protein concentrate respectively contain 1.4 and
1.3 g/100 g CP of methionine and 1.3 and 1.4 g/100 g CP of cysteine.
Furthermore, WPs are high in leucine, with about 7.9 g/100 g CP.
Leucine is considered as the main amino acid triggering muscle protein
synthesis and inhibiting proteolysis in mammals (Li et al., 2009) and
probably in fish. Indeed, in different species, amino acids regulate the
TOR signalling pathway (Seilliez et al., 2008). Furthermore, supple-
menting media containing 0.6 mM leucine with an additional 2.5 mM
leucine reduced rates of protein degradation in rainbow trout primary
myocytes by 8 percent (Cleveland, 2010).
WPs are also rich in glutamine: from 35 to 40 percent CP.
Glutamine is a major substrate for all rapidly proliferating cells andplays an important role in maintaining intestinal trophicity (Verlhac-
Trichet, 2010). In addition, glutamine is one of the most important
energy substrates of enterocytes. Free glutamine significantly increases
enterocyte and microvilli length in catfish gut (Pohlenz et al., 2012),
hybrid striped bass (Cheng et al., 2012), and juvenile hybrid sturgeon
(Zhu et al., 2011). Glutamine also constitutes a major substrate for
immune cells, thus modulating immune response (Verlhac-Trichet,
2010; Zhu et al., 2011; Cheng et al., 2012). Moreover, glutamine
plays a role in eliminating free radicals as it acts as a precursor for glu-
tathione synthesis (Wu, 1998). Such effects are reported for juvenile
hybrid sturgeon (Zhu et al., 2011) and hybrid striped bass (Cheng et
al., 2012). Glutamine has proven to stimulate muscle synthesis in ter-restrial vertebrates but such results are not available for fish. However,
dietary glutamine supplementation increases growth performance in
juvenile hybrid sturgeon (Qiyou et al., 2011) and in hybrid striped bass
(Cheng et al., 2012).
Effects of wheat proteins on growth performanceBecause of its high digestibility and its absence of anti-nutritional
factors, replacement of a large proportion of FM with VWG results
in similar growth performance and fish composition whatever the
species are. The apparent CP digestibility of VWG is high, between
March-April 2015 | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED | 15
FEATURE
Figure 1: Nitrogen apparent digestibility of a fish-meal baseddiet where fish meal is replaced from 0 to 75% by hydrolysed
wheat gluten (HWG), on a Crude Protein basis. Nitrogenapparent digestibility curvilinearly increases with increasing
HWG in diet.
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92 and 98.5 percent (Apper-Bossard et al., 2013). In rainbow trout,
VWG successfully substitutes more than 50 percent FM providing
diets supplemented with lysine without affecting protein and lipid
composition of the carcasses (Davies et al., 1997). Furthermore, the
inclusion of 14.5 percent VWG in diets does not adversely affect
the flavour of fillets (Skonberg et al., 1998). In Atlantic salmon, the
replacement of 35 percent FM with VWG without supplementing by
lysine results in similar final body weight and growth (Storebakken
et al., 2000). These authors estimate the replacement of FM withVWG without amino acid supplementation can go up to 50 percent
based on the amount and the availability of lysine in VWG and on
the requirement of fi sh.
In European sea bass, substituting more than 50 percent FM with
VWG does not impair palatability, growth performance, and nitrogen-
energy retention (Tibaldi et al., 2003). In gilthead sea bream, the
use of 88 percent CP from VWG not only successfully replaced FM
but also produced better growth and feed conversion ratio, prob-
ably related to higher protein and energy intake of fish (Allan et al.,
2000). In Nile tilapia fed with diets differing in their protein sources,
the highest growth is reported for VWG, FM, and soybean extract
diet. In shrimp, results are scarce but the replacement of up to 20
percent marine protein with VWG does not significantly affect feedefficiency and growth performance (Molina-Povida et al., 2004; Tereos i
nternal data).
HWG also seems promising in aquaculture feeds as it results in high
growth performance. CP digestibility of HWG has recently been meas-
ured. It is very high and further increases with higher HWG inclusion
rate in FM-diet for rainbow trout (figure 1; Apper et al., 2014). Recent
studies on juvenile hybrid sturgeon show that the replacement of 1 to
5 percent of soy protein concentrate by 1 to 5 percent of HWG in a
diet containing animal and plant proteins significantly increases growth
performance (Qiyou, 2011). The use of 12.5 to 50 percent CP of
HWG to replace high quality FM does not modify growth performance
and feed efficiency in rainbow trout (Apper et al., 2014). In the sameexperiment, authors compared energy and nitrogen retention obtained
with either VWG or HWG. Nitrogen retention was similar for the 2
protein sources, with very low metabolic losses of nitrogen (35.1 and
43.4 kg/ton of fish produced for HWG and VWG respectively). Energy
retention was higher with HWG than with VWG.
Effects of wheat proteins on guthealth and microbiota
Compared to a fishmeal-based diet, the use of Wheat Proteins
does not damage gut morphology and microbiota. In Rainbow trout,
the replacement of up to 50 percent high quality FM by either VWG
or HWG results in no modification of gut structure (figures 2 and
3; Apper et al., 2014). Indeed, no areas of necrosis were observed
in enterocytes, all appearing uniform, regular, and healthy. Microvilli
observations confirmed such results, all microvilli being packed andshowing the same density. Similarly, in the same study, microbiota was
not significantly different between FM, HWG and VWG diets, with a
predominance of Firmicutes. Richness, OTUs, and diversity of micro-
biota were not different across treatments, suggesting that replacing up
to 50 percent of high quality FM by WP is without consequence for
gut health. Such results are typical of wheat proteins as soy-proteins
or pea proteins have been demonstrated to impair gut morphology or
microbiota at high inclusion rates (Mc Kellep Bakke et al., 2007; Penn
et al., 2011).
In soy-based diets, the inclusion of hydrolysed wheat proteins mod-
ulates gut function and morphology, the anti-oxidative system, and the
non-specific immune system. The replacement from 1 to 5 percent of
soy protein concentrate in a diet based on 20 percent FM, 20 percentsoybean meal, eight percent corn gluten meal and 10 percent blood
meal increased digestive enzyme activities and fold heights, modulated
non-specific immune response and stimulated anti-oxidative status
(Qiyou et al., 2011; Zhu et al., 2011). Interestingly, in these studies,
the results of 3 percent of HWG inclusion were equivalent to results
obtained when authors added one percent free glutamine in the soy
protein concentrate diet. Such results suggest that HWG may have a
bioactive role, by acting on highly proliferative cells or by saving energy
as a glucose precursor.
Due to their technological and nutritional properties, Vital and
Hydrolysed Wheat Gluten already appear as high value protein sources
for fish feeds. Furthermore, new insights on gut morphology, micro-biota and health highlight a potential functional role of these proteins
on the antioxidative system and on digestive enzyme activity and reveal
that wheat proteins do not disturb carnivorous fish microbiota signifi-
cantly. Further research is needed to confirm these functional benefits
and to fully understand the underlying mechanisms.
16 | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED | March-April 2015
EATURE
Figure 2. Posterior intestine of rainbow trout fed with adiet containing only fish meal (FMC), 50% hydrolysedwheat gluten, 50% vital wheat gluten, or a blend of
hydrolysed and vital wheat gluten, on a crude proteinbasis (electronic microscopy, × 900). No large areas ofnecrosis whatever the treatment. Enterocytes appear
uniform, regular and healthy.
Figure 3. Microvilli of posterior intestine ofrainbow trout fed with a diet containing only fish
meal (FMC), 50% hydrolysed wheat gluteTable1Formulation and compositions of experimentaldiets (%).tein basis (electronic microscopy, × 20
000). Microvilli are uniform and densely packed forall treatments.
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A survey made at the end of an aqua industry forum
meeting in Vietnam last year has shown that for 63
percent of the participants, the most limiting challenge
for developing aquaculture was health and disease
management. Indeed, in recent years, we have seen numerous
diseases appearing and impacting aquaculture production, such
as WSSV and EMS in shrimp, or Infectious Salmon Anemia
(ISA) in salmonids. Working around the classic Host-Pathogen-Environment triad, new technologies and management techniques
have been developed to better control diseases in aquatic
animals: vaccination, which has led to the decrease of antibiotic
use in salmonids; biosecurity procedures in hatcheries and in
farms; biofloc technology. All of these technologies have proven
successful. Their further development and expanded use will
certainly improve the way aquatic animals are farmed.
Another strategy is to increase the health of the animal through
feeding, and this magazine might be a good place to discuss it. Well
balanced diets can certainly improve the health status of a fish or a
shrimp, but in some challenging conditions, like a pathogen infection,
the use of immune stimulants can be required to enhance theresponse of the immune system.
When studying immune stimulation, it is important to understand
that the immune system of aquatic animals differs not only between
theirs and the mammalian one but also between teleost and
crustacean. Fish are the first group in which a specific immune
system appears in the evolutionary tree. The fish immune system
therefore has a greatly inferior performance to that of mammals
(see Tort et al 2003). It is less specific, less sensitive and has only
oneclass of antibodies (IgM). Fish being poikilothermic animals, it is
highly dependent on temperature, low temperature slowing down
the immune response up to 10 to 12 weeks. Fish rely by then more
on their non-specific immune system (also called innate immunity) tofight against pathogens. The innate immune system recognises non-
self molecules that could be of foreign origin - also called pathogen
associated molecular patterns (PAMP) - and molecular patterns
exposed though damage to the host. These patterns are recognised
by germline-encoded pattern recognition receptors (PRR) or pattern
recognition proteins (PRP). These molecular patterns can be for
example peptidoglycans and lipopolysaccharides from bacteria cell
walls, fungal b1, 3-glucan, viral double-stranded RNA and bacterial
DNA (see Magnadottir 2006 for an overview of fish innate immunity).
Fish innate immunity starts with first barrier defences such as mucus;
it traps pathogens and includes lysozymes, antibacterial peptides
which can eliminate pathogens. Neutrophils and macrophages are
key cells of the innate immune complex as they can phagocytosepathogens (a mechanism which is not temperature dependent) and
release Reactive Oxygen species, which are toxic to pathogens.
Completing this cellular response, the humoral response implicates
the synthesis and release of antimicrobial components.
In shrimp, where the picture is even simpler as they rely only on
innate immunity, we find the same type of mechanisms in place as
in fish with phagocytosis performed by granulocytes (a specific form
of the blood hemocyte cells) and humoral response. However the
most effective mechanism of invertebrates (as arthropods) is cellular
melanotic encapsulation. This requires the combination of circulating
hemocytes and several associated proteins of the prophenoloxidase
(proPO) activating system. Recognition of PAMPs such as LPS and
β-1, 3 glucans by PRPs is an essential step for the activation of theproPO cascade (Amparyup et al 2013).
Stimulation of the innate immune system, which would enhance
the speed and the effect of the immune response, is therefore
possible by mimicking the effect of PAMP on PRR and PRP. In
that regard, beta glucans have been studied for a long time in
aquaculture and seem ‘the ideal’ immune stimulant in aquaculture
(see Meena et al 2013 and Ringo et al 2012) as they can specifically
activate macrophages in fish and the proPO cascade in shrimp.
Parietal fractions, such as Safmannan® are extracted from
a selected Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain respecting strict EU
manufacturing control standards. They contain beta glucans,
mannan oligosaccharides that are all activators of the immunesystem (Song et al 2014).
Earlier internal trials have shown that yeast cell walls and parietal
fractions have different effects in mycotoxin binding and immunity
in aquatic animals. Indeed several trials done at the Hellenic Center
for Marine Research in Greece have shown that yeast fraction
Immunostimulationin aquatic animalsby Philippe Tacon, global aquaculture manager, Phileo
18 | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED | March-April 2015
EATURE
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maintained. Fish were fed to apparent satiation twice daily at 08:00
and 15:00 for 72 days.
At the end of the treatment period fish were anesthetsed, weighed
and viscera and blood were sampled. Intestine samples from the FM,
Y0, Y4 and Y5 groups were removed from 2 fish in each replicate tankat the end of trial (12 fish per treatment) and processed for histology
analysis (H & E staining). Morphological parameters associated with
SBM-induced enteritis of anterior and distal intestines, including the
height of mucosal folds (HMF), width of mucosal folds, lamina propria
and connective tissue were quantified.
After all samples were taken, 40 fish of each treatment (6–7 fish
per tank) were divided into 2 groups and transferred into a still water
system with temperature at 26 ± 1 °C. The fish were fed as before and
recovered from weighing and sampling stress by a 2-week acclimation.
Then they were challenged by intramuscular injection with Aeromonas
veronii (CGMCC No. 4274) at 8 × 104 cells/100 g body weight. Ten
fish from each tank were sampled for plasma immune parameters two days after challenge and the others (20 fish per treatment) were
recorded for 7-day cumulative survival rate without any food.
This study showed a lower growth of SBM diets as expected
compared to HFM diets, but an even lower growth with the 500g/T
treatment, and a much better growth at 2000 g/T (Fig1). These results
can be correlated to a wider width of mucosal folds in anterior and
distal intestinal in SBM diets compared to HFM diets suggesting a
negative effect of these diet on intestinal health, and also to a higher
height of mucosal folds in the 2000 g/T group (Fig1). This suggests that
Safmannan® at 2000 g/T was able to compensate the negative effect
of soybean meal and increase gut health leading to a better growth.
The study also shows that IgM levels were significantly elevated
after the bacterial challenge in the diet containing parietal fractionsat 500g/T (Fig2) indicating a strong immune stimulation. The levels
decrease as the yeast parietal fraction concentration is increased
showing a potential fatigue of the immune system. This is confirmed
by the survival of the fish after the challenge. The optimum dosage
was 500g/T of Safmannan®, whereas higher dosage did not improve
survival. Remarkably, we can see this optimum dosage for immune
stimulation was also the one giving the lowest growth, confirming
hypothesis that the strong stimulation of the immune system is at the
expense of the growth potential of the fish.
This study highlights the duality of role of parietal fractions in fish
depending on the dosage and feed composition: they can be used
either as gut health enhancer (high dosage) or immune enhancer (lowdosage).
Formulators and farmers can benefit from using this efficient
and sustainable solution against pathogens but they need to choose
quality products and work with proper (and proven) dosages and
administration durations.
20 | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED | March-April 2015
EATURE
Figure 1 growth and intestinal health parameters inJapanese seabass following a treatment with yeast parietalfractions. Values with different subscripts are significantly
different (P
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Born and bred from the Aquaculture sector in order to
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alleviation of poverty through small-scale aquaculture,
Aquacultur