Post on 06-May-2015
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The Management System of the UK’s Cultural Objects and the UN Heritage Reserves and
The Management System and Modes of National Parks
Nick Poole, Chief Executive, Collections Trust
Thank you!
AGENDA
Introductions
Lecture 1: UK Cultural Sector, structure & governance
Lecture 2: Survey & Registration System of Heritage
Lecture 3: Protection technologies
Lecture 4: Finance for Heritage Protection
Questions and answers
Introduction
Chief Executive of the Collections Trust
Formerly a Government adviser on Heritage Policy
UK representative on Culture in the European Union
Councillor of the Museums Association
Covering issues including Cultural Property, technology and the law
The Collections Trust
Independent UK charity
Campaigning for the public right to access and engage with Collections.
• Promoting best practice• Encouraging innovation• Representing the sector
The Collections Trust
Funded by the UK Government, the European Commission and through trading activity
Publishing standards, advice and guidance through: www.collectionslink.org.uk
Advice and guidance on issues of Cultural Property:www.culturalpropertyadvice.gov.uk
The Collections Trust
Publishing professional standards jointly with the British Standards Institute
Building professional networks and communities
Working with broadcasters (such as the BBC) to digitise cultural content and share it with a mass audience
The UK ‘Home Nations’
England
Wales
Scotland
Northern Ireland
The UK ‘Administrative Regions’
9 Regions, each with a Government office
• London• East Midlands• East of England• North East• North West• West Midlands• Yorkshire• South East• South West
The UK Culture Sector: Definition
Museums enable people to explore collections for inspiration, learning and enjoyment.
They are institutions that collect, safeguard and make accessible artefacts and specimens, which they hold in trust for society.
This definition includes art galleries with collections of works of art, as well as museums with historical collections of objects.
- UK Museums Association
The UK Culture Sector: Basic Facts
2,500 museums in the UK
1,880 Accredited under the Museum Accreditation Scheme
4 out of the top 5 tourist attractions are museums
Employing approx. 40,000 paid & volunteer staff
40.3m visits during 2008/09
Net contribution to tourist economy = £1.1bn per annum
The UK Culture Sector: Top 10 attractions
Tate Modern 4,915,376British Museum 4,837,878National Gallery 4,562,471Natural History Museum 3,754,496Science Museum 2,440,253Victoria & Albert Museum 2,372,919National Portrait Gallery 1,601,448Tate Britain 1,597,359National Railway Museum 902,149The Lowry 850,000
The UK Culture Sector: Visitors
Adults 78%Children 22%Overseas 38%
11%
17%
26%19%
16%
12%
16-2425-3435-4445-5455 - 6465+
Government Responsibility for Culture
Gordon Brown, Prime Minister
Cabinet Ministers
Ben BradshawSecretary of State for Culture
Sion SimonCreative Industries Minister
Barbara FollettTourism and Culture Minister
Gerry SutcliffeSports Minister
Government Agencies for Culture
Department for Culture, Media and Sport
Government Agencies
Museums, Libraries, Archives Council English Heritage Heritage Lottery Fund
Museums, Libraries & Archives Council
Sponsored by DCMS
Lead strategic agency for the sector
• Putting people first• Working for excellence• Learning at the core• Delivering change• Promoting partnership
The UK Culture Sector
1. Structure
2. Size
3. Workforce
4. Funding
5. Governance
6. Standards
The UK Culture Sector: Structure
Main museum types/groups:
• National Museums• Local Authority Museums• Independent Museums• University Museums• Regimental Museums
The UK Culture Sector: Structure
Central Government
Department for Culture, Media & Sport
National Museums
Ministry of Defence
Military/Regimental Museums
The UK Culture Sector: Structure
Central Government
Higher Education Funding Council
Universities
Local Government
Local Authority Museums
University Museums
Fact File: National Museums
Established under charter from the Crown
Funded directly by the Department for Culture
21 museums, incl. Tate, British Museum, V&A
13 ‘National’ and 8 ‘sponsored’
Incl. National museums & galleries of Scotland and Wales
Academic analogue status (ie. the same as Universities)
Receive £320m each year
UK Culture Sector: Size (by type)
Govt.UniversityIndependentAgency (eg. EH)Local AuthorityPrivateOther
UK Culture Sector: Workforce
40,000 professional & volunteer staff
More than 50% unpaid volunteer
Mostly post-graduate qualified
UK Culture Sector: Workforce by type
Paid permanent (FT)Paid permanent (PT)Paid seasonalUnpaid seasonalVolunteer
UK Culture Sector: Funding
Funding sources:
• Central Government• Local Government• Trusts/Foundations• Grants• Trading income• Exhibition income
Net expenditure = £3.34 per capita of population
UK Culture Sector: Free Admission for Museums
Universal free access since 2001
124% increase in visitors
9 million extra visits each year
• National Maritime Museum up by 154%• Natural History Museum up by 127%• National Museums Liverpool up by 239%
UK Culture Sector: Governance
Governance varies by type
Most common type is a ‘Charitable Trust’
Venue operates as an independent entity
Governed by a ‘Board of Directors’
Charitable status confers preferential tax arrangements
UK Culture Sector: Standards
A strong commitment to UK & international professional standards
The Museum Accreditation Scheme accounts for 75% of the sector
Requires minimum standards from all museums
Tied to Government and other funding sources
Standards: Museum Accreditation Scheme
Based on an annual self-assessment
Reviewed by a panel of experts
4 priorities:
• Governance & management• User services• Visitor facilities• Collections Management
Standards: SPECTRUM
Published in 1994
UK and International standard for Knowledge & Information Management in museums
Translated into 4 languages and adopted throughout Europe
12 of the 14 major Collections Management Systems
Free for non-commercial use
Standards: Benchmarks for Collections Care
Developed by the Museums, Libraries & Archives Council and Collections Trust
Defines ‘good’, ‘better’ and ‘best’ practice for museums
An interactive tool used to support planning
Enables funders to assess the quality of Collections Care
Also...
Standards in the Care of Collections
GeologyArchaeologyBiologyLarger & Working ObjectsMusical InstrumentsTouring ExhibitionsCostume & TextilesPhotography
Standards: CT/BSI PAS 197
Developed jointly by the Collections Trust and British Standards Institute
A new national standard for professional Collections Management
Shared between museums, archives and libraries
StandardsSupporting the sector:
Funders: MLA, DCMS, HLF, Charitable Trusts and Foundations
Agencies: Collections Trust, Museums Association, Special Interest Groups
Agents: Development Officers, Consultants, Expert Advisers, Curatorial Advisers
Professionals: Managers, staff, Boards
Volunteers: Students, retired people, others
End of Lecture 1
Questions?
Break
Lecture 2
Survey and Registration System of Cultural Heritage
Primary Agencies
Department for Culture, Media and Sport
Museums, Libraries & Archives Council
English Heritage
National Trust
Collections Trust
Individual heritage organisations and sites
Funding organisations
Overall aim
Strategic, targeted investment of resources and policy to deliver:
• Public Sector Efficiency
• Public Value
Based on up-to-date research (evidence-based policy)
Priorities for Heritage Protection Policy
Reviewing science behind Environmental standards
Promoting more cost-effective practice
Updating attitudes to risk
Using technology for outreach
Changing attitudes towards acquisition
Surveying Heritage
5 primary mechanisms:
• Museum Accreditation Scheme • Collections Surveys/Collection Level Description• National Monuments Record• Culture Grid database of cultural sites• Individual organisation surveys and inspections
Heritage/Environment Agencies
Department for Culture, Media and Sport
Agencies
National Trust English Heritage CABE
English Heritage
Government’s adviser on the built environment
Advising on the preservation of the Historic Environment
Promoting public engagement
Promoting education and research
English Heritage: Registration
Maintaining registers of the UK’s historic buildings, monuments and landscapes:
• National Monuments Record• Blue Plaques• Maritime Archaeology• Landscape Protection• Aerial Survey• Scientific Research• Listing
English Heritage: National Monuments Record
Based at the National Monuments Record Centre in Swindon
10 million archive items including plans, maps and aerial photographs
Searchable database of all English Heritage sitesand landscapes
English Heritage: Blue Plaques
Scheme to mark the buildings inhabited by famous historical figures
Based in London
Running for over 140 years
Nominated by members of the public
English Heritage: Maritime Archaeology
Responsibility established in the 2002 Heritage Act
Responsible for:
• Coastal planning• Protection of Wrecks and Wreck sites• Undersea archaeology
English Heritage: Landscape Protection
Visual assessment of the landscape
• Aerial Survey• Metric Survey• Time Team• National Parks• Ordnance Survey (maps)
English Heritage: Aerial Survey
Photography from the sky & visual assessment
National Mapping Programme
• Aerial Photographs• Lidar (Light Detection and Ranging) technology• Satellite images
English Heritage: Metric Survey
Support to English Heritage on metric surveying (using visual instruments):
• Theodoloite – equipment for surveying
• Photogrammetry – using photographs
• 3D computer-aided modelling
English Heritage: Time Team
Joint programme between Channel 4 & English Heritage
Weekly investigation of archaeological sites
Presented by Tony Robinson
Listing
6 main lists:
• Schedule of Monuments
• Register of Parks and Gardens
• Register of Historic Battlefields
• World Heritage sites
• Conservation Areas
• Listed Buildings
Listing: Schedule of Monuments
Registration of more than 31,000 sites :
• Castles• Archaeological sites• Monasteries
Listed monuments are protected under law
Must be of national importance
Wansdyke, Wiltshire
Thought to be created through military excavation.
Norman church, Knowlton, Devon
Church built in top of prehistoric burial site
Jewish Cemetary, Ponsharden, Cornwall
Listing: Register of Parks & Gardens
Registration of 1,450 parks & gardens
Grade IIGrade II*Grade 1
Listing: Register of Historic Battlefields
Lists 43 historically significant battlefields
Listed on the UK Battlefield Resource Centre
Battlefields as sites of potential archaeological interest
Listing: World Heritage Sites
Based on the 1972 UNESCO World Heritage Convention
878 World Heritage Sites
27 in the UK...
Stonehenge
Kew Gardens
Tower of London
Listing: Conservation Areas
Conservation Areas are protected by their Local Government Authority
First created in 1967, there are now 8000 in the UK
In a Conservation Area, the council has control over:
• Demolition• Building works• Trees
Listing: Listed Buildings
Listing recognises and celebrates the particular historical significance of a building
372,905 in the UK
Grade IIGrade II*Grade I
Listing: Listed Buildings
Owners must obtain special consent to do building work
A listed building is not protected in all cases, but the Local Government may choose to protect it
Chosen on the basis of architectural, social or historical significance.
Key Heritage Law
National Heritage Act (2002)
Protection of Wrecks Act (1973)
End of Lecture 2
Questions?
Lunch
Lecture 3
Maritime Heritage Protection
Overview
Department for Culture holds national responsibility
English Heritage is responsible for surveying and recommending action
Action is taken by Local Governments
Using private contractors
Protection of Wrecks Act 1978
An offence to:
• Interfere with wrecks• Remove anything• Carry out salvage operations• Drop anchor or any other material
Any disturbance (such as excavation) must be licensed
Currently protects 60 wreck sites
Advisory Committee for Historic Wrecks
Meets 3 times annually
Approves licenses for exploration and work
Funded by English Heritage:
• Excavation/archaeology• Markers
End of Lecture 3
Questions?
Lecture 4
Protection Technology of Stone Heritage and Ancient Architecture
Key agents in building conservation
Department for Culture, Media and Sport
Agencies
National Trust English Heritage IHBC Historic Royal Palaces
Overview
DCMS and English Heritage set national strategy for building preservation
Responsibility for implementation, monitoring and management is with the individual site or venue
Techniques and technologies are selected according to the needs of the site or venue
National Heritage Science Programme
A programme to fund innovative research into materials and techniques for conservation and preservation
Funded by the academic sector
£8.1m grant programme to develop research
National Heritage Science Programme
Fragmentation in research efforts
Limited communication between heritage community and academic/scientific research
Working towards joint priorities and funding programmes
English Heritage Conservation Policy
Sets out the following principles:
• The environment is a shared resource• Everyone should participate in it• Understanding the significance of places• Places should be managed• Decisions about heritage should be transparent• Decisions must be documented and learnt from
National Trust
Independent charitable organisation
Working to preserve the UK’s buildings, countryside and coastline
Educating the UK population about the importance of the environment
3.56m UK members
Current Priorities in Building Conservation
• Preventive conservation• Pollutants and environmental damage• Materials • Techniques and processes• Cleaning• Risk Management• Flood Damage• Fire Protection• Dating Technologies
Preventive Conservation
Taking action to prevent deterioration/decay of buildings and collections
Active monitoring and environmental control
Passive conservation through good management and housekeeping
Pollutants & Environmental Damage
Research programmes looking at:
• Wet deposition rates & factors such as surface geometry• Dry deposition rates & impact of local factors (eg. wind)• Effect of local variations in climate• Materials such as glass & long-term impact
Pollutants & Environmental Damage
Looking at the impact of pollutants such as:
• Carbon dioxide• Sulphur dioxide• Nitrogen oxides• Particulates (smoke, fumes)
On different materials & buildingtypes
Water Damage
Combination of technologies:
• Flood detectors• Relative Humidity Monitoring– ‘RH papers’, strips of paper that react to moisture– Hygrometers for measuring moisture over time
• Laser surveys• Boreholes at archaeological sites
Fire Damage
Combination of causes:
• Arson• Electrical fault• Smoking• Heating equipment• Lightening• Hot works
Fire Damage
Management systems:
• Fire detection systems• Fire supression systems– Sprinklers– Water mist
• Controlled oxygen environments
Case Study: IMPACT
Centre for Sustainable Heritage, UCL
Software to assess the levels of reactive pollutants such as nitrogen oxide, ozone and sulphur dioxide inside heritage buildings.
Enables heritage managers to test scenarios by varying levels of pollutants for different building compositions
Heritage Materials Conservation
Research programmes include:
• Plastics conservation• Paper conservation• Archaeological materials
Risk Management
Disaster Planning and Emergency Preparedness
Understanding the connection between risks to the building and risks to the object
Modelling changes in the building envelope and predictive studies
Protection Technologies
Temperature monitors
Building Management Systems
Relative Humidity monitors
Case Study:Dover Castle Great Tower Project
12th Century Great Tower at Dover Castle
Process:
• Understanding the needs of the building• Assessing the expectations of the public• Deciding on techniques for conservation/preservation
Case Study:Dover Castle Great Tower Project
Preserving the integrity of the building
Re-presenting it as though prepared for a 12th century event or celebration
Cosmetic alterations to the building interior without significant structuralwork
Case Study:Shakespeare Theatre, Stratford upon Avon
An building in the ‘art deco’ style from 1932
Extensive programme of modernisation
Other risks
Climate change causing flood damage
Other risks
Increases in pest infestations resulting from climate change
Other risks
Closure and repurposing of heritage buildings
Primary risks to heritage
• Damage from soluble salts in walls• Weather damage to stonework• Freezing/unfreezing of building material• Flood damage• Biological attack of interior timbers & roofs• Corrosion of metal• Corrosion of steel or iron supports in statues & concrete
End of Lecture 3
Questions?
Break
Lecture 4
Funding Heritage Protection
Funders of Heritage Protection
Department for Culture, Media and Sport
Department for Business, Innovation & Skills
Agencies
National Trust English Heritage Heritage Lottery Fund Research Councils
Heritage Lottery Fund
Set up by the UK Government to fund heritage
£4.3bn invested since 1994
Over 18,800 projects
Heritage Lottery Fund
Priorities:
• Help conserve heritage• Help people make decisions about their heritage• Help people learn about their heritage
Average grants £50,000 - £100,000
Heritage Lottery Fund
• People's memories and experiences• Histories of people, communities, places and events• Cultural traditions• Historic buildings and townscapes• Archaeological sites• Collections of items, archives or other materials• Natural and designed landscapes• Habitats and species• Sites and collections
Case Study: Clissold Park
19th Century public park in London
Awarded £4.46m
• Restoration of the park ground• Provision of new visitor facilities• Improved interpretation of the site• Improvements to the river
Case Study: Astley Castle
12th Century Castle, devastated by fire in 1978
Grant of £2.3m
• Clearance of rubble and debris• Salvage of usable material/stone• Strengthening of remaining features• Building new elements
Funding Requirements
All funding recipients are required to meet certain obligations
All have to provide a Building Management Plan and a Conservation Management Plan, detailing how the building, site or monument will be maintained.
Require sustainability plans
Research Councils
Funded by the UK Government
Investing £2.8bn per year in scientific research
Developing joint programmes and interdisciplinary research between different communities
Research Councils
• Arts & Humanities• Biotechnology & Biological Sciences• Engineering & Physical Sciences• Economic & Social Research• Medical Research• Natural Environment• Science and Technology
AHRC is the main funder of research into Conservation & conservation science
Arts & Humanities Research Council
Established in 2005
Funding up to £100m per year for research
Joint funding programme with the EPSRC
Wide variety of funded projects, from measurement to new techniques, models and methods
Example projects
• 3D laser scanning techniques• Historic musical instrument conservation• Digital restoration of medieval music• Redisplay of museum collections• History of underwater telegraphs• Papyrus and Egyptian materials• Textile conservation• Visual Arts data
Other Funders for Heritage
• Charitable Trusts & Foundations• Educational funds• Bequests • Corporate sponsors• Local Government• Private donors• European Commission
Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation
Funding good causes
• Cultural Understanding• Fulfilling Potential• Sustaining the Environment• Innovation
Sponsored the Gulbenkian Prize (now the Art Fund Prize)
Pilgrim Trust
Funding conservation and preservation of heritage
• New use to historic buildings• Preserving buildings of outstanding merit• Preserving religious buildings• Recording information
Other Heritage Funders
• Allchurches Trust• Architectural Heritage Fund• Jill Franklin Trust• Historic Churches Preservation Trust• Manifold Trust
Total Funding to Heritage
Impossible to estimate
In excess of £1bn from public sources (Government)
More from private sources (private benefactors)
More from income earned through retail and other services
An estimated £3.5bn in conservation funding each year
Future Priorities
Joint programmes
Developing joined-up approaches to funding
Cost-savings and more efficient practice
Lords Science & Heritage Inquiry
Held during 2005-06
The largest inquiry into the current state of conservation science
Found a very fragmented picture, with little coordination
Requested the DCMS to develop a National Heritage Science Strategy
National Heritage Science Strategy
The role of science in managing heritage
Use of science in understanding the past
Skills requirement
Equipment and resources
National Heritage Science Strategy
Revisiting the science behind environmental standards
Acceptable limits for humidity and pollutants
Understanding the impact of visitors & use
New methods of cleaning
National Heritage Science Strategy
Better understanding of:
• Impact of multi-pollutant urban environments• Impact of inappropriate materials for repair• Interaction of moisture, salt and biological agents• Impact of vibration damage• Impact of fire-resistant treatment
End of Lecture 4
Questions?
Lecture 5
Historic Houses
Funders of Heritage Protection
Department for Culture, Media and Sport
Agencies
National Trust English Heritage Historic Houses Association
Privately-owned Heritage in the UK
More of the UK’s Heritage is in private ownership than in the ownership of English Heritage, National Trust and the Government.
There are more than 1,500 privately owned historic houses, castles and gardens around the UK
Many are operated as commercial attractions, 4 out of 5 operate at a loss
Privately-owned Heritage in the UK
The majority are Grade II* or Grade I
They are not governed by law
They do have to meet defined standards in order to receive funding, for example from the Heritage Lottery Fund
Many are running light industrial activity, business activity, farming and many other forms of use
Privately-owned Heritage in the UK
Historic Houses Association is an independent membership organisation
Works closely with English Heritage and the National Trust
Funds the Heritage Conservation Programe
Some works are covered under a Government Indemnity Scheme
Historic House
Witley Court
Lecture 6
National Parks
Funders of National Parks
Department for Environment, Food, Rural Affairs
Agencies
National Trust English Heritage National Parks Natural England
National Parks in the UK
14 National Parks
Each represented by a National Park Authority
Employ 12,000 people
Generate £177m per year
Support their local economies through tourism
English National Parks
England - Dartmoor, Exmoor, Lake District, New Forest, Northumberland, North York Moors, Peak District, the Yorkshire Dales and the Broads which has equivalent status to a National Park. The South Downs will become a National Park but has not yet officially been designated.
Wales - Brecon Beacons, Pembrokeshire Coast and Snowdonia
Scotland - Cairngorms and Loch Lomond and the Trossachs.
National Park Authorities
Independent public bodies that:
• Conserve and enhance the natural beauty, wildlife and cultural heritage; and
• Promote opportunities for the understanding and enjoyment of the special qualities of National Parks by the public.
History of National Parks
In 1945, before any National Parks had been created in the UK, John Dower wrote a report to the government, describing what National Parks should do. He said that for 'the Nation's benefit' the government should make sure;
• the characteristic landscape beauty is strictly preserved;• access and facilities for open-air enjoyment are amply
provided;• wildlife and buildings and places of architectural and historic
interest are suitably protected;• established farming use is effectively maintained.
International Union for the Conservation ofNature
In 1969, the IUCN created the international definition of a National Park
Definition extended in 1971:
• Minimum size of 1000 hectares• Statutory legal protection• Staff and a budget
Designation of National Parks
1951 - Peak District, Lake District, Snowdonia and Dartmoor
1952 - Pembrokeshire Coast and North York Moors
1954 - Yorkshire Dales and Exmoor
1956 - Northumberland
1957 - Brecon Beacons
1989 - The Broads given equivalent status to a National Park
2002 - Loch Lomond & The Trossachs
2003 - Cairngorms
2005 - New Forest
Brecon Beacons
Brecon Beacons
Brecon Beacons
Loch Lomond
Loch Lomond
Norfolk Broads
History of National Parks
In 1945, before any National Parks had been created in the UK, John Dower wrote a report to the government, describing what National Parks should do. He said that for 'the Nation's benefit' the government should make sure;
• the characteristic landscape beauty is strictly preserved;• access and facilities for open-air enjoyment are amply
provided;• wildlife and buildings and places of architectural and historic
interest are suitably protected;• established farming use is effectively maintained.
Ownership of National Parks
The majority are private land, owned by:
• Farmers• Private landowners• Forestry Commission• National Trust
But usage of this land is very closely controlled
Types of National Park Land
• Forests• Farms• Mountains• Wetlands• Lakes
Many different types of terrain
‘Living In’
Active use and management of National Park land is encouraged. Including:
• Grazing animals• Harvesting wood• Digging for peat• Growing hay• Other types of farming
Preservation Challenges
Research into the preservation management of:
• Moorland• Wetland, lakes and rivers• Woodlands and forests• Grassland
Preservation Challenges: Moorland
Man-made environments
Controlled by:
• Animal husbandry• Controlled burning
Moorland
Preservation Challenges: Wetland
Working to preserve freshwater habitats
• Controlling fish stock• Encouraging salmon farming• Dredging lakes• Controlling plant life• Fencing off cattle & sheep• Supporting bird life
Preservation Challenges: Forests
Controlling the growth of forests
Encouraging sustainable use
Coppicing (a form of controlled cutting)
Case Study: Lake District
Designated in 1951
Widespread grazing and use have eroded scrub (tree cover) in higher areas
Limited shelter driving soil erosion
Programme to plant 3 new ‘upland’ forests
Case Study: Lake District
Project:
• Analysis of topography
• Analysis of soil types across the park
• Placement of different trees to suit different environments
• Eg. Birch on steep slopes, ash in wetlands and oak in grassy
• Replanting programme
Lake District
Lake District
Case Study: Hay Time Project
Project:
• Working with farmers to restore grassland/meadow
• In response to a change in farming practice (ploughing, re-seeding), which is having a dramatic effect on hay meadows
• Impact on biodiversity and species propagation
Usage of National Parks
Defined by the National Parks and Access to the Countryside Act 1949
Controlling:
• Purchase• Development• Transportation• Planning and use
Preservation Challenges: Grassland
Working to preserve freshwater habitats
• Controlling fish stock• Encouraging salmon farming• Dredging lakes• Controlling plant life• Fencing off cattle & sheep• Supporting bird life
Fact File: Forestry Commission
Government Department responsible for forests and woodlands
Priorities:
• Climate change• Deforestation• Industry• Research
Fact File: Natural England
Helps interpret the natural environment for:
• Farmers• Schoolchildren• Teachers• Researchers• Owners
Other types
Areas of Outstanding Natural Beauty
Sites of Specific Scientific Interest
National Nature Reserves
Areas of Outstanding Natural Beauty
Established at the same time as National parks (1949)
Designated areas of the countryside
49 in total
Cared for by Local Governments, community and volunteer groups
Sites of Specific Scientific Interest (SSSI)
Locations and habitats for scientifically important wildlife, species, fauna
No building is permitted on these sites
Building near these sites is heavily regulated
National Nature Reserves
These are smaller sites that are important areas of wildlife habitat, with no buildings or roads
There are over 210 National Nature Reserves in the UK
They have high ecological value and are used as study areas for students and scientists.
Role of National Nature Reserves
Can be declared by Natural England and proposed by the public
Covering 92,000 hectares of the UK
Largest is the Wash (8,000)
Managed by Natural England and other groups including the Society for Protection of Birds
Heritage Coast
Conserved as part of the UK’s heritage
Covers approximately 33% of the coastline (1050 km)
Heritage Coast
Conserve, protect and enhance the natural beauty of the coasts, their marine flora and fauna, and their heritage features.
Facilitate and enhance their enjoyment, understanding and appreciation by the public.
Maintain and improve the health of inshore waters affecting Heritage Coasts and their beaches through appropriate environmental management measures.
Take account of the needs of agriculture, forestry and fishing, and of the economic and social needs of the small communities on these coasts.
1. North Northumberland2. Durham3. North Yorkshire and Cleveland4. Flamborough Headland5. Spurn6. North Norfolk7. Suffolk8. South Foreland9. Dover - Folkestone10. Sussex11. Tennyson12. Hamstead13. Purbeck14. West Dorset15. East Devon16. South Devon
17. Rame Head18. Gribbin Head - Polperro19. The Roseland20. The Lizard21. Isles of Scilly22. Penwith23. Godreavy - Portreath24. St Agnes25. Trevose Head26. Pentire Point - Widemouth27. Hartland28. Hartland (Devon)29. Lundy30. North Devon31. Exmoor32. St Bees Head
Heritage Coasts around the UK
Challenges
Managing the balance between preservation and use
Managing the benefit to science/industry
Educating the public
Conclusions
The UK has a very active commitment to preserving and providing public access to all forms of heritage
Managing heritage depends on standards and good practice, which need to be underpinned by good scientific knowledge
Managing heritage is expensive, and we need to keep making the case
Conclusions
National parks, museums, historic houses, churches, castles, are all part of our national identity and make a vital contribution both to cultural life and to the tourism economy.