From Greek word LOGOS ( )which means study, reason or discourse

Defines as the science and art of correct thinking

Port Royal Logic

Logic is the art of reasoning

Too narrow; the term reasoning restrict the scope of logic to one class of mental processes

Hegel

Logic is the science of pure idea

ideas refers to all realities too wide; defines logic as the science of mental processes or the operations of the mind

St. Thomas Aquinas

Logic is the science and art which so direct the mind in the process of reasoning & subsidiary processes as to enable it to attain clearness (order), consistency & validity in those processes

St. Thomas Aquinas

Logic is directive; different from psychology

Logic deals w/ mental processes in relation to truth; different from metaphysics

Differs from ethics

Differs from Rhetoric or the art of persuasion

Is Logic a science or an art?

It is science in so far as it not merely formulates rules for right thinking but deduces those rules from general principles based on nature of mind & truth

Art in so far as it is directly & immediately related to performance; to the acts of the mind

Transcendental LogicInquiry into human knowledge for the purpose of determining what elements or factors in human thought are a priori

An application of mathematical methods to the processes of thought; uses conventional symbols to represent terms, propositions & relations among them

Symbolic Logic

Applied Logic

Logic applied to the study of the natural sciences

The native power of the mind by which most persons are competent to judge correctly & reason validly about the affairs & interest of everyday life

Natural Logic

Aristotle the founder of logic

Compiles his logical works -TREATISES- ORGANON (Instrument)

Treatise includes Categories On Interpretation Prior Analytics Posterior Analytics Topics On Sophistical Refutation /Sophism

ORGANON

Examined & analyzed the thinking processes for the purpose of formulating laws of thought

WHO IS ARISTOTLE?

A disciple of Plato belongs to an aristocratic

family tutors Alexander the Great founded Lyceum father of science died in exile in Chalcis

Pre-Aristotlean Logic in Greece

philosophers devoted attention to the origin of the universe

Eleatics, the Sophist & the Megarians developed the art of argumentation

Socrates & Plato laid great stress on definition, induction & dialectics

None of them formulated the laws & rules of reasoning

Post-Aristotlean Logicians among Greeks

Aristotle’s disciple Theophrastus & Eudemus (invented hypothetical syllogism)

Stoics – responsible for coining LOGIC improved Aristotle’s logic in many points

Epicureans- rivals of Stoics professed contempt for logic claims that knowledge of physical phenomena acquired through the senses is the only knowledge that is of value on the pursuit of happiness

Commentators

Alexander of Aphrosidias – known as the commentator

Porphyry – author of Isagoge, an introduction to Aristotle’s logic

Galen – introduced the 4th syllogistic figure

they abridge, explain, defend the text of Aristotle’s work on logic

Greek commentators

Commentators

Aristotle works carried to Rome Cicero’s abridgment of “Topic”

first logical treatise in Latin Isagoge was also translated in latin

St. Augustine “Categoriae Decem” “Principia Dialectica”

Marianus Capella De Nuptiis Mercurii et Philologiae

Boethius – translated into latin much of Aristotle’s works

Latin commentators

The Scholastics

No modifications of Aristotle’s logic but an improvement was emphasized

made clear many points, fix technical meanings of terms in modern language

device various memory-aiding contrivances for teaching & learning

Modern Logic

attacked Aristotlean method contending it as unscientific

Francis Bacon

Rene Descartes

made logic serve the purposes of mathematician

John Stuart Mill

rejected all necessary truth, discarded the syllogism as useless & fallacious

Logic as a SCIENCE

It is s science because it is systematized body of logical truths and principles governing correct thinking

Logic as an ART

It is an Art because it guides man’s reason so he can proceed with order and ease and without error in the constructive activity of making decisions, propositions, syllogism and so on.

Logic is ARS ARTIUM, the arts of arts because it develops & perfects the intellect

Reasons for studying Logic

gives norms for recognizing correct / good thinking; incorrect / bad thinking

develops a habit of analyzing our thought

enable us to pinpoint the defects of faulty arguments & explained their error

Logic is an introduction to the study of Philosophy

Reasons for studying Logic

as medical students logic gives rationality to our chosen profession

enhances and fortify our discovered strategies

promotes the art of critical thinking

Logic guides us to arrive at correct thinking

Limitations of Logic

It is a tool of reason, makes no direct contribution to the content of our thought

does not give any knowledge of the real things

Limitations of Logic

It presupposes means of attaining truth

assumes that we accept many truths independently of logic & logical procedure

Try this

If you can not be certain on what the truth is, based on experience, how can you know anything at all?

Customs and Traditions we experienced & witnessed themcritique:not always acceptable because culture is changing Divine Revelation based on religious affiliationcritique:Not everybody believe on the Bible

Authority experts on their field reliance on them on things we have not witnessedCritique: liable to err

Majority, Plurality & Consensus majority rules, unanimous opinion truth can not be found on counting noses

Refer to the operations of the mind by which we grasp the meaning of the term, deny or affirm it and reason out for our action

3 Operations or activities of HM;

Simple Apprehension

Judgment Reasoning

Taken from the latin word prehendere which means to sieze The first operation of the human mind

The operation of the mind by which we mentally grasp a thing, making it present in & to our minds without affirming or denying anything about it

the operation by which we grasp the essences of the things

Types of S.A.

Incomplex Apprehension uncompounded notions verbally expressed by one word

Complex Apprehension represent the notions implied by group of words taken collectively

Error in Simple Apprehension

Indistinctiveness Arise either due to imperfections of our faculties

limited knowledge of objects which form our conceptions

Object of SA refers to what we grasp by simple apprehension

Material Object the whole thing that is known by SA the thing as itself & w/ all its attributes

Formal Object the essences or quiddities of things what is known about MA through the use of some faculty SA grasp only what a thing is

Concept

product which SA produces within the mind as means of knowing the essences of things

The mental expression of an essence or quiddity

pure image or sign; function as giving knowledge of whatever it signifies

Thanks till next meeting!