BBNAN04000 Angol fonológia ea. / English Phonology …¡vosfonó... · - manner of articulation:...
Transcript of BBNAN04000 Angol fonológia ea. / English Phonology …¡vosfonó... · - manner of articulation:...
phonetics: physical properties of speech sounds:
- articulatory (speech production)
- acoustic: spectrograms:
e.g., the articulatory classification of RP
vowels:
- manner of articulation:
monophthongs vs. diphthongs (vs.
triphthongs)
long vs. short
- place of articulation:
tongue position (tongue height +
frontness/backness)
lip position
Gimsonian IPA symbols for the vowels of RP:
Front
(All
spread)
Central
(All
spread)
Back
Spread Rounded
High
(Close)
Tense
Lax
Mid Mid-
high
Mid-
low
Low (Open)
Notes to the vowel symbols:
1. for long monophthongs: /i, u, , , /
2. in diphthongs only: /a/
3. In English (phonetic) short-long pairs, there
is always a difference in quality, too:
short
vowel
long
vowel
sin // - seen //
pull // - pool //
pot // - port //
hum // - harm //
an // - earn // !
Diphthongs:
acc. to
direction
Closing diphthongs Centring
diph.
acc. to
distance
in /-/ (fronting)
in /-/
(backing)
in /-/
Narrow
Wide -
Functional (= phonological) classes:
in what position?
- full vs. weak: reduction under zero stress, all
full vowels -> , e.g., Japan-Japanese,
Hungarian-Hungary, famous-infamous
Functional (= phonological) classes:
in what position?
- full vs. weak: reduction under zero stress, all
full vowels -> , e.g., Japan-Japanese,
Hungarian-Hungary, famous-infamous
- r-influence: bee-beer, sky-lyre (breaking), cat-
car, bid/put/but/bet-bird/purr/Bert
(broadening)
- tense vs. lax: e.g., ~ : vain ~ vanity, ~ :
receive ~ reception, ~ : crime ~ criminal,
~ : tone ~ tonic
Phonetics vs. phonology
phonological vs. phonetic length
the case of (ash!): phonetics: long;
phonology: short (word-finally, "plain lax")
The basics of phonology
- sound inventory (universal/particular,
markedness, implications)
- distribution of sounds, possible combinations
(phonotactics)
The basics of phonology
- sound inventory (universal/particular,
markedness, implications)
- distribution of sounds, possible combinations
(phonotactics)
- processes (alternations)
The basics of phonology
- sound inventory (universal/particular,
markedness, implications)
- distribution of sounds, possible combinations
(phonotactics)
- processes (alternations)
that is, rules and representations
possible relations between two (or more)
phones: do they contrast?
(i) correspond to different phonemes:
distinctive / contrastive units
minimal pairs: pit – bit, right – wrote
minimal sets: pit, pat, pet, put, putt, pot
identical or at least overlapping distribution
possible relations between two (or more)
phones: do they contrast?
(i) correspond to different phonemes
(ii) allophones: conditioned variation:
complementary distribution predictable phonetic variants, nondistinctive/noncontrastive,
redundant, conditioned/positional variants, physical
realisations
allophony / allophonic variation
phonetic vs. phonemic representation:
[] vs. // <pig>
[] vs. // <pill>
// in [] vs. [] <bead> vs. <beat>
(phonetic shortening of vowels: "clipping")
possible relations between two (or more)
phones: do they contrast?
(i) correspond to different phonemes
(ii) allophones: conditioned variation:
complementary distribution
possible relations between two (or more)
phones: do they contrast?
(i) correspond to different phonemes
(ii) allophones: conditioned variation:
complementary distribution
(iii) free variation
(iii) free variation:
of phonemes: economic /~/ (cf. pet vs.
Pete), either /~/ (cf. pie vs. pee)
of allophones: butter /~~/
when a contrast ceases to exist: neutralisation
e.g.:
- under zero stress: recall: all full vowel
phonemes -> , e.g., Japan-Japanese,
Hungarian-Hungary, famous-infamous
when a contrast ceases to exist: neutralisation
e.g.:
- under zero stress: recall: all full vowel
phonemes -> , e.g., Japan-Japanese,
Hungarian-Hungary, famous-infamous
- voicing contrast of obstruents after /s/:
/t/ vs. /d/ cf. e.g., tick vs. Dick
/p/ vs. /b/ cf. e.g., pier vs. beer
etc.
when a contrast ceases to exist: neutralisation
e.g.:
- under zero stress: recall: all full vowel
phonemes -> , e.g., Japan-Japanese,
Hungarian-Hungary, famous-infamous
- voicing contrast of obstruents after /s/:
/t/ vs. /d/ cf. e.g., tick vs. Dick
/p/ vs. /b/ cf. e.g., pier vs. beer
etc.
but: s_... ?? cf. e.g., spear but *sb-