Linux Slides1 to 800 [Compatibility Mode]

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Units:

unit-1 About the founder of Linux.

unit-2 Linux VS Windows.

unit-3 Linux Flavors.

unit-5 Kernel.

unit-7 Dos Vs Linux.

unit-8 Redhat Linux Installation

unit-9 Hardware Requirements

unit-10 Installation Methods

Unit -1

About the founder of LINUX

•Linus Benedict Torvalds (bornDecember 28, 1969) began theeve opmen o nux, an opera ng

system kernel, and today acts as theproject coordinator.

•Inspired by Minix (a kernel and

operating system developed by AndrewTanenbaum), he felt the need for acapable UNIX operating system that hecould run on his home PC.

•Torvalds did the original developmentof the Linux kernel primarily in his owntime and on his equipment.

Evolution of Linux

•Torvalds originally used Minix on hiscomputer, a simplified kernel written

by Andrew Tanenbaum for teachingoperating system design.

•The Linux system quickly surpassed

Minix in functionality.

•The first version of the Linux kernelwas released to the Internet in

September 1991. with the secondversion following shortly thereafter inOctober

TUX - the penguin

•Penguin is the official mascot oft e nux operat ng system.

• ,looks content and satisfied.

•The concept of the Linux mascotbeing a penguin came from Linus

,kernel.

GNU’s (Not Unix)

• The GNU project was started in 1983 for developing a complete

tools and user application programs, entirely of free software.

• By the release of the first version of the Linux kernel, the GNU

project had produced all the necessary components of thissystem except the kernel.

• Torvalds and other early Linux-kernel developers adapted theirkernel to work with the GNU components and user space

ro rams to create a full functional o eratin s stem.

FEATURES OF LINUX

• Supports wide variety of hardware.

• Supports many networking protocols and configurations

• Linux has a reputation for fewer bugs (programming

mistakes) than Windows.

Linux Vs Windows

Open Source Development Modeland so the programmer can

It is not an open source and hencecannot be redesigned by the

redesign the OS. programmer.

Linux is robust and very muchsecure from virus.

Windows gets affected by virusvery easily.

The Linux servers has surpassedwindows server operating system in

security.

Security is the main issue whichhas made windows to think to

survive.

It costs less to design andimplement a Linux Network.

It costs more to implementWindows Network administration,when compared to Linux.

There are 250000+ developersbehind Linux for open sourcedeployment.

Compared to Linux, windows isdeveloped by few thousands ofpeople.

Linux Flavors

• Red Hat Linux (Red Hat)

• Open Linux (Caldera)

• Mandrake Linux (Mandrake)

• ur o nux ac c - ec

• Linux PPC (MAC Power PC version)

• Info magic

• Slack ware Linux Project

• Knoppix (Live CD) etc.,

Introduction to Red Hat Linux

• Red Hat has split its Linux development into two lines :

• Red Hat Enterprise Linux and

• The Fedora Project.

• Red Hat EL features commercial enterprise products

for servers and workstations, with controlled releases

issued every two years.

• e e ora pro ect s an open source n t at ve w ose

Fedora Core release will be issued every six months.

Kernel

• The kernel is the essential center of a computer

o eratin s stem the core that rovides basic services

for all other parts of the operating system.

• A kernel can be contrasted (compared) with a shell,shell is the outermost part of an operating system thatinteracts with user commands.

• Kernel and shell are terms used more frequently in Unix

opera ng sys ems an n ma n rame or crosoWindows systems.

Shells

• Bash shell (Bourne again Shell)

– Developed for the GNU Project

– The actual standard Linux shell – Default shell for Red Hat Linux

• Borne shell (sh) – Original Unix shell written by Billoy at er e ey

• s e cs – Added many features such as command, history

Continue…

Shells

• Korn Shell (Ksh) – Written by David Korn

• Implemented many csh features such as

• e n ance s e cs –a commun y e or

• More features like command-line editing and more

sophisticated completion

Shells

prompt for bashshell

Type bash and

hit enter

Shells

command prompt

for c-shell (csh)

Shells

command prompt

or en ance

shell (tcsh)

Shells

command

bourne shell

Shells

command promptfor korne shell

DOS Vs Linux

Commandomman c on

TREE ls –R List directory

recursivel

CD cd Change directory

RMDIR rmdir Remove a directory

CHDIR pwd Display directory

location

rm emove a e

DOS Vs Linuxomman

Commandct on

RMDIR /S (NT)rm -r

Remove all directories and files below

95...)

COPY cp Copy a file

XCOPY cp -r Copy all file of directory recursively

RENAME orMOVE

TYPE cat Dump contents of a file to users screen

MORE more Pipe output a single page at a time

HELP orCOMMAND /?

man Online manuals

DOS Vs Linux

Command

CommandAction

CLS clear Clear screen

EXIT exit Exit a shell

FIND find Look for a word in files given in command line

FC diff Compare two files and show differences. Also seemgdiff and tkdiff.

SET set and env Show environment variables

DOS Vs Linux

Command

SETvariable

export variable nameSet environment variables

PATH echo $PATH Display search path for

executables

DATE or date Show date. (also set date -on y

SORT sort Sort dataalphabetically/numerically

filename.txt vim

.which looks most like DOSedit is probably Pico.

\ / Director ath delimiter

.\ ./ Current directory

..\ ../ Parent directory

DOS Vs Linux

BACKUP files A:\ tar -cvf /dev/fd0 Save backup files to floppy

tar -xvf /dev/fd0 Read files from floppy.files See Using DOS floppies

ATTRIB +h or -h mv file .file Change file to a hidden file - renamee w pre x .

PRINT lpr Print a file

MEM freetop

Show free memory on system

Show s stem info Commands ev

borrowed from AIX)

DOS Vs Linuxomman omman ct on

SCANDISKfsck Check and re air hard drive file s stem

FDISK fdisk Tool to partition a hard drive.

FORMATmke2fs

See: fdformat for

Format drive file system.

For floppy drive use see YoLinux Tutorial

VER uname -a Operating system version

pkzip tar, gzip andbzip2

files/directories. Use tar to create Linuxalso has compress, gzip

HOSTNAME hostname Print host name of computer

DOS Vs Linux

DOS Command Command

Action

p ng en pac e s o a ne wor os

TRACERT tracerouteShow routes and router hops to

IPCONFIG (NT) ifconfig Display/configure network interface...

NBTSTAT (Netbios info: -n, -c) nslookup host-

NBTSTAT -a host-name NBTSTAT -A IP-address name

rou e -n r n rou ng a e.

Network CommandsDOS Command

CommandAction

TRACERT tracerouteShow routes and router hops toiven network destination.

IPCONFIG (NT)

WINIPCFG (Win 95...) ifconfig Display/configure network interface

NBTSTAT (Netbios info: -n, -c)

nslookup host- Print DNS info for host.

NBTSTAT -A IP-address

ROUTE PRINT route -n Print routing table.

Hardware Requirement

32-bit Intel based processor, atleast an Intel or compatible 80386,80486, or Pentium-class

400 MHz Pentium is recommendedfor a ra hical interface and 200MHz for text.

Normall 64MB RAM for Text, and192 MB for graphical. (Linux canrun on as little as 12 MB RAM).

At least 2GB free hard disk spacefor a standard installation, includingapplications; 3 to 6 GB or more is

(all applications).

Installation Methods

Red Hat Installation CD-ROM.

NFS Image.

Kick Start

Red Hat Installation through CD

• To boot from a CD-Rom or DVD-Rom ou ma first

have to change the boot sequence setting in your

computer’s BIOS so that the computer will try to boot

first from the CD-Rom.

NFS Image

• NFS (Network File Sharing): It is a common method

to s are es.

• An image of an operating system is taken already

system.

• The image system is first mounted and operating

system path is given to get into the installation.

Kick Start Installation

• Till now we have seen attended installation, where the user

ave o n erac w e sys em.

• The kick start installation is known as unattended

installation where the user appearance is not necessary.

• The system will automatically install the operating systeminto the machine including the device installation, hard disk

partition, assigning of ip address etc.,

Red Hat Installation

Press Enter, toinstall in

Type linux text,to install in Text

Type linux askminstall either th

FTP HTTP Haand NFS.

T e linux text

askmethod to installeither through FTP,

Installation Setup Screen

The Installation

Type Linux Text and

press enter for Text

mode Installation

Just press enterfor graphical

mode Installation.

Hardware Detection

Hardware

detectionprocess

Select theInstallation

R dh t I t ll ti

Redhat Installations

Select the t eof keyboard

layout.

R dh t I t ll ti

Select theappropriate

type ofinstallation.

R dh t I t ll ti

Select theappropriateNFS type

installation.

Select this

option to assignan dynamic ipaddress.

Enter theappropriate ip

a ress

Enter the

information ofserver ip address

The Anaconda-Red Hat

Installer beginse ns a a on.

Hardware

detectionprocess

The Red Hat LinuxWelcomes

Select the Partitioning T pe

Select the Partitioning Type

Select this fors mp er au oma c

partitioning.

Click here for manualpartitioning. Raid and LVM

also can be configured

used only while installation)

Click here tocreate new

partition in thefree space

Creating Partition for /boot directory

Select the file systemmount pointshere.( /boot )

ype ere. ex , exfor normal partitionand swap for swap

artition

Enter the sizeof the

part t onshere.

Creating Partition for / directory

Select the file systemmount points

here.( / )

ype ere. ex , exfor normal partition and

swap for swapartition

part t ons ere.

Creating Partition for swap directory

mount pointshere.(swap)

part t ons ere.

The final viewall the

mounting.

To Set Boot Loader

Click here to

change thedefault boot

loaderanare the Red Hat

Linux boot loaders.

GRUB is the Default

The default boot

Loader of Red HatLinux 8.0

can be changed oradded here

eth0 means firstEthernet card itsaddress getting

from DHCP.

also gettingfrom DHCP

server..

Firewall ConfigurationFirewall Configuration

No firewall optionallows all networkserv ces o your

machine

No firewall option

services to yourmachine

Enable firewall

o tion allows

Activate yourSELINUX options

specific networkservices to your

machine

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/linux-slides1-to-800-compatibility-mode 60/798Redhat Installations

Choose thedefault languagefor the system.

Time zone is.

Enter thepassword for theroot (Super User)

Its readingpackage

information's.

Select customizeoptions to customize

the package selections

s s use to se ectthe default package.

Package Selection

The Packages to bens a e are se ec ehere. Even the office

(Like MS-Office

in windowsPackages are

available inbuiltin Red Hat

Package Selection

Checking andinstalling the

Beginning of Installation

Click next to begin

the actual installationwhich begins writingthe operating system

in the hard drives.

Installing Packages

Creating the filesystem in the

installationpartition.

Installing Packages

The installationimage is copied to

the hard drive.

Installing Packages

Initializing theinstallation

Installing Packages

Preparing for theinstallation

Installing Packages

packages under

progress

tzdata packages

Installing Packages

packages under

progress

Installing Packages

packages under

progress

packages under

progress

Installing Packages

packages under

progress

Installing Packages

packages under

progress

Installing Packages

Performin thepost install

configuration.

Reboot the System

The Red Hat Installation iscompleted successfully.

media and boot disks.And reboot the system.

Rebooting

GRUB boot loader

Hi hli ht the o eratinsystem and press enterto boot.

Loading Kernel

Initializing hardware devices

Initializing services

Welcome to Red Hat Setup

The Red Hat

Welcometo

setup agentwill proceed

someMore basic

Setup agent

configurations

Before the systemis ready

o use.

License agreement

Setting date and time

Graphics configuration

Select the screenresolution suiting your

-the number of distinct

colours requiredsupporting the video

monitor and displaycard

card Installed

Red Hat Login

To register the system

to Red Hat enter theLogin name and

password.

Red Hat Login

If you don’t have redhatlogin select this optionto create a new login.

Red Hat Login

Enter this optionto know the

details

Red Hat Login

Click here tore ister with theThe u date a entRed Hat networkregisters the

machine withRed Hat network

Click here toski re istration

Software packages

Get updatedautomatically

System user creation.

Create nonadministrative user toaccess the system.

Sound Card Configuration

Tests sounds for the 3channels in sound card

Configuredautomatically

can be heard byselecting play test sound

To Install additional softwares

Click here to install

an additional

software.

Finishing Setup

The Red Hat

Finishes the setup

Login Screen

Red Hat supportsmany languages,

be selected before

login.

Login Screen

The kind of deskto can be selected here.

Login Screen

The system canbe rebooted using

the option.

Login Screen

The system canbe restarted usin

the option.

Login Screen

Enter the userName

Login Screen

Enter the userPassword.

Loading the user settings.

Red Hat Startup Screen

Now the Red HatLinux

is ready for use.

Kernel initialization

• As systems boots, kernel get initialized and thefollowing functions are occurred.

• ev ce etect on: erne w comp e t e ev ce

drivers and locate it to the corresponding devices.

• Mounts root file system: After the device detection

• Load initial process: The very first process (init) is

then loaded.

Initial process

• Init :

• It is the superior of all processes.

• As soon as init process is loaded the control is

assed from kernel to this rocess.

• /etc/inittab:

should setup the system in every run level, as well.

Run levels

init 0 : Shutdown the system or halt

init 1 : Single-user mode.

n : u -user mo e w ou ne wor ng suppor .

init 3 : Multi-user mode with networking support.

init 4 : Unused.

n t : rap ca user nter ace.

init 6 : Reboot the system.

Run level configuration file

Get in to the

inittab file, the

Run level configuration file

The default

be changedhere.

CONSOLES

• Text-mode login at virtual console

• Multiple non-GUI logins are possible

• Default consoles are in text mode

• Available through CTRL-ALT-F[1-6]

• Graphical console comes through CTRL-ALT-F7

X Window System

• It is the foundation for the graphical user Interface of

Red Hat Linux.

• X applications communicate with a display via. The X

protocol.

• X is OS Independent.

• It is available on many platforms.

X Protocol

• It hides the individual details of the OS and the underlying

hardware.

• X protocol is a asynchronous network protocol for the

communication between X client and X Server.

• It defines how the graphical primitives are communicated

between X client and server.

Multiple Desktop Environments

Environments.

• GNOME (GNU Network Object Modules Environment).

• KDE (K desktop Environment).

• It is the default desktop environment for Red Hat

• It is Power full and easy-to-use desktop environment

consisting primarily of a panel and a set of GUI tools.

• GNOME is free and hence its source code can be

www.gnome.org.

GNOME Interface

• The GNOME Interface consists of a Panel and a Desktop.

• Panel appears as a long bar across the bottom of screen.

• The Remainder Screen is the Deskto . Here ou can lace

directories, files or programs.

GNOME Desktop

GNOME Menus

• KDE provides an alternative desktop environment with full

• Along with GNOME features, It also includes

• Konsole : Highly configurable graphical terminal.

• onqueror : e manager an we rowser.

• Kmail : A graphical email client.

• Kdevelop : Integrated development.

KDE Desktop

Starting X Window

The X window start automatically, If so then a

Graphical login screen is prompted by the Display

Alternatively use startx to get in to X window from

non-w n ow ng conso e.

Start X

window from runlevel-3

Start X

Desktop Selection

Select failsafein case of an

previously used

desktop

graphical

failure

To get the

defaultdesktop.

To get in toGNOME To get in to

. KDE desktop.

KDE MODE

If you click yes theKDE desktop is set

for future sessions(or) login

you c c o, on ythe current session

is set to KDE.

Switchdesk

To change the desktop

environment.

Switchdesk

To switch from kde to

gnome desktop

Switchdesk

Thus we switched

into GNOME

deskto

Linux File System Directories

/ Begins the file system structure – called the root.

Directory Function

/b H ld h k l i fil d i d b

/boot Hold the kernel image files and associated bootinformation and files.

/sbin Holds administration-level commands and any

commands used by the root user. /dev Holds file interface for devices such as the terminal

and the rinter.

/etc Holds system configuration files and any other

system files.

e c op o s sys em con gura on es or app ca on n /opt

/etc/X11 Holds system configuration files for the X Window

Directory Function

System and its applications.

/bin Holds the essential user commands and utility

ro rams.

/lib Holds essential shared libraries and kernelmodules.

/lib/modules Holds the kernel modules.

/mnt Used to hold directories for mounting file systemslike CD-ROMs or floppy disks that are mounted

only temporarily. /o t Holds added software a lications for exam le,

KDE on some distributions).

/proc Process directory, a memory-resident directory

Directory Function

containing files used to provide information about

co ta g es used to p o de o at o aboutthe system.

/tm Holds tem orar files.

/usr Holds those files and commands used by the

subdirectories.

/var Holds files that vary, such as mailbox and FTP.

Linux Commands

• Commands have the following syntax:

• Command [options] [arguments]

[ p ] [ g ]

• Options modify the command’s behavior

• Arguments are filenames or other information

needed by the command

DOS Vs Linux

Command

omman c on

TREE ls –R List directory recursivly

CD cd Change directory

RMDIR rmdir Remove a directory

CHDIR pwd Display directory

location

rm emove a e

DOS Vs Linuxomman

Command

RMDIR /S (NT)rm -r

Remove all directories and files below

95...)

COPY cp Copy a file

XCOPY cp -r Copy all file of directory recursively

RENAME or

TYPE cat Dump contents of a file to users screen

MORE more Pipe output a single page at a time

HELP orCOMMAND /?

man Online manuals

DOS Vs Linux

Command

CommandAction

CLS clear Clear screen

EXIT exit Exit a shell

FIND grep Look for a word in files given in command line

FC diff Compare two files and show differences. Also seemgdiff and tkdiff.

SET set and env Show environment variables

DOS Vs Linux

Command

SETvariable

export variable nameSet environment variables

PATH echo $PATH Display search path for

executables

DATE or date Show date. (also set date -on y

SORT sort Sort dataalphabetically/numerically

filename.txt vim

which looks most like DOSedit is probably Pico.

\ / Director ath delimiter

.\ ./ Current directory

..\ ../ Parent directory

DOS Vs Linux

BACKUP files A:\ tar -cvf /dev/fd0 Save backup files to floppy

tar -xvf /dev/fd0 Read files from floppy.files See Using DOS floppies

ATTRIB +h or -h mv file .file Change file to a hidden file - rename

e w pre x .

PRINT lpr Print a file

MEMfreetop

Show free memory on system

Show s stem info Commands ev

borrowed from AIX)

DOS Vs Linuxomman omman c on

SCANDISKfsck Check and repair hard drive file system

FDISK fdisk Tool to partition a hard drive.

FORMATmke2fsSee: fdformat for

Format drive file system.For floppy drive use see YoLinux Tutorial

VER uname -a Operating system version

Compress and uncompress

pkziptar, gzip andbzip2

.compilation of a directory before

compressing. Linux also has compress,gzip

HOSTNAME hostname Print host name of computer

DOS Vs Linux

DOS Command

CommandAction

p ng en pac e s o a ne wor os

TRACERT traceroute Show routes and router hops to.

IPCONFIG (NT)ifconfig Display/configure network interface

NBTSTAT (Netbios info: -n, -c) nslookup host- NBTSTAT -a host-name NBTSTAT -A IP-address

name .

rou e -n r n rou ng a e.

Network CommandsDOS Command

Command

Action

TRACERT tracerouteShow routes and router hops toiven network destination.

IPCONFIG (NT)WINIPCFG (Win 95...)

ifconfig Display/configure network interface

NBTSTAT (Netbios info: -n, -c)

nslookup host- Print DNS info for host.

NBTSTAT -A IP-address

ROUTE PRINT route -n Print routing table.

Login screen

Enter the

• PWD

• Present working Directory

• Display the absolute path of the current directory.

The absolute

path of the root

directory isdisplayed.

List the Files and Directories within the current directory.

Syntax:

ls o tions

Options:

- s e w perm ss on.

-a List hidden file.

-i List files and inode number.

-R List directories , sub directories and their

contents.

directories in the

present directory.

l option lists the

l li ti f

long listing of

directory.

l l command

The name of the group

which has the

Owner name, theuser who created

No of links to thedirectory

t e nes t e

permissions

assigned to theFile or directory

names.

Size of the files

or directories

permissions over the files

or directories

the directory.owners, groups and

other users

[a] option lists all files

hidden files

ls -al

al option lists all files and

directories including

format.

[R] option lists workingdirectory as well as

contents in the director .

This will create a

cd- Change directories

Syntax :

cd <directory name>

- To a directory one level up (parent directory)

cd -- To your previous working directory

- To the / slash director

This commandwill take you to

the directory .

Previous slide

we have seen cd

along with any

director name.This command

cd ~ <enter>

home directory

cd .. Take ou to theparent directory of the

current directory.

Now we can see that

we are in advpro

directory, the parent

director of the test

cd / will take

you to /

directory)

through pwd command

– it is the command to create and view files

Syntax:

cat [filename] To view a file

ca >> ename o appen ex o a

As mentioned in

slide. cat is used

to create a file

The file is saved

roug c r -

after typing thetext

cat < ename>

to view the

content of file.

To append the

text in a file,

and file name.

The screenshows the

appended file

The -s o tion

trims multipleadjacent blank

blank line

The –b option

numbers the

of the output

The –A option shows

all characters including

con ro an non

printing characters

Here the $ represents

the end of the line

touch command is used to update the time stamps of a file.

touch is also used to create empty file.

S ntax : touch filename

– S ntax : touch filename

touch can create multiple empty file too.

– Syntax : touch [filename1] [filename2]

empty file is

created

Multiple files

using touch

command

Copy Command

cp : cp command is known for copying files and

– Syntax : cp [options] source destination

– p ons :

-r recursively copy an entire directory tree

-p preserve permissions, ownership, and timestamps

– Example :

c File1 File2

Copy Command

There is a filename a nthe directory

test .

Copy Command

Here we notice that

directory. Let uscopy the file ‘a’ into

s rec ory

s rec ory.

Copy Command

Cp copies the file ‘a’rom t e rectory

test to the directory

test1.

Copy Command

Thus the file ‘a’

test1 directory.

Copy Command

and old are

listed with their.

Copy Command

-r option copy

r option copythe entire

‘old’

Copy Command

us t e

contents ofold director

is copied tonew.

Copy Command

Command l lshows the

shows thepermission of

Copy Command

Now, we

one to the

one to thedirectory old

Copy Command

See thecomparisonof the file oneshown above

and old

and olddirectory

Copy Command

Now using command cpa ong w –p op on epermission is preserved.

Move Command

mv : This command is used to move and renaming filesan rec or es

Syntax:

mv <source> <destination>

Example

mv file1 file2 (now the file1 is changed to file2)

Move Command

A file is

the name of

the name ofone in therec ory o

Move Command

Here we see

that usin mv command the

file is moved

directory.

Move Command

Now check into the

old directory where

moved. Hence thedirectory is empty

Move Command

The file one is shownabove in the new

Move Command

created testin the old

rectory

Move Command

This exampleshows how to

rename a file

Move Command

Using the l lcommand, theabove screen

shows the renamed file

rm and rmdir command

rm : This command is used to remove files

Syntax:rm < ename>

Example :

rmdir : This command is used to remove directories.

Syntax:rmdir <directory name>

Example :

rmdir linux

rm command

This screenshows the

contents of the

The above rmcommand is

the file k

rm command

k is removed from

the directory

rmdir command

named donic which isremoved through the

comman rm r

rmdir command

The abovescreen showsthat directory

donic is

rmdir command

screen we seethat directory

tomy is unableto remove

rm command

Usin rm withoption – r, thedirectory along

directory along

be removed

rm command

The abovescreen shows

screen shows

directory jerry

rm -ri command

The rm with –ricommand is

the contents

interactively.

rm -ri command

We can see that the filefor which we have given‘ ’ ‘ ’

preserved

File command

The file command is used to check the file content.

Syntax :

file <filename>

Example:

file f1 (f1 is a file. File will show the format)

a block special file)

File format

The file along with file

name (ss) shows the

File format

This showsthe format

cat asexecutablee

l l command

shows thecontents at

contentquickly, which

q yma es e

viewer to seeonly last page

More is usedto lists the

contents one

promptedafter listing

gone y one

Here it is

processlisting more

contents,

shown asabove

Here it is

processlisting more

contents,

shown asabove

command

s over anwe are inthe end of

the end ofthe page

vi & vim editor

Vi is known as the visual editor.It is a standard editor under Linux and Unix system.

Vim is the im roved version of vi editor

Vi have three modes of operation

•Command mode

•Insert mode

•Esc mode

vi Modes

Command mode:

O erations such as cut co aste delete

undo, redo etc., are done in this mode.

Insert mode:

Type in new text

Ex-mode :

Extended commands for saving, exiting, search-

and-replace can executed here

Working with vi editor

file createdor opened

editor.

Command Mode

Press ‘i’ toget into

Insert Mode

insert mode

Insert Mode

After typingthe data’s hit

into commandmode

Ex- Mode

Press:wq to

write and

Ex- Mode

Press !to quitwithout

the data

Hit escape and

type 3yy to yankthree lines from

the cursor osition

Like this example,you can copy any

typing numbers oflines and yy

Text yanked

slide, we saw howto yank the text.

er yan ng we

see the messageas below

Text put

Now the yankedtext is pasted fromt e cursor pos t on

t e cursor pos t on

by hitting the ‘p‘

delete

To delete text, placethe cursor in the

and give the totalnumber and dd

delete

Now 3 lines are

deleted andmessage get

fewer lines asshown below

cut and put

To cut a line

after curserposition hit 1cc.

cut and put

Get into insert modeand lace the cursor

where the data shouldbe pasted. Press esc

cut and put

t th d t

paste the data.

Search

Then if we press ‘n’ it willshows the second match for

that data.If we continuepressing n it will show

pressing n it will show

successive matches.

Find commandFind:

To search files and directories in a specified path.

Syntax:

Condition:

-name <file name> - to search a particular file

-user <user name> - lists the files owned byuser.

-perm <mode> - search a file depending

Find command

This commandsearches the

passwor e rom

/ directory.

Find command

The abovescreen shows

the execution of

command

Locate command

Locate:

To search or locate files and directories from the

database.

It locate the files faster than the find command

Syntax:

locate [pattern]

Locate command

To search filenamed test1

from database.

Locate command

All the files anddirectories named

test1 is located and

dis la ed.

Man command

Display helpful information about

commands.

Syntax:

man [option] command

Option:

command name.

Man command

It displays manualpages for ls

comman .

Man commandThe manual page

of ls command issp aye ere.

Enter q to exit frommanual a e.

useradd commanduseradd :

To create a new user account and login.

Useradd will create new entries in system files.

S ntax

useradd [options ] [user ]

Options

-c Comment field.

-d Home directory

-e Account expiration date.

useradd commandEnter thepassword.

User home directory

When new useraccount is created ,a

the user is created

in /home dir.

User configuration files

When a new user account is created, its entries

u dates the followin s stem files.

- /etc/group

- etc s a ow

Passwd fileTo view passwordconfiguration file.

Passwd file

First fieldx representsUser id.Group id.representencryp e

password is directory.

shell.

username.available inshadow file.

Shadow file

Encr tedpassword for

the user.

Groups file

To viewgroup file

Groups file

Group id forthe user

abdulkalam.

User loginAbdulkalamlogging in .

User loginUser

home dir

userdel command

User account can

userdel command

Creating groupsNew group is created by hand-editing the file /etc/group

or by using groupadd command.

groupadd groupname

groupdel command is used to remove the group.

Syntax

groupdel groupname

Groupmod is used to rename the existing groupname.

Syntax:

Groupadd commandA group is added inthe name of india by

groupadd.

Usermod command

Using usermodcommand the user

added to group

Groups file

To viewgroup file

Groups file

The id numberassi ned to the rou

india is 501

e as e s ows euser abdulkalam added

in India group

Groupdel command

Groupdel

window group.

Group Administration

Create a directorynamed product

sales.

ser s are a e nthe sales groupusing usermod

gcommand.

group file.

This shows that thethree users are

group.

Change the group namesales to product directoryusing chgrp command.

e screen s owsthat the changesbeen made in the

group field.

product directory.

e perm ss onfor the product

directory is

changed.

The user tom is not amember of the group.So the permission is

restricted.

suresh logs in terminal. Ashe is the member of the

group, he have the privilege.

rajesh logs in terminal. Ashe is the member of the

group, he have the privilege.

tom logs in terminal. he isnot the member of the

group so does not have the.

The above screenshows the permission

been restricted to the.

Changing owner

The chowncommand

After giving thechown command

c ange t e e ordirectory owner.

changed from

root to suresh.

Changing owner

The owner andgroup name can be

c ange us ngchown command.

chage commandThe chage command let you specify an expiration limit

for a user's account and password .

– Syntax:

chage [option] username

Option

-m set the min. days to change the password.

-M set the max. days to change the password.-E specific expiration date for user account

E specific expiration date for user account.

-I set inactive period (in days)

- ,expiration.

User administration

Chage –l : liststhe account andThis field sets thepassword for the

Inactive period isused to give

information of

user tom.

maximum valid

days given.

grace time tochange the

assword.

User administration

The –Mcommand with

The passwordexpires field is

100 sets as the

maximum days.

updated by +100days from usercreation date.

User administration

Allowableaccount inactivity

which password

will expire.

User administration

The -W optionshows the

message before

expiration.

User administration

The -m option forminimum number

of da s a usercan exists with

password.

User administration

-for specific

expiration datefor an account.

Set userIDIt allows an executable file to run under the user or group

security context with the permission of its owner.

SUID can be set as follows:

• chmod u+s [filename]

• chmod 4xxx [filename]

Set userID

The above screenThe passwd is the

password along with

the set user id

comman w c up a esthe password in the

shadow file, instead of not .having the execute

permission.

Set userID

Tom changes theassword usin

passwd command.

Set userID

The set userid

removed from the

/usr/bin/passwd.

Set userID

Now we can viewthat tom user

cannot change

the password.

Set GroupID

The user sureshlo s et into the

The user suresh

product directory

and create a file.

w o crea e a e,the group name is

assigned as suresh.

Set GroupID

The groupid isset to the

Note: the group sales

product

directory.

product directory.

Set GroupID

After setting the groupid, user suresh createsa file win98. Using thecommand ls –l showsthat the file is createdunder the group sales.

Sticky bit

The user rajesh logsThe files remove is

file bios created byposs e ecausethe sticky bit is not

ysuresh.

the sticky bit is notset to the product

directory.

Sticky bit

Using +t option thestick is set to theproduct directory.

Sticky bit

After assigning the sticky

delete the file created by

other user but he is.

Switch user

su command is used to switch to another account from

the command line.

This command is most often used b s stem

administrator to temporarily become the root user

Syntax

su - [user] -c command

Switch user

Here the root user

account.(user joe)

Switch user

It executes root privileged command

from the ordinary user.

Multi user loginLike unix operating system where multi user login can

,supports multi user login.

Each user can login in each terminal and can do multi

process ng w c avo s ogg ng o rom e sys em.

Multi user

tom, is the userwho log in thefirst terminal

Multi user

Joe, is theuser who log

terminal

Multi user

harry, is theuser who log

terminal

Multi user

wilson, is theuser who log

terminal

Multi user

bill, is the userwho log in thefifth terminal

Multi userthano, is the

user who lo sin the sixthterminal

W is the command tolist the users logged

list the users logged

vance ses o an

File RepositioningPress G, Cursor go to last line of a file.

Press Ctrl+f, Cursor forward one full screen.

Press Ctrl+b, Cursor go back one full screen.

Press Ctrl+d, Cursor go down half a screen.

ress r +u, ursor go up a a screen.

Screen Repositioning

Press H, Cursor go to first line on screen.

Press M, Cursor go to middle line on screen.

Press L, Cursor go to last line on screen.

Press Z+Enter, Make current line is first line on screen.

screen.

Advanced Reading and SavingIt is also possible to read a other file content in your

current files.

e o ow ng comman e p you : – Go to exmode in a vi editor

– Example :r /root/file1

While working in a editor we can copy the file content to

another file – Syntax : starting line, endingline w <file name>

– Example : 1,20w file2

FilteringA powerful feature of vi is the ability to include into your document

the output of Linux commands.

For example if you want to display any command output in your file

see following syntax .

!!command

The syntax will be working in exmod in editor.

For example to display date ,type following command in exmod.

!!date

Filtering

Open the file

in vi mode.

Filtering

This will replace

the current line

with output of the

date command.

Filtering

The out ut of the

date command is

written here.

Sed CommandSed command just like find and replace .

To display a file , the Sed command change the

particular word in standard input only , but notchan e ori inal content of file.

xamp e o e comman .

sed ‘s/ram/raju/g’ /root/file1

Sed Command

The output of the

named.local is

Sed Command

Here sed command displays the

output by replacing the localhostas www.example.com, but it wont

write output in the file.

ex mode : search and replacevi can perform search and replace operations much

e se comman .

Syntax:

ex mode:1,$s/searchname/replacename/g

s - String of character

g - replace multiple matches in a

ex mode : search and replace

Open the filein vi mode.

It searches and replaces

the localhost aswww.exam le.com.

Thus the localhostwas replaced as

www.example.com..

Advanced Reading and SavingIt is also possible to read a other file content in your

current files.

The following command help you :

– Go to ex mode in a vi editor

– Syntax : r <filename>

– Example :r /root/file1

While working in a editor we can copy the file content toanother file

– Example : 1,20w file2

– Exam le : 21,40w >> file2

Advanced Reading and Saving

ere you can v ew

output of test file.

To display the

output of another

the current file.

The output of testfile is displayed..

The contents of theexisting file.

To write the contents of the existing file in another

file named test1.

The contents are

appended to thetest1 file.

You can see the

in the test1 file.

Set number

File contents.

Set number

To assign numbers

editor.

Set all

To view all the

possibilities of

configurationsavailable in vi

editor.

Set all

All the available

option are

displayed here.

Redirecting Input and OutputOuput of a command is redirected to a file

– Command > filename

Example ls -i >> /root/file1

Output of file redirected to a command

– Command < filename

• Error message of a command redirected to a file- Command 2> file1

- Command 2>> file1

- – –

Redirecting Input and Output

Here the output of ls command is

appended to the

ex1 file.

Redirecting InputA command which accepts the input from a file is

known as Redirecting Input.

Syntax - command < file1

Example : tr ‘A-Z’ ‘a-z’ < file1

A file is created in the name file1 and text is

en ere n cap a e ers, w c s re rec e

through < symbol and the command translates the

a a o sma e ers.

tr translates the upper case

letters to lower case.Hereout ut of file v is

redirected as input to the tr

command.

> re rects t eerror messages to

the ex file.

Here we can see

redirected error

messa es in the exfile.

Piping

Pipes is used to execute more than one command at a time. See

following command.

Syntax : command1 | command2

Example: ls -l | more

It is also used to execute command result

Example: cat file1 | grep station

Piping

ere e ca an

grep command

are executed inpipeline

Redirecting Both Standard Output And Error

If find command is executed, its output can be stored in file2. if

error occurs during execution, the error message is stored in

file1.

or examp e:

find / -name passwd 2> file1 >file2

Redirecting Both Standard Output And Error

If there is anyerror messa es

If there is no error

while execution

the error message

e ou pu w e

redirected to the

ex2 file.to the file ex1.

tee Commandtee is useful to save the output at various stages from

a ong sequence o p pes.

The above exam le shows the t es of ls commandsand options are used to store output to the files g1,g2 and g3.

tee Command

It saves the output

of ls in file a1 and

output of ls –l in

file b2.

grep command

- means general regular expression processor.

- ana yze e con en o a e a ne a a me,returning a line that matches a pattern.

grep command

Grep prints thepattern matched

with ganesh in the

file /etc/passwd.

awk command

An awk program searches for lines in a file

an per orms some ac on on ose nes.

Example:awk ‘/bash/ rint ’ /etc/ asswd

awk command

awk display first

e o e /etc/fstab file.

File CompressionsSeveral compression utilities are available for use on

Linux and Unix s stem.

But most software for Linux system use threecompression utilities.

2 - GNU gzip

Compression commandcompress:

It compresses a file and give the extension as .z forthat file.

Syntax:

compress < ename>

uncompress:

It uncompress the compressed file.

Syntax:

uncompress <filename>

Compression command

Thise actua

size of file is

107 b tes.

the file a.

The compressed file

Thus the file size

s n cate y t e .z

extension.This

is compressed to

39 bytes.

uncompress

the file a.

Compression with gzipgzip utility compresses file .

unzi decom resses them.

To compress a file, enter the command gzip and the

version of it,with the extension .gz.

Syntax:

gz p ename compress on

gunzip filename.gz (decompression)

Compression with gzip

size of file is107 bytes.gzip command

file a.

The compressed file

s n cate y t e

.gz extension.Thus the file size

is compressed to

38 bytes.

uncompress

the file a.

Compression with bzip2

It compresses files using the burrows-wheeler block-sorting text compression algorithm and huffman

coding.You compresses files using the bzip2 command and

The bzip2 command create a file with the extension.bz2

Syntax:

bzip2 filename (compression)

bunzip2 filename.bz2 (decompression)

Compression with bzip2

size of file is107 bytes.bzip2 command

file a.

The compressed file

s n cate y t e

.bz2 extension.Thus the file size

uncompress

the file a .is compressed to

51 bytes.

Creating ArchivesTar:

ar comman s use o crea e arc ves on ev ce or es.Originally, tar was used to create archives on tape devices,

When creating a file for a tar archive, the filename is usually. .

While tar is seldom used to back up entire file system.

Syntax for tar command

Syntax for tar command:

Options:

c - create new arc ve.

v - produce verbose message.

f - archivename,a name of new file.

x - archive will be extracted in the current directory.

t - displays a list of file in the archive

tar command

display all thefile in backup .

tvf options

displays along

with the user

and group

names.

Printer-configuration

Command to

configure the

r nter

Click Newo tion to

add printer

Now the system is

loadin rinter

information.

Click Forward

Chooselocally-connected

option for localprinter

manufacture name in

he list.

Choose the serialnumber of the printer

What you have

selected

Now the printerconfiguration

applying the

changes to the

system

Choose yes you will be

getting an test page form

the printer

lpq is a command to view

lpr is a command given

to print particular file.

lpq is a command to view

t e queue n pr nter

lpq is a command to

v ew t e num er o

queue in printer

Introduction to process

Linux treats each task performed on your system as a, .

You can examine this rocess and even sto them.

Red Hat provides several tools for examining processesas well as your system performances.

e process s easy mon or ng s prov e y severaGUI tools,like Red Hat Procman System Monitor.

ps Command• .

• To display a information about process specific to

the active terminal.

• Syntax: ps [option]• Options available:

-a : o sp ay a process, not nc u ng

process not controlled by a terminal

a terminal, such as daemon process.

-l : To long list including more information such

as process owner's user id.

-u : To display user name of the process

owner.

-e : To view the all process id

pstree command

s ows e

process ancestry

for all process

running on the

system.

ps –a command

sp ay a

processes

excluding

processes not

controlled by..

ps –l command

It list the

rocesses alon

with the owners

ps –x command

sp ay a

processes

including

processes

controlled by.

ps –u command

It list theprocesses along

with the user

kill process

• Kill command is used to send a particular process to

get clear.

• S ntax : Kill -9 < rocess id>

• ps - aux is the command to view all process name

and id

• -command, option and the process id to kill.)

kill process

It kills the tty2

term na as

processes .

Altering process schedule

• renice is the command to set the priority of a process.

• The priority value can range from -20 (highest priority)to 19 (Lowest priority)

• Syntax : renice - +(minus symbol or plus symbol)

• xamp e : ren ce - -p

Foreground and Background process

• Fg command is used to run the background process in

the fore round Front End

• jobs command helps you to view the background

processes.

• Step 1: jobs <enter> to view the process

running and job numbers

• • bg command is used to resume the suspended

command in the back grounded.

‘&’ makes the

in background.Jobs displays the

processes runningin the background.

Fg bring back the

back grounded

rocesses to the

foreground.

Here the

command is

suspendedwhile

pressing ctrl+z.Bg resumes the

stopped jobs tothe

background.

Bash Shell Scripting

Scripting basics

– A shell script is a text file containing set of commands.

– Scripts are useful for automating process that you perform

repeatedly at the command line.

through scripts.

– For example : Every morning when you login you can

perform following operations.

• Checking system date and time

• Checking email

• How many users have logged in the server.

Creation of shell scripts

Shell script are written in vi editor

– For example:

• #!/bin/bash used for bash shell script

• #!/bin/sh used for borne shell script

• #!/bin/csh used for C shell script

• # usr n per use or er s e scr pt

• #!/usr/bin/python used for Python shell script

Basic bash shell script

How to print a data in a console

– ec o e at <enter>

How to execute a command in echo statement

– echo “hostname `hostname` “ <enter>

How to execute a variable in echo statement

– echo “A value: $A” <enter>

Execute bash shell script file

Two methods available to execute a script file are

– First method is

• Syntax :

» bash filename

– Second method is

• Syntax :

»Give the execute permission the script file

through chmod command

»Run the file by ./<file name>

Get in toe v e or

to createscript file

It denotes weare usingas s e

scripts

This script executes

hostname and date

Executing script - First Method

Bashexamp e

(file name)to execute

Output is

shown in theterminal

Executing script - Second Method

No executepermissionfor a file in

default

Permission is,

asexecutable

Second Method

./ example(file name)to execute

the file

Arithmetic Calculation

Exam lescript file forcalculation

Arithmetic Calculation

Using read

read the valuefor A and B

Using exprwe can add

va ues

The values areentered for input

The output is

Partitions

The Linux supports four primary partitions and many

logical partitions in the extended partition.

The Linux kernel supports maximum number of 63

artitions on each IDE disk.

And maximum of 15 partitions on each SCSI device.

Partition Types

Linux-specific partitions would normally be one of the

0 X 5 - Extended

0 X 82- Linux swap

0 X fd - Linux RAID

0 X 8e- Linux LVM

Partitioning

In Linux, partitions can be created by either of the

o ow ng ree u es

– fdisk

– sfdisk

– disk druid (only available during installation)

- Fixed Disk

- Menu driven programs to create and

Before starting fdisk, identify the hard disk type that is

whether primary master or slave and secondary

master or slave by using command fdisk -l.

Partitioning with fdisk

l option list the

available

partitions

space with totalheads, sectors and

cy n ersAvailable partitions, hdb

represents that the hard

Star indicates

the boot

Starting and ending

cylinder for each

Size of the partitions

in blocksdisk is connected as

primary slavepartition.

cylinder = 8.3MB

To create partition in

the device hdb

Type h or help to

shows list of

available commands

Type p to display the

available partitions

Enter the starting

ype n to create a

new partition

enter to take the

default cylinder

Enter the ending

cylinder or type thesize in MB.

Type w to save and.

nstea o restart ng to

update the partition tableust enter the command

partprobe.

Thus a new partition

created

minux & reiserFS

Minux : This file system is small , simple and mostlyused for floppy disk .It support filenames up to 30characters.

e ser : s a vance ourna ng esys em sunder development for Linux.

Its main difference between ext3 and reiserFS .Its usedisk resource efficiently and is particularly effective

w e sys em con a n ng many sma es an argedirectories

Creating file system

Once you create a partition, you have to create a file

To do this, use the mkfs command. To build the Linux

file system and pass the name of the harddisk

artition as a arameter.

Syntax:

mkfs -t <filesystem type> <partitioname>

Creation of file system

Current partitions

are displayed here

Hdb6,7and 8 arenewly created

partitions.

It creates ext2file system for

the device hdb6.

To view the file system type

Dumpe2fs : this command is used to view which file

system we are us ng.

S ntax :

dumpe2fs <partitions>

Example:

To view the file system type

It displays the

file system

information's.

Sparse_super

represents theext2 file system.

Mke2fs command

Mke2fs : This command is used to create file system.

mke2fs [options] device

Example:

mke2fs /dev/hda1 (it will create ext2 filesystem forhda1 partition)

mke2fs – /dev/hda1 it will create ext3 files stem

for hda1 partition)

C i f fil

It creates ext2

file systems for

device hdb7.

Vi h fil

View the file system type

S arse su er_represents the

ext2 file system.

C i 2 3 fil

Converting ext2 to ext3 file system

It converts the file

system of hdb7 from

ext2 to ext3

Vi th fil t t

has_journal

represents the ext3file system thus the

ext2 is converted to

Mount command

n nux, e any

other device the

artitions should be

Mount the partitions

hda6 in data1

director and hda7 inmounted.data2 directory.

T 2f d

Tune2fs command

tune2fs : It is a command used to converting from

ext2 to ext3 file system without un mounting..

tune2fs –j <partitions>

Example:

tune2fs -j /dev/hda1

View the file system type.

Ext2 is the current

device hdb6.

Tune2fs command

Here it converts the

file system for hdb6

Repair Filesystem

e2fsck : This command checks the consistency of the

file system checking tools.

fsck : This command checks and repair a Linux file

sys em.

Example : fsck /dev/hda1

The main difference is e2fsck it will work in ext2 andext3 filesystem and fsck will work only in ext3 file

system.

Repair Filesystem

fsck and e2fsck arethe command used

to check and repair

the file s stem.

Disk usage

df and du are used to check the disk usage.

df : It reports the amount of space used and

available on a mount file system as reported.

du : It displays directories entries and the number of

df command

df commanddisplays the space

in the mounted filesystems

df -h, displays size

in human readable

of 1024

size in the power1000 instead of

du command

du command displaysthe estimate file space

usa e available

df -h & H, displays size in

human readable format in

the power of 1024 and

Performance tools

free command lists the free ram memory and as well as

top command lists the most CPU intensive processes.

Vmstat shows the performance of system components.

free command

free commanddisplay

information

about free and

used memoron the system.

vmstat

Report virtualmemory statistics

Displays top CPUprocesses

It displays the

CPU-intensive

tasks on the system.

Daemon Process

Some process start at boot time and continue runninguntil the system is shutdown. Such process are

known as daemon processes.

Two types of daemon process:

standalone daemon

Transient daemon

Daemon Process

Standalone daemon are a program that run all the time

and are started up either directly by init or by a startup

script under /etc/rc.d.

rans en aemon are on y s ar e up w en ey are

needed, and are controlled by a standalone daemon

called xinetd.

checkconfig command

The chkconfig command can also be used to activateand deactivate services.

The chkconfig --list command displays a list of systemservices and whether they are started (on) or stopped

At the end of the list is a section for the servicesmanaged by xinetd.

checkconfig command

chkconfig can also be used to configure a service to

be started (or not) in a specific run level. For

example, to turn httpd off in runlevels 3, 4, and 5,

chkconfig --level 345 httpd off

checkconfig command

--list options

used to list theservice.

checkconfig command

--list option

lists xinetdservices also.

checkconfig command

--list option list

httpd serviceThis command

htt d service is

--list options

used to list htt drunlevel 0-6.

stop on runlevel

service status .

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/linux-slides1-to-800-compatibility-mode 459/798Standard Boot loader

• There are two standard boot loader are used inLinux

• GRUB

• Grand unified boot loader

• GRUB Grand Unified Boot Loader

and default boot loader for Redhat Linux.

• Using GRUB user can select operating systems to

run from a menu interface displayed when a systemboot up

editing mode and a shell like command line interface

ava a e a oo me.

• means nux oa er

• LILO is a program written to boot sector of a disk that loads

the OS and starts execution.

• It is an older version of boot loader of Red Hat Linux.

• LILO loads the Kernel based on its actual sector location on

the disk , rather than its file name

• /etc/lilo.conf - Configuration file

• o -v - o ns a or up a e e o

boot loader.

• lilo -t - Test the configuration beforeinstallation.

• lilo -u - To restore the MBR backup.

• - -the a current boot loader.

Lilo installation

Check the

the lilo

package.

Copy the

lilo.conf.anaconda

to lilo.conf lilo

lilo –v

installs lilo

configuration file).

oot oa er.

Lilo installation

Thus the lilo

boot loader

is installed.

This command displays

the current boot loader,thus we can see the lilo

Lilo installation

Open the lilo

configuration file.

GRUB Configuration

Open the grub

GRUB Configuration

The options rhgb quiet

will start xserver while

bootin .

emove s op ons o

boot through textmode.

Grub Configuration

Save the file

GRUB Configuration

ow re oot t e

system.

GRUB Configuration

Now system is booting

in text mode .

GRUB Configuration

in text mode .

GRUB Configuration

in text mode .

GRUB Configuration

in text mode .

GRUB Configuration

in text mode .

GRUB Configuration

in text mode .

GRUB Configuration

in text mode .

GRUB Configuration

Open the grub

GRUB Configuration

The options rhgb quiet

will start xserver whilebootin .

GRUB Configuration

ow re oot t e

system.

GRUB Configuration

Now system isbooting in

graphical mode.

In EL-4 redhat-config-*

tools are renamed as

system-config-*.

GRUB installation

N th b t

Now the boot

loader is lilo.

To install grub loader use

the command

GRUB installation

Open the

configuratio

n file.

GRUB installation

If default isLabel for firstFlash screen to beThis represents that theBoots the kernelIt loads the initial

se o zero

then it boot

through first

.displayed at boot

partition of the hard disk on

image.s .

stanza.Loads the

dual OS.

second

stanza.

GRUB installation

To set password to

loader.

It gives us the encrypted format of the

.be entered in the grub.conf file. This can

be done by the following method.

GRUB installation

type the password two times,

this will append the encrypted

password to the grub.conf file.

GRUB installation

Open the

configuration

GRUB installation

Here we cansee the

appended

assword.

GRUB installation

Just cut and

password

Save the file and

system.

GRUB installation

Here you can see the

Type p to enter grub

password if you

want to o to sin le

for the OS to boot.user mode.

GRUB installation

password

GRUB installation

Change the command

prompt to get in to

that press ‘e.’

GRUB installation

to run level 1.

GRUB installation

Press b to

Using rpm command

• rpm command is used to manage and install

software packages.

• This command performs installation, removal and

• Each package is actually an rpm packages.

• rpm consists of an archive of software file and

information to install.

• Each archive is resides as a single file with a name.

Using rpm commandrpm command is used either for installing or uninstalling

package.

Syntax:

rpm [parameter] package name [options]

parameter:- - .

-U - Updates package.

-e - Remove a package.

-q - sp ays n orma on or an ns a epackage.

-ql - Displays file list for installed package.

-qpi - Displays information from an rpm package file.

(used for uninstalled packages)-qpl - Displays file list from an rpm package file. (used

for uninstalled packages)

Using rpm command

Options:

--force - Forces installation des ite conflicts.

--nodeps - Install or remove without doing any

dependency checks.

--aid - Automatic dependency to install a package.

(While available of package rpmdb-redhat

aid option will work)

Querying the packing

rpm –q a

querying a

particular package

Using rpm command

rpm –q checkswhether the above

whether the above.

r m –e commandwill remove thehttp package.

Using rpm command

For installing the

the mount the

operating system

cd-rom of RHELand then only we

can install the

packages.

Using rpm command

Redhat

rectory.

Using rpm command

directory.

Using rpm command

List the files in

RPMS directory

and we can seethat the packages

end with an

extension .rpm.

Using rpm command

rpm –qpi shows

about the packagebefore installation.

Using rpm command

shows the

list of files ina pac age

beforeinstallation.

Using rpm command

r m –ivh is

to install a

package.

Using rpm command

a package.

Using rpm command

rpm –qi

shows theinformationabout the

acka e afterinstallation.

Using rpm command

– the list of files in

a package afterns a a on.

To view an IP-addressTwo methods available in linux to view the ip address

ifconfig :

-shows the ip address of the active interfaces withhardware address.

-it can show ip address of a particular interface by takinge n er ace name as argumen

example:

ifconfig eth0

ip a :

- simply shows the ip address of all interface.

Ifconfig command

Displays

information ona current y

active interfaces.

Ifconfig command

Here it displays

the information

of eth0 interface.

ip a command

Here it displays the

information about allthe interfaces.

ifup / ifdown commandIfup:

-ifup command is used to activate the interfaces.

Syntax:

Ifdown:

-ifdown command is used to deactivate the interface

Syntax:

ifdown <interfacename>

ifup / ifdown command

It deactivate the

Now you can notice

the interface eth0 isdeactivated.

interface eth0.

Now you can notice

the interface eth0 isactivated.

Assigning ip addressIn linux ip address can be assigned by the following methods.

netconfig:- to assign permanent ip address to the interface

Ifconfig:

- to assign temporary ip address to the interface.Syntax:

ifconfig <interfacename> <ipaddress> subnetmask<subnetmaskaddress> broadcast <broadcastaddress>

Ip a a :

- to assign additional ip address temporarily

Syntax:

ip a a <ip/subnetmaskaddress> dev <interfacename>

Assigning ip address

To assign permanent

i address usinnetconfig command.

To assign ip

automatically

from dhcp server.

To assign ip

Using ifconfig

command ip

address can beassigned.

ip a command

s ows e

assigned ipaddress.

When network

service is restarted,

As said earlier,

the ipaddress

assigned through

con g s use oassign ip address

temporarily.

device is removed.

To update ip

address thenetwork service is

restarted.

ip a command

assigned ip

address.

ip address can beassigned

temporary using

I address canbe removed

command, once

network service

s restarte t get

removed.

Router configuration

The ip_forward file is

assigned 1 for enabling

the router or 0 for

disabling.( Thisprocess for temporary.)

To enable the router

in permanent way get

into the s sct1.conf.

The 1 is assigned to

enable the router and

this file is for setting

router in permanentmanner.

Gateway can be added

using the command

route add.

ping command

It is used to detect whether a system is up andrunning.

Syntax:

ping [options] <domainname>

ping [options] <ipaddress>

O tions:

a - audible pingb - to ping the broadcast address

c - s op sen ng pac e s a er coun .

ping command

It checks whether

www.examp e.com

is up and connected

to the network.

ping command

It checks whether192.168.0.253 machine

is u and connected to

the network.

ping command

-b option used

to ping aroa cast

address.

ping command

-c options stops

sending packets

after the

LVM Structure

• LVM structure

also known as extents, are organized into logical

groups, which are in turn used by logical volumes.

Physical volume

• It is nothing but hard disk partition that you create

with artition creation tools such as arted or fdisk.

• The partitions type can be any standard Linux

par ons ype, suc as ex or ex .

Volume groups

• Ph sical volumes are or anized into lo ical rou s,known as Volume groups

• Volume groups that operate much like logical hard.

• You assign collection of physical volume to different

logical groups.

LVM Configuration

Create partitionType p to check how

many partitions

using fdisk

many partitions

command

LVM Configuration

Here 4 partitionis created with

equal sizes of

100mb through

LVM Configuration

Newly created

partition is

listed below as

To know the

partition id, use

the option l.

LVM Configuration

lvm partition id.

LVM Configuration

Here below after‘ ’

the partition id is

changed to lvmTo change the

changed to lvmWe have topartition id as lvmmention the

hex code of

the artition

id, use T option.

LVM Configuration

partition id is

changed to

LVM Configuration

We save the lvm

artition throu hw option.

Previous versions of

redhat needed to restartsystem after creating

version to avoid restart

we use partprobe.

LVM Configuration

Physical volume is

yPvdisplay command

partition(hda6.7.8&9)show the details of

physical volume

LVM Configuration

pvdisplay command

dis la s the h sical

volume size.

LVM Configuration

Vgcreate creates

group as test0 forvgdisplay command

g p a 0displays thevm part t oninformation about

volume group test0.

LVM Configuration

vcrea e crea es a

logical volume and we

assign name as data inthe test0 grouplvdisplay,

displays the

about logicalvolume.

LVM Configuration

an ext3 file

system for data.

og ca vo ume

LVM Configuration

The logical volume

/data directory.

Open fstab file forpermanently mounted

the logical volume data.

LVM Configuration

See thecontent of

fstab file.

LVM Configuration

Logical volume name isdata is mounted on /data

directory permanently .

LVM Configuration

Here we can see free

space of logical volume

LVM Configuration

Create a bi file of size

40mb in /data directory.Here we can see there isno free space available in

/data directory .

LVM Configuration

Extend the logical volume

size u to 45mb usinNow create filesystem for

If the spacelvextend command.

e ex en e vo ume us ng

ext2online.After extending volume now

we see the free space

is not sufficient,

we can resize the

available in /data directory.

logical volume .

LVM Configuration

Here we can see only 12mb

free space ia available in

LVM Configuration

Now the screen

shows that test

increased to 200mb.Note that the total

allocated size for

,the space from

100 mb.

LVM Configuration

The abovecommand shows

the increased

space of logical

LVM Configuration

Extend the lo ical volume

Extend the lo ical volumesize upto 50mb using

lvextend command.Now create filesystem for

e ex en e vo ume us ng

ext2online.After extending volume nowwe see the free space

available in /data directory.

LVM Configuration

We can remove logicalvolume first we must

(/data directory).

LVM Configuration

Remove the

mounted entr of

logiacl volume

(data) in fstab file

LVM Configuration

After removing

lo ical volume save

and exit the file.

LVM Configuration

Remove the logicalWe can remove volumeAfter deactivated the

rou will be removedvo ume name s a a

using lvremove

command.

decativate the volume

group using vgchange

using vgremove

command.comman .

• RAID means Redundant Arrays of Independent

• RAID is a method of storing data across several

redundancy.

as just as one hard disk by your operating system.

Types of RAID

• RAID can be implemented on a

• Hardware level

• Software level

Hardware RAID

• On a hardware level, you can have hard disk

connected to a RAID controller, usually a special

PC card.

though the RAID hardware controller.

Software RAID

• You can implement RAID as software controller,

letting a software RAID controller program.

ett g a so t a e co t o e p og a

• The controller program manage access to hard

disks treated as RAID device.

RAID disk.

Software RAID Levels

RAID levels Capabilities Description

Linear Appending Simply treat RAID hard drives as one virtualdrive with no striping, mirroring.

0 Striping Implements disk stripping across drives with

p g p pp gno redundancy.

1 Mirroring Implements a high level of redundancy. Each

drive is treated as mirror for all data.

5 Distributed Parity Implements data reconstruction capabilityusing parity information. Parity information is

distributed across all drives.

rpm -q command

checks, whether the

mdadm installed

The partition is

created using

fdisk command.

Now the screen lists

Raid Configuration

The partition is

created usingNow the screen lists

the artitions.fdisk command.

Raid Configuration

4 Partitions is

option with equal

size of 100 mb

Raid Configuration

‘ ’

check created

partitions.

The l option, lists the

file system. The fd

Raid Configuration

file system. The fddenotes linux raid

Raid Configuration

Using mdadm tool

creatin raid level 5 it usefour partition

/dev/hda6,7,8&9 and

/dev/md0.

Raid Configuration

Watch command

shows the online

status of raid

devices.

Raid Configuration

Here we see statusof each raid disk.

Raid Configuration

Creating ext3 file

system for raid device

/dev/md0 using mke2fs

command.

Raid Configuration

Here we see the

ext3 file system is

created.

Raid Configuration

mdadm –detail

command show the

detail information

about the raid

Raid Configuration

Here we see each

raid disk major &Its show the raid

minor no. .raid disk active or

not active ).

Raid Configuration

Now raid device

(/dev/md0) is

mounted on /data

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