Post on 14-Jun-2015
Manner of Articulation
Mazhar Iqbal Ranjha
ENGLISH SOUNDS (PHONEMES)
Consonants
•Vowels
Glottal states
OBSTRUENTS
APPROXIMANTS
Manner of Articulation
stops
• Complete closure of articulation
• Airstream cannot escape through the mouth
Types of stops
• Oral• Soft palate is raised• Airstream obstructed
in the mouth• Pressure built up
behind obstruction• Small burst of sound
when air released
• Nasal• Soft palate is lowered• Air stopped in oral cavity• No pressure
• No burst
fricatives
• No complete stop
• Friction is there
Affricates
Brief stopping of airstream and with an obstructed release
English Consonants chartvoiceless voiced
Manner of articulation
Place of articulation
bilabiallabio-dental
inter-dental
alveolar palatal velar glottal
stop p b_____ _____
t d_____
k g_____
fricative_____
f v θ ð s z ʃ ʒ_____ _____
affricate _____ _____ _____ _____ ʧ ʤ _____ _____
flap _____ _____ _____ ɾ _____ _____ _____
nasal m _____ _____ n _____ ŋ _____
liquidlat. _____ _____ _____ l
r
_____ _____ _____
retr.
glide w _____ _____ _____ j _____ h
Notes
• Consonant sounds are generally assumed to be:
pulmonic egressive
oral
central
Consonant Dimensions: Summary
[t] [j]
1. Airstream Mechanism pulmonic egressive p.e.
2. Phonation Type voiceless voiced
3. Place of Articulation alveolar palatal
4. Aperture stop approx.
5. Retroflexion non-retroflex non-retro
6. Nasality oral oral
7. Laterality central central
vowels
Less constriction than approximant
Vowel Dimensions• Vowel articulations can be characterized along four
dimensions:
1. Height (of tongue body)
• high, mid, low
2. Front-back (of tongue body)
• front, central, back
3. Roundedness (of lips)
• rounded vs. unrounded
4. “Tenseness”
• tense/lax
Other Vowel Features• Rounding:
• are pronounced with rounded lips
• the other English vowels are not
• “Tenseness”
• a “tense” vowel is closer to the edge of the vowel space
• a “lax” vowel is closer to the center
• Ex: [i] is tense, is not.
• Tense/lax distinctions:
• found predominately in Germanic languages
• are very hard for non-native speakers of English to hear
The Cardinal Vowels
• A set of 8 reference vowels
• Brainchild of English Phonetician Daniel Jones
(1881-1967)
• “Cardinal Vowels can only be learnt from a teacher who knows how to make them or from a gramophone record or tape record.”
Lineage• Henry Sweet taught phonetics to Daniel Jones.
• Daniel Jones taught David Abercrombie.
• David Abercrombie taught Peter Ladefoged.
• Peter Ladefoged taught Sarah Dart.
• Sarah Dart taught me.
• I am teaching you.
The Cardinal Vowels
• So let’s learn about the Cardinal Vowels.
• Two “anchor” vowels:
• [i] - Cardinal Vowel 1 - highest, frontest vowel possible
• - Cardinal Vowel 5 - lowest, backest vowel possible
• Remaining vowels are spaced at equal intervals of frontness and height between the anchor vowels.
• Note: [u] - Cardinal Vowel 8 - may serve as a third anchor as the highest, backest, roundest vowel possible
English cardinal Vowels
Cardinal Vowel Diagram
o
Secondary Cardinal Vowels
Tense vs. Lax• There are five lax vowels in English.
Tense Lax
heed hid
hayed head
who’d hood
hod hud
had
• The lax vowels cannot appear at the end of a syllable.
• They also often have a offglide.
• Lastly: they are shorter than their tense counterparts.
Thank you
(1-28-09) 2-2-09 LING3330 25