Logical Reasoning Tools

The Structure of ArgumentDefinition:

Argument – a conclusion about an issue that is supported by reason.

Three Parts to an Argument Issues

Conclusion

The Reasons

The IssueDefinition: The issue is the question being

addressed.

The issue is often stated in question form making it easier to identify.

The ConclusionThe position taken about

an issue. It should be supported by evidence statements called reasons or premises

The ReasonsReasons are the statements

that provide support for conclusions. Without reasons there is not argument –just opinion.

Values and Ethics

Value Assumptions are beliefs about what is good and important that form the basis of opinions on issues.

Many arguments are primarily based on strongly held values that need to be understood and respected.

An issue that continues to be unresolved often involves cherished values on both sides.

Ethical Behavior - An Important Dimension of Values

Definition: Behavior that is accepted

as morally "good/right", as opposed to "bad/wrong" in a setting.

Five Views of Ethics

Utilitarianism Libertarianism Egalitarianism Judeo-Christian

Principles Universal Ethical

Norms

Libertarianism

Value Assumption:

The highest value is to promote the liberty of all.

UtilitarianismValue Assumption:

The highest value is that which promotes the greatest general happiness and minimizes unhappiness.

EgalitarianismValue Assumption:

The highest value is equality. Justice and fairness are synonymous with equality.

Judeo-Christian Principles

Value Assumption:

The highest values are to love God and to love one’s neighbor.

Universal Ethical Norms

Value Assumption:

Universal ethical principles exist and are self-evident and obvious to rational individuals of every culture.

Ethical Decision Making The Role Exchange Test – empathize with those affected by the

action.

The Universal Consequences Test – focuses on general results – sometimes known as the greatest good for the greatest number of people.

The New Cases Test – is your action consistent with other actions which are in the same category.

The Higher Principles Test – is your action consistent with a higher or more general principle you accept. Also sometimes referred to at duty to higher power or concept.