Logic1a
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Transcript of Logic1a
From Greek word LOGOS ( )which means study, reason or discourse
Defines as the science and art of correct thinking
Port Royal Logic
Logic is the art of reasoning
Too narrow; the term reasoning restrict the scope of logic to one class of mental processes
Hegel
Logic is the science of pure idea
ideas refers to all realities too wide; defines logic as the science of mental processes or the operations of the mind
St. Thomas Aquinas
Logic is the science and art which so direct the mind in the process of reasoning & subsidiary processes as to enable it to attain clearness (order), consistency & validity in those processes
St. Thomas Aquinas
Logic is directive; different from psychology
Logic deals w/ mental processes in relation to truth; different from metaphysics
Differs from ethics
Differs from Rhetoric or the art of persuasion
Is Logic a science or an art?
It is science in so far as it not merely formulates rules for right thinking but deduces those rules from general principles based on nature of mind & truth
Art in so far as it is directly & immediately related to performance; to the acts of the mind
Transcendental LogicInquiry into human knowledge for the purpose of determining what elements or factors in human thought are a priori
An application of mathematical methods to the processes of thought; uses conventional symbols to represent terms, propositions & relations among them
Symbolic Logic
Applied Logic
Logic applied to the study of the natural sciences
The native power of the mind by which most persons are competent to judge correctly & reason validly about the affairs & interest of everyday life
Natural Logic
Aristotle the founder of logic
Compiles his logical works -TREATISES- ORGANON (Instrument)
Treatise includes Categories On Interpretation Prior Analytics Posterior Analytics Topics On Sophistical Refutation /Sophism
ORGANON
Examined & analyzed the thinking processes for the purpose of formulating laws of thought
WHO IS ARISTOTLE?
A disciple of Plato belongs to an aristocratic
family tutors Alexander the Great founded Lyceum father of science died in exile in Chalcis
Pre-Aristotlean Logic in Greece
philosophers devoted attention to the origin of the universe
Eleatics, the Sophist & the Megarians developed the art of argumentation
Socrates & Plato laid great stress on definition, induction & dialectics
None of them formulated the laws & rules of reasoning
Post-Aristotlean Logicians among Greeks
Aristotle’s disciple Theophrastus & Eudemus (invented hypothetical syllogism)
Stoics – responsible for coining LOGIC improved Aristotle’s logic in many points
Epicureans- rivals of Stoics professed contempt for logic claims that knowledge of physical phenomena acquired through the senses is the only knowledge that is of value on the pursuit of happiness
Commentators
Alexander of Aphrosidias – known as the commentator
Porphyry – author of Isagoge, an introduction to Aristotle’s logic
Galen – introduced the 4th syllogistic figure
they abridge, explain, defend the text of Aristotle’s work on logic
Greek commentators
Commentators
Aristotle works carried to Rome Cicero’s abridgment of “Topic”
first logical treatise in Latin Isagoge was also translated in latin
St. Augustine “Categoriae Decem” “Principia Dialectica”
Marianus Capella De Nuptiis Mercurii et Philologiae
Boethius – translated into latin much of Aristotle’s works
Latin commentators
The Scholastics
No modifications of Aristotle’s logic but an improvement was emphasized
made clear many points, fix technical meanings of terms in modern language
device various memory-aiding contrivances for teaching & learning
Modern Logic
attacked Aristotlean method contending it as unscientific
Francis Bacon
Rene Descartes
made logic serve the purposes of mathematician
John Stuart Mill
rejected all necessary truth, discarded the syllogism as useless & fallacious
Logic as a SCIENCE
It is s science because it is systematized body of logical truths and principles governing correct thinking
Logic as an ART
It is an Art because it guides man’s reason so he can proceed with order and ease and without error in the constructive activity of making decisions, propositions, syllogism and so on.
Logic is ARS ARTIUM, the arts of arts because it develops & perfects the intellect
Reasons for studying Logic
gives norms for recognizing correct / good thinking; incorrect / bad thinking
develops a habit of analyzing our thought
enable us to pinpoint the defects of faulty arguments & explained their error
Logic is an introduction to the study of Philosophy
Reasons for studying Logic
as medical students logic gives rationality to our chosen profession
enhances and fortify our discovered strategies
promotes the art of critical thinking
Logic guides us to arrive at correct thinking
Limitations of Logic
It is a tool of reason, makes no direct contribution to the content of our thought
does not give any knowledge of the real things
Limitations of Logic
It presupposes means of attaining truth
assumes that we accept many truths independently of logic & logical procedure
Try this
If you can not be certain on what the truth is, based on experience, how can you know anything at all?
Customs and Traditions we experienced & witnessed themcritique:not always acceptable because culture is changing Divine Revelation based on religious affiliationcritique:Not everybody believe on the Bible
Authority experts on their field reliance on them on things we have not witnessedCritique: liable to err
Majority, Plurality & Consensus majority rules, unanimous opinion truth can not be found on counting noses
Refer to the operations of the mind by which we grasp the meaning of the term, deny or affirm it and reason out for our action
3 Operations or activities of HM;
Simple Apprehension
Judgment Reasoning
Taken from the latin word prehendere which means to sieze The first operation of the human mind
The operation of the mind by which we mentally grasp a thing, making it present in & to our minds without affirming or denying anything about it
the operation by which we grasp the essences of the things
Types of S.A.
Incomplex Apprehension uncompounded notions verbally expressed by one word
Complex Apprehension represent the notions implied by group of words taken collectively
Error in Simple Apprehension
Indistinctiveness Arise either due to imperfections of our faculties
limited knowledge of objects which form our conceptions
Object of SA refers to what we grasp by simple apprehension
Material Object the whole thing that is known by SA the thing as itself & w/ all its attributes
Formal Object the essences or quiddities of things what is known about MA through the use of some faculty SA grasp only what a thing is
Concept
product which SA produces within the mind as means of knowing the essences of things
The mental expression of an essence or quiddity
pure image or sign; function as giving knowledge of whatever it signifies
Thanks till next meeting!