INTRODUCTIONThe program, prepared in Powerpoint 97, was converted to HTML format in Windows XP, andshould be readable b most P! browsers"#n warning messages that might appear can be clic$ed through and disregarded"%t is intended to be run as a slide show &icon on the lower right', although once in the slide show mode, a viewer can drop bac$ to use the director b pressing ()! or the return button on the lower left of the screen* the director can be e+panded to show full te+t with the button below the bottom of the outline column" % have not &et,' added an notes, so the note window can be closed with repeated presses of the -notes. button"The program is intended as an instructional tool, and therefore is tailored to run through in a limited time* conse/uentl it is not intended to be comprehensive, but contains what % consider the most important milestones"%t is divided into two ma0or sections1 The )imple Microscope, whose importance continues to be inade/uatel appreciated, and The !ompound Microscope"The latter is divided into three sections, dealing with (nglish, (uropean, and #merican Microscopes"(nglish and earl (uropean microscopes are better researched and documented, with considerable literature available &especiall for the (nglish', therefore % have concentrated on the #merican ma$ers, where m own interests lie, and % have the most to contribute" The latter section can be ended after the treatment of 2ausch 3 Lomb, or can be run to completion 45 the full program contains nearl all ma$ers with $nown surviving instruments, and can therefore be considered comprehensive* for some of the better $nown ma$ers % have chosen to use e+amples of less familiar models"% would appreciate an comments, suggestions or corrections" 2ecause of time and space constraints, % ma not be able to utili6e all of them, but the effort will be appreciated nonetheless &and perhaps incorporated in future versions'"% could use original or copright4free color photos &or references to the same' of instruments illustrated b drawings or -representative instruments. in the program"% especiall need a color photo of an earl tripod, an earl Marshall, a bo+ microscope, and an earl wood7ivor7leather7shagreen !ulpeper for replacements" (mail1swarter8csulb"edu BEGIN TRADE CARD OF JOHN YARWELLLONDON, w. 1671-1708 ORIGIN AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE LIGHT MICROCOPE1600-1!00"#$%"L W$%"&%, P%'(&))'% E*&%+"#)D&,$%"*&-" '( B+'.'/+0$. 0+&-0&)C$.+('%-+$ "$"& U-+1&%)+"2, L'-/ B&$03 THE LIGHT MICROCOPEP.$- '( "3& P%&)&-"$"+'-I-"%'4#0"+'-T3& +*,.& M+0%')0',&T3& C'*,'#-4 M+0%')0',&T3& E-/.+)3 M+0%')0',&T3& E#%',&$- M+0%')0',&T3& A*&%+0$- M+0%')0',& EEING I BELIEVINGT3& .+/3" *+0%')0',& ',&-&4 "3& *+-4 "' "3& w'%.4 '( "3& 3+"3&%"' #-)&&-. I") $00&,"$-0& w$) $ )&*+-$. &1&-" +- 3+)"'%2 "3$" &-$5.&4 ,&',.& "' 0'-0&+1& "3& +-0'-0&+1$5.& $-4 &-0'#%$/&4 "3&* "' "3+-6 "3& #-"3+-6$5.&. THE IMPLE MICROCOPET3& (+%)" *+0%')0',&) w&%& &))&-"+$..2 )+*,.& *$/-+(+&%), $."3'#/3 )'*& $03+&1&4 7#+"& 3+/3 ,'w&%).M#03 +*,'%"$-" w'%6 w$) 4'-& w+"3 )+*,.& *+0%')0',&) w&.. +-"' "3& 1!"3 C&-"#%2. 17"3 CENTURYF.&$ /.$))&) w&%& )*$.. )+*,.& *+0%')0',&) #)&4 "' )"#42 +-)&0") 8$-4 '"3&% )*$.. '59&0"): +*,$.&4 '- $ ,+-. T3&2 w&%& *$4& '( +1'%2, 5'-&, w''4 '% "'%"'+)& )3&...V&%2 (&w )#%1+1&. 17"3 CENTURYA-"'-+ 1$- L&w&-3'&6;) '5)&%1$"+'-) "3%'#/3 3+) 3+/3 ,'w&% )+*,.& *+0%')0',&) w&%& 0'**#-+0$"&4 "' "3& R'2$. '0+&"2 +- L'-4'- 5#" 3+) ,#5.+)3&4 (+/#%&) '( $*+-$"+'-.I" 0'#.4 5& (+""&4 w+"3 $ %&(.&0"+1& *+%%'% +-"%'4#0&4 "' E-/.$-4 (%'* G&%*$-2 52 L+&5&%6#&3- +- 17A0. 18"3B1!"3 CENTURY*$..&% ('.4+-/ 5'"$-+0$. ,'06&" *$/-+(+&%)4&1&.',&4 (%'* "3& 0'*,$)) ,$""&%- w&%& 0'**'-.2 #)&4 "3%'#/3'#" "3& 1800;). 18"3B1!"3 CENTURYW+..+$* W+"3&%+-/;) (.'%$) '( "3& B%+"+)3 I).&) 8+- 17 &4+"+'-) 1776-18@8:, $.'-/ w+"3 "3& *+0%')0',&) 3& 4&)+/-&4 ('% "3& &>$*+-$"+'- '( ,.$-") $-4 "3&+% ,$%") +- "3& (+&.4, )"+*#.$"&4 "3& )"#42 '( 5'"$-2 +- "3& 1!"3 C&-"#%2. 18"3B1!"3 CENTURYW+"3&%+-/, w3' w$) $ ,32)+0+$-, 5'"$-+)" $-4 3&%5$.+)", -'w 6-'w- ,%+*$%+.2 ('% 3+) 4+)0'1&%2 '(4+/+"$.+) (%'* "3& ('>/.'1&, +-"%'4#0&4 3+) (+%)" ,'06&"$5.& 5'"$-+0$. *+0%')0',& +- "3& (+%)" &4+"+'- 81776:. 18"3B1!"3 CENTURYW+"3&%+-/;) ('.4+-/ 5'"$-+0$. *+0%')0',&, +-"%'4#0&4 +- 17!6, w$) $.)' (&$"#%&4 +- 3+) 5''6) '- B%+"+)3 (.'%$. I" w$) 5'"3 0'-1&-+&-" $-4 +-&>,&-)+1&, "3#) &-0'#%$/+-/ "3& (+&.4 )"#42 '( ,.$-"), $-4 '( -$"#%$. 3+)"'%2 +- /&-&%$.. 1!"3 CENTURYN#*&%'#) 1$%+$"+'-) '( W+"3&%+-/;) (+%)" ('%* w&%& w+4&.2 #)&4 +- "3& 1!"3 C&-"#%2.T3+) ,',#.$% &>$*,.& 0$%%+&4 $ (&w )*$.. +-)"%#*&-") ('% 4+))&0"+'- '( (.'%$. ,$%"). 1!"3 CENTURYA )+*,.& *+0%')0',& )+*+.$% "' "3+) '-& w$) 5#+." 52 R'5&%" B$-6) ('% C3$%.&) D$%w+- "' "$6& '- "3&)&*+-$. 18C1 1'2$/& '(HM B&$/.& "' '#"3 A*&%+0$ $-4 "3& G$.$,$/') I).$-4). 1!"3 CENTURYO"3&%) 52 B$-6) w&%& #)&4 52 "3& 5'"$-+)" H''6&% 8D$%w+-;) *&-"'%:, $-4 52 R'5&%" B%'w- +- 3+) '5)&%1$"+'-) '( "3& 0&.. -#0.),02"',.$)*+0 )"%&$*+-/ 8020.')+):,$-4"3& ,3&-'*&-'- -'w 6-'w- $) B%'w-+$- *'"+'-. 1!"3 CENTURYA ,3'"'/%$,3 %&0&-".2 "$6&- 52 B%+$- F'%4 "3%'#/3 B%'w-;) )#%1+1+-/ *+0%')0',& ,%'1&) "3$" +" w$) $5.& "' %&)'.1& ,.$-" 0&.. -#0.&+ $-4 '"3&% )#50&..#.$% 4&"$+.). 1!"3 CENTURYB%'w-;) '5)&%1$"+'-) .&4 "' "3& C&.. T3&'%2 4&1&.',&4 52 03.&+4&- $-4 03w$--.A- 18A8 ,.$"& 52 03.&+4&- )3'w) "3$" 3& $.)' w$) $5.& "' *$6& )#03 4&"$+.&4 '5)&%1$"+'-)'( "3& 0&..#.$% )"%#0"#%& '( ,.$-"). 1!"3 CENTURYT3+) 18A8 4%$w+-/ (%'* 03.&+4&- )3'w) "3&"2,+0$. " 0&-"#%2. A ,'%"$5.& 03&)" 1$%+$-" w$) $.)' *$4&. 18"3 CENTURYB&-9$*+- M$%"+-;) +"2 $-4 &>,&-)& '( E-/.+)3 *+0%')0',&), "3& '0+&"2 '( A%") +- 18@A 3$4 '((&%&4 $ ,%+G& ('% $ ,%$0"+0$. $-4 $(('%4$5.& )"#4&-" *+0%')0',&.I" w$) w'- 52 R'5&%" F+&.4, $-4 "3& ,$""&%- w$) w+4&.2 ,%'4#0&4. PECIALTY MICROCOPE'.$% *+0%')0',&) w&%& 4&1&.',&4 +- "3& 17A0;) "' ,%'9&0" ).+4& +*$/&) +-"' $ 4$%6&-&4 %''* 52 +..#*+-$"+'- (%'* "3& )#-. T3&2 w&%& #)&4 #-"+. $4&7#$"& $%"+(+0+$..2 +..#*+-$"&4 ,%'9&0"'%) 0'#.4 5& 4&1&.',&4. PECIALTY MICROCOPEI- "3+) 176? ,.$"&, M. F. L&4&%*#&..&% +..#)"%$"&) "3& #)& '( "3& )'.$% *+0%')0',& "' ,%'9&0" $- +*$/& '- $ w$.. +- $ 4$%6&-&4 %''* ('% /%'#, 1+&w+-/.A )*$..&% "%$-).#0&-" )0%&&- 0'#.4 $.)' 5& #)&4 ('% 5%+/3"&% 1+&w+-/ 52 (&w&% ,&',.&. PECIALTY MICROCOPEG&'%/& A4$*); L#0&%-$.M+0%')0',& '( 1787 0'#.4 5& #)&4 ('% "3& -'0"#%-$. 1+&w+-/ '( ).+4&) '% ',$7#& '59&0") "3$" w&%& +..#*+-$"&4 52 .+/3" (%'* $- '+. .$*,.I" w$) %&,.$0&4 .$"&% +- "3& 1!"3 C&-"#%2 52 "3& M$/+0 L$-"&%-. PECIALTY MICROCOPEI- 18?6 P3+.+, C$%,&-"&% ',&-&4 $ 0'**&%0+$. &>3+5+"+'- "3&$"&% +- L'-4'-, "3& M+0%'0')*, +- w3+03 ,$"%'-) 0'#.4 1+&w *+0%')0',+0 '59&0") )3'w- 52 4$2 w+"3 )'.$% *+0%')0',&) $-4 52 -+/3" w+"3 "3& .#0&%-$.). PANICIA) *'%&,&',.& 5&0$*& &>,')&4 "' "3& )#59&0", "3+) w$) "3& ,#5.+0;) %&$0"+'-I PECIALTY MICROCOPEA w+4& 1$%+&"2 '( )*$.. $-4 .$%/& ,'%"$5.& *+0%')0',&) w$) 4&1&.',&4. O("&- "3&)& w&%& 0'-1&-"+'-$. *+0%')0',&)*'4+(+&4 "' ('.4 #, ('% 0'*,$0" ,'%"$5+.+"2. PECIALTY MICROCOPEC$.0+"& ,'.$%+G+-/ $-4 $-$.2G+-/ ,%+)*) 3$4 5&&- #)&4 $) $00&))'%+&) )+-0& "3& 1700;)J .$"&% +- "3& 1!"3 C&-"#%2 ),&0+$.+G&4 ,'.$%+G+-/ *+0%')0',&) w+"3 5#+."-+- (&$"#%&) w&%& 4&1&.',&4 ('% 0%2)"$..'/%$,3+0 $-4 03&*+0$. w'%6. THE EUROPEAN MICROCOPEW3+.& *'%& w&..-"'-4' E-/.+)3 w&%& 4&1&.',+-/ "3&+% *+0%')0',&) +-"' +-0%&$)+-/.2 &.$5'%$"& $-4 0'*,.+0$"&4 4&1+0&) "' ,#%)#& "3&+% V+0"'%+$- -$"#%$. 3+)"'%2 3'55+&), E#%',&$-) '- "3& C'-"+-&-" #)&4 )+*,.&%, *'%& 5$)+0 +-)"%#*&-") "' $41$-0& *'%& "&03-+0$. )"#4+&) )#03 $) 3+)"'.'/2 $-4 &*5%2'.'/2.F&w&% '( "3&+% +-)"%#*&-")$-4 3+)"'%+0$. %&0'%4) )#%1+1&, 3$1+-/ 5&&- .')" +- "3& *$-2 w$%) "3$" )w&," "3& C'-"+-&-" '1&% "3& 0&-"#%+&). 17"3B18"3 CENTURYH'..$-4, F%$-0& $-4 G&%*$-2 ,%'4#0&4 *+0%')0',&) "3$" w&%& )+*+.$% "' "3')& +- E-/.$-4 #-"+. "3& 1!"3 C&-"#%2, w3&- "3& 0'-"+-&-"$. ,$""&%- '( *+0%')0',& 5&/$- "' &*&%/&. 17"3B18"3 CENTURYA- &>0&,"+'- w$) "3& #-+7#&.2 E#%',&$- B'> M+0%')0',&, +- w3+03 "3& )#5)"$/& *+%%'% w$) &-0.')&4 w+"3+- "3& 5'> "3$")&%1&4 $) $ 5$)&. T3+) ,$""&%- ('%&)3$4'w&4 "3& 4%#* *+0%')0',&. 1!"3 CENTURYO-& '( "3& (+%)" )#00&))(#. $03%'*$"+0 *+0%')0',&) w$) *$4& 52 V+-0&-" C3&1$.+&% +- P$%+).I" w$) $ 5'>-*'#-"&4 ,'%"$5.& "3$" w$) 4+)*'#-"&4 $-4 4+)$))&*5.&4 ('% ,$06+-/ +-"' +") 5'>. 1!"3 CENTURYA-'"3&% &$%.2 $03%'*$"+0 *+0%')0',& +) "3+) ,'%"$5.& +-)"%#*&-" 52 G+'1$--+ B$""+)"$ A*+0+, w3' 3$) 5&&- 0%&4+"&4 w+"3 "3& 4&1&.',*&-" '( "3& (+%)" )#00&))(#. $03%'*$"+0 .&-). THE REFLECTING MICROCOPEA- $""&*," w$) *$4& +- "3& &$%.2 1!"3 C&-"#%2 52 A*+0+ $-4 '"3&%) "' &.+*+-$"& 03%'*$"+0 $5&%%$"+'- 52 %&,.$0+-/ "3& '59&0"+1& .&-) w+"3 $ 0'-0$1& *+%%'% +- $ 3'%+G'-"$. *+0%')0',&. THE HORIFONTAL MICROCOPET3& 3'%+G'-"$.0'*,'#-4 *+0%')0',&, 4+)"+-/#+)3&4 (%'* "3& %&(.&0"+-/ "2,&, 0'-)"+"#"&4$- $""&*," "' 0'*,&-)$"& ('% $ .'-/ 5'42 "#5& "3$" 0'#.4 -'" 5& +-0.+-&4 4#%+-/ '5)&%1$"+'- '( )#59&0") )#),&-4&4 +- $ (.#+4 *&4+#*. THE DRUM MICROCOPEJ')&,3 F%$#-3'(&%;) 181C +5+.+"2 '( +..#*+-$"+'-, $-4 "3& 0'-"+-&-"$. *+0%')0',& w$) 5'%-. THE CONTINENTAL MICROCOPET3+) *'4&. 52 WEH &+5&%" 8&+5&%" E K%$((": w$) #)&4 52 H$-) C3%+)"+$- G%$*, 4&1&.',&% '( "3& G%$* )"$+-, $-4 52 W$."3&% F.&**+-/, ,+'-&&% +- "3& )"#42 '( *+"')+).A-'"3&% *'4&. w$) #)&4 52 R'5&%" K'03, w3' &)"$5.+)3&4 5$0"&%+$ $) "3& 0$#)& '( "#5&%0#.')+), 03'.&%$, $-4 $-"3%$>. THE CONTINENTAL MICROCOPEM+0%')0',&7#$.+"2 w$) )+/-+(+0$-".2 $41$-0&4 52 C$%. F&+)), w3' #)&4 )#,&%+'% ',"+0) 4&)+/-&4 52 E%-)" A55& $-4 *$4& w+"3 $41$-0&4 ',"+0$. /.$)) ('%*#.$"&4 52 O""' 03'"". PECIALTY MICROCOPET3& G%$-4 M'4&. 52 C$*+..& N$03&" +) $-&>$*,.& '( $ .$%/&, /&-&%$.- ,#%,')& 4%#* *+0%')0',&. I- "3+) #-4'0#*&-"&4 0'-(+/#%$"+'-, *$4& 5&('%& 186C w3&- "3& G%$-4 M'4&. w$) 4+)0'-"+-#&4, +" 3$) 5&&- &7#+,,&4 $) $ ,'.$%+G+-/ *+0%')0',&. THE AMERICAN MICROCOPEN' *+0%')0',&) w&%& *$4& +- A*&%+0$ +- "3& 1700;).T3& (&w w3' 4$55.&4 +- )0+&-0& $-4 'w-&4 *+0%')0',&) 8.+6& B&-9$*+- F%$-6.+-, T3'*$) J&((&%)'-, B&-9$*+- $-4 D$1+4 R+""&-3'#)&: '5"$+-&4 "3&* (%'* E-/.$-4 '% E#%',&.E)"$"&) '( $ (&w w&$."32 0+"+G&-), )#03 $) G'1&%-'% B%$4('%4 '(M$))$03#)&""), &$03 0'-"$+-&4 )&1&%$. )0+&-"+(+0 +-)"%#*&-"), +-0.#4+-/ $ *+0%')0',& '% "w'.O-& 4&$.&% +- -$1+/$"+'-$. $-4 )#%1&2+-/ +-)"%#*&-") $41&%"+)&4 $*,.&):, $-4 *'%& $%& )"+.. 0'*+-/ "' .+/3" "'4$2.W+"3 "3& $41&-" '( +-4#)"%+$.+G$"+'-, $.. 5#" "w' 3$4 4+)$,,&$%&4 52 "3& &$%.2 ,$%" '( "3& ?0"3 C&-"#%2. 1!"3 CENTURYT3& (&w w&.. 6-'w- *$6&%) w&%& .$%/& $-4B'% +-(.#&-"+$.DC3$%.&) $-4 8.$"&%: H&%5&%" ,&-0&% 8N&w Y'%6 "$"&:J#.+#) $-4 W+..+$* G%#-'w 8N&w H$1&-, CT:J')&,3 F&-"*$2&% 8P3+.$4&.,3+$, PA:R'5&%" B. T'..&)8B')"'-, MA:W$."&% H. B#..'038C3+0$/', IL:J$*&) W. L#&&- 8P3+.$4&.,3+$:J'3- J. B$#)03 8$-4 H&-%2 L'*5:8R'03&)"&%, NY: 1!"3 CENTURYT3& (&w w&.. 6-'w- *$6&%) w&%& .$%/& $-4B'% +-(.#&-"+$.DB2 18C8 C3$%.&) ,&-0&% w$) ,%'4#0+-/ "3& (+%)" 0'**&%0+$. *+0%')0',&) +- A*&%+0$ $) 0',+&) '( F%&-03 $-4 E-/.+)3 3'%+G'-"$.$-4 1&%"+0$. 0'*,'#-4 *+0%')0',&). H& ,%'4#0&4 &>0&..&-" .&-)&) "3%'#/3'#" "3& 0&-"#%2, 5#" *+0%')0',& ,%'4#0"+'- w$) ).'w $-4 ),'%$4+0. 1!"3 CENTURYT3& (&w w&.. 6-'w- *$6&%) w&%& .$%/& $-4B'% +-(.#&-"+$.DC3$%.&) $-4 8.$"&%: H&%5&%" ,&-0&% 8N&w Y'%6 "$"&:J#.+#) $-4 W+..+$* G%#-'w 8N&w H$1&-, CT:J')&,3 F&-"*$2&% 8P3+.$4&.,3+$, PA:R'5&%" B. T'..&)8B')"'-, MA:W$."&% H. B#..'038C3+0$/', IL:J$*&) W. L#&&- 8P3+.$4&.,3+$:J'3- J. B$#)03 8$-4 H&-%2 L'*5:8R'03&)"&%, NY: 1!"3 CENTURYT3& (&w w&.. 6-'w- *$6&%) w&%& .$%/& $-4B'% +-(.#&-"+$.DJ.A.R+44&.. '( N&w O%.&$-) +-1&-"&4 "3& (+%)" 5+-'0#.$% *+0%')0',& +- 18@1. I" w$) 5#+." 52 "3&G%#-'w) $-4 .$"&% 52 w+(" 8('..'w+-/ "&,3&-)'-;) *'4+(+0$"+'-: +- E-/.$-4, 5#" 4#& "' 4'*+-$-0& '( W&-3$*;) 5+-'0#.$%, w$) -&1&% ,',#.$%.E%-)" L&+"G;) 1!1C 4&)+/-,5$)&4 '-$ 1!0C U.. ,$"&-" 52 F.E.I1&), 5&0$*& "3& )"$-4$%4. 1!"3 CENTURYT3& (&w w&.. 6-'w- *$6&%) w&%& .$%/& $-4B'% +-(.#&-"+$.DC3$%.&) $-4 8.$"&%: H&%5&%" ,&-0&% 8N&w Y'%6 "$"&:J#.+#) $-4 W+..+$* G%#-'w 8N&w H$1&-, CT:J')&,3 F&-"*$2&% 8P3+.$4&.,3+$, PA:R'5&%" B. T'..&)8B')"'-, MA:W$."&% H. B#..'038C3+0$/', IL:J$*&) W. L#&&- 8P3+.$4&.,3+$:J'3- J. B$#)03 8$-4 H&-%2 L'*5:8R'03&)"&%, NY: 1!"3 CENTURYT3& (&w w&.. 6-'w- *$6&%) w&%& .$%/& $-4B'% +-(.#&-"+$.DJ')&,3 F&-"*$2&% +) 0%&4+"&4 w+"3 +-1&-"+-/ $ )w+-/+-/ )#5)"$/&, w3+03 &-$5.&4 "3& *+%%'% "' ,%'1+4& 5'"3 '5.+7#& +..#*+-$"+'- (%'* 5&.'w $-4 4+%&0" .+/3"+-/ (%'* $5'1&.T3+) $-4 3+) +-"&%-$. .'-/ .&1&% (+-& ('0#) *&03$-+)* w&%&0',+&4 3&%& $-4 $5%'$4. 1!"3 CENTURYT3& (&w w&.. 6-'w- *$6&%) w&%& .$%/& $-4B'% +-(.#&-"+$.DC3$%.&) $-4 8.$"&%: H&%5&%" ,&-0&% 8N&w Y'%6 "$"&:J#.+#) $-4 W+..+$* G%#-'w 8N&w H$1&-, CT:J')&,3 F&-"*$2&% 8P3+.$4&.,3+$, PA:R'5&%" B. T'..&)8B')"'-, MA:W$."&% H. B#..'038C3+0$/', IL:J$*&) W. L#&&- 8P3+.$4&.,3+$:J'3- J. B$#)03 8$-4 H&-%2 L'*5:8R'03&)"&%, NY: 1!"3 CENTURYT3& (&w w&.. 6-'w- *$6&%) w&%& .$%/& $-4B'% +-(.#&-"+$.DT%$+-&4 52 C.A.,&-0&%, T'..&) +-1&-"&4 "3&)'.+4 '0#.$%, $- +**&%)+'- .&-),$-4 $ 5+-'0#.$% &2&,+&0&.A (+-+062 w'%6*$-, 3+) ,%'4#0"+'- '( (+-&.2 0%$("&4 *+0%')0',&) w$) -'" /%&$".H& w$) )#00&&4&4 52 C3$%.&) M. D$."'- w3' 0'-"+-#&4 "' ',&%$"& T'..&); B')"'- O,"+0$. W'%6). 1!"3 CENTURYT3& (&w w&.. 6-'w- *$6&%) w&%& .$%/& $-4B'% +-(.#&-"+$.DC3$%.&) $-4 8.$"&%: H&%5&%" ,&-0&% 8N&w Y'%6 "$"&:J#.+#) $-4 W+..+$* G%#-'w 8N&w H$1&-, CT:J')&,3 F&-"*$2&% 8P3+.$4&.,3+$, PA:R'5&%" B. T'..&)8B')"'-, MA:W$."&% H. B#..'038C3+0$/', IL:J$*&) W. L#&&- 8P3+.$4&.,3+$:J'3- J. B$#)03 8$-4 H&-%2 L'*5:8R'03&)"&%, NY: 1!"3 CENTURYT3& (&w w&.. 6-'w- *$6&%) w&%& .$%/& $-4B'% +-(.#&-"+$.DB#..'03 1+&) w+"3 F&-"*$2&% ('% ,%+*$02 '( "3& )w+-/+-/ )#5)"$/& $-4 +-"&%-$. .'-/ .&1&% (+-& ('0#).H+) 1878 C'-/%&)) *+0%')0',& $-4 F&-"*$2&%;) 1876 C&-"&--+$. w&%& "3& .$%/&)" $-4 *')" 0'*,.&> A*&%+0$- *+0%')0',&) *$4&. 1!"3 CENTURYT3& (&w w&.. 6-'w- *$6&%) w&%& .$%/& $-4B'% +-(.#&-"+$.DC3$%.&) $-4 8.$"&%: H&%5&%" ,&-0&% 8N&w Y'%6 "$"&:J#.+#) $-4 W+..+$* G%#-'w 8N&w H$1&-, CT:J')&,3 F&-"*$2&% 8P3+.$4&.,3+$, PA:R'5&%" B. T'..&)8B')"'-, MA:W$."&% H. B#..'038C3+0$/', IL:J$*&) W. L#&&- 8P3+.$4&.,3+$:J'3- J. B$#)03 8$-4 H&-%2 L'*5:8R'03&)"&%, NY: 1!"3 CENTURYT3& (&w w&.. 6-'w- *$6&%) w&%& .$%/& $-4B'% +-(.#&-"+$.DP%+'% "' *$)) ,%'4#0"+'-, *+0%')0',&) w&%& &>,&-)+1& $-4 -'" $1$+.$5.& +- )#((+0+&-"-#*5&%) "' &7#+, 0.$))&).D&*'-)"%$"+'- *+0%')0',&) w&%& ,$))&4 $%'#-4 "3& 0.$)) +-)"&$4. I- 187!, J. W. L#&&- '((&%&4 $*,.&) $%&DE%-)" G#-4.$03R'03&)"&%, NYT3'*$) H. M0A..+)"&%N&w Y'%6, NYL2*$- M0I-"')3C3+0$/', ILL&','.4 03%$#&%N&w Y'%6, NYG&'%/& W$.& H'5'6&-, NJ 1!"3 CENTURYO"3&% 5&""&% 6-'w- *$6&%) w+"3 *#."+,.& &>$*,.&) $%&DM0A..+)"&% +) 6-'w- ,%+*$%+.2 ('% 3+) #)& '(('0#)+-/ 52 (#)&& 03$+-, $-4 '((&%&4 )&1&%$. #-+7#& $-4 +-&>,&-)+1& *'4&.) ,&%3$,) '( 3+) 'w- 4&)+/-.H+) .$%/&)" *'4&., "3& $*,.&) $%&DE%-)" G#-4.$03R'03&)"&%, NYT3'*$) H. M0A..+)"&%N&w Y'%6, NYL2*$- M0I-"')3C3+0$/', ILL&','.4 03%$#&% N&w Y'%6, NYG&'%/& W$.& H'5'6&-, NJ 1!"3 CENTURYO"3&% 5&""&% 6-'w- *$6&%) w+"3 *#."+,.& &>$*,.&) $%&DM0I-"')3, $ ,32)+0+$- 52 "%$+-+-/, ,%'4#0&4 $ w+4& 1$%+&"2 '( *&4+0$. $-4 7#$06 *&4+0$. 4&1+0&).H+) #-#)#$. *+0%')0',&) $%& #-+7#&, &>0&," ('% 3+) $*,.&) $%&D03%$#&%;) *+0%')0',&) w&%& $41&%"+)&4 $-4 )'.4 '-.2 52 3+*, &>0&," ('% $ 5%+&( '((&%+-/ 52 L#&&-. H& w$) ,&%3$,) "3& .$)" "' '((&% 0'*,.&"&.2 3$-4 *$4& +-)"%#*&-"), $-4 3+) '#",#" w$) -'" /%&$".H& $.)' %&)'.4 +-)"%#*&-") *$4& 52 D$-+&. P+6&. 1!"3 CENTURYO"3&% 5&""&% 6-'w- *$6&%) w+"3 *#."+,.& &>$*,.&) $%&DE%-)" G#-4.$03R'03&)"&%, NYT3'*$) H. M0A..+)"&%N&w Y'%6, NYL2*$- M0I-"')3C3+0$/', ILL&','.4 03%$#&%N&w Y'%6, NYG&'%/& W$.& H'5'6&-, NJ 1!"3 CENTURYO"3&% 5&""&% 6-'w- *$6&%) w+"3 *#."+,.& &>$*,.&) $%&DG&'%/& W$.& +) -'"&4 ('% "3& +-1&-"+'- '( "3& 0'-0&-"%+0 +-0.+-$"+'- 9'+-", w3+03 w$) $4',"&4 52 '"3&% *$6&%) 5'"3 3&%& $-4 +- E-/.$-4. '*& *+-'% *$6&%) w3' $%& '5)0#%& '% 6-'w- 52 '-.2 '-& '% $ (&w )#%1+1+-/ &>$*,.&) ('..'w -&>"D JOIAH BENNET ALLENPRINGFIELD, MAT3& )&0'-4 A*&%+0$- *$6&% $("&% C3$%.&) ,&-0&%, A..&- w$) ,'))+5.2 "3& (+%)" "' ,%'4#0& $- '%+/+-$. 4&)+/-. JOIAH BENNET ALLENPRINGFIELD, MAT3+) #-4'0#*&-"&4 +-)"%#*&-" *$2 3$1& 5&&- 3+) (+%)".'*& '( +") ),&0+$.+G&4 ',&%$"+'-$. (&$"#%&) $%& -'" 2&" (#..2 #-4&%)"''4. AMUEL MURETP3+.$4&.,3+$, PAT3+) 3+"3&%"' #-6-'w- +**+/%$-" w+)) +-)"%#*&-" *$6&% )#,,.+&4 +-)"%#*&-") "' "3& P3+.$4&.,3+$ (+%*) '( L#&&- $-4 M0A..+)"&%. AMUEL MURETP3+.$4&.,3+$, PAT3& )'#%0& '( "3&)& *+0%')0',&) w$) #-6-'w-, $-4 )'*& w&%& "3'#/3" "' 3$1& 5&&- F%&-03 +*,'%").H& 03$%$0"&%+)"+0$..2 #)&4 $ 5%$)) ).+4+-/ )"$/& ,.$"&, %$"3&% "3$- "3& #)#$. /.$)) ,.$"& #)&4 '- A*&%+0$- *+0%')0',&) '( "3& "+*&. CHARLE FAOLDTALBANY, NYC3$%.&) F$)'.4" w$) 6-'w- ('% 3+) (+-& %#.+-/)J "' *$6& "3&)& 3& 5#+." 3+) 'w- %#.+-/ &-/+-&.H+) *+0%')0',&) w&%& 4&)+/-&4 ('% #)& w+"3 "3&)& ),&0+$.+G&4 ).+4&), w3+03 w&%& #)&4 "' *&$)#%& "3& %&)'.#"+'- '(*+0%')0',& '59&0"+1&). ERNET CHARLE FAOLDTALBANY, NYO-.2 )&1&- *+0%')0',&) *$4& 52 E%-&)" $-4 3+) 5&""&% 6-'w- ($"3&%, C3$%.&), $%& 6-'w-. T3&+% '-.2 )#%1+1+-/ +-)"%#*&-") $%& &$03 '-& '( $ 6+-4, &>0&," "3+) *'%& 5$)+0 *'4&. '( w3+03 "w' $%& 6-'w-. DANIEL PIKENEW YORK CITYT3+) )'- '( +-)"%#*&-" *$6&% B&-9$*+- P+6& 0$%%+&4 '- 3+) ($"3&%;)5#)+-&)). N'" 4'0#*&-"&4 $) $ *+0%')0',& *$6&%, 3& +) 5&.+&1&4 "' 3$1& $44&4 "3&* "' "3&'#",#"'( 3+) .$%/& )3',, $-4 )#,,.+&4'"3&% N&w Y'%6 *$6&%) $-4 %&"$+.&%) w+"3 *+0%')0',&). DANIEL PIKENEW YORK CITYD$-+&. w'%6&4 #-4&% "3& -$*&) '(B&-9.P+6& E '-8):, $-4 B&-9. P+6&;) '- 818AA-18!C:. H& #)&4 )'*& (&$"#%&) +- 0'**'- w+"3 "3')& #)&4 52 "3& G%#-'w) $-4 '"3&%).H& +) -'" "' 5& 0'-(#)&4 w+"3 B&-9. P+6&, J%, w3' %$- $ 0'*,&"+-/ 5#)+-&)). MILLER BROTHERNEW YORK CITYT3& M+..&% B%'"3&%) *$4& .&-)&) $-4 $ (&w *+0%')0',&), 5#" $.)' %&)'.4 *+0%')0',&) (%'* *$6&%) .+6& P+6&, F&-"*$2&% $-4 03%$#&%, $) 4+4 '"3&% N&w Y'%6 (+%*) .+6& C.B. K.+-&, T.H.M0A..+)"&%, $-4 03%$#&% 3+*)&.(. JOHN W. IDLELANCATER, PAI- 1880 J.W. +4.& 5&/$- ,%'4#0+-/ $41$-0&4 *+0%')0',&) +- 3+)A0*& O,"+0$. W'%6).H& w$) 7#+06.2 5'#/3" '#" 52 J.W. L#&&- E C'., $-4 ,%'4#0&4 3+) A0*& *+0%')0',&) ('% "3&* #-4&% "3& L#&&- -$*&, )' &$%.2 &>$*,.&) )+/-&4 52 3+* $%& 1&%2 )0$%0&. JOHN W. IDLELANCATER, PAO-& '( "3& +--'1$"+'-) ('% w3+03 +4.& +) 6-'w- +) 3+) #)& '( $ 0$.+5%$"&4 )&0"'% 4+)6 ('% "3& ,%&0+)& *&$)#%&*&-" '( $-/.&) '( +..#*+-$"+'-. YAWMAN AND ERBEROCHETER, NYT3&)& ('%*&% &*,.'2&&) '( B$#)03 E L'*5 3$4 $ 5%+&( ,&%+'4 '( $))'0+$"+'-w+"3 E%-)" G#-4.$03, 5&('%& 5&+-/ ('%0&4 '#" '( "3& *+0%')0',& 5#)+-&)) 52 BEL, &+"3&% 5&0$#)& '( ,&%0&+1&4 0'*,&"+"+'-, '% 5&0$#)& '( "3& #)& '( 4+),#"&4 ,$"&-"). YAWMAN AND ERBEROCHETER, NYT3+) #-4'0#*&-"&4 *'4&. 3$) $ ,''%.2 4&)+/-&4 (+-& ('0#) *&03$-+)*, ,'))+5.2 *$4& +- $- +..-$41+)&4 $""&*," "' 0+%0#*1&-" ,$"&-") 4+),#"&4 5&"w&&- G#-4.$03 $-4 B$#)03 E L'*5. LABAN HEATHBOTON, MAI- 1866 $-4 .$"&% +- 1877 L$5$- H&$"3 ,$"&-"&4 "w' +-)"%#*&-") "' 5& #)&4 +- 4&"&0"+-/ 0'#-"&%(&+" 0#%%&-02.T3& (+%)" 0'#.4 $.)' 5& 4+)$))&*5.&4 +-"' $ "&.&)0',& $-4 $ 3$-4 *$/-+(+&%. JAME H. LOGANWAHINGTON, D.C.I- 186! J$*&) H. L'/$- ,$"&-"&4 $ )+*,.& *+0%')0',& *$4& $.*')" &-"+%&.2 '( w''4.I" 0$*& w+"3 "3%&& /.$)) 5&$4 .&-)&) 81@0M, C00M, @00M: .+6& "3')& #)&4 52 H''6& $-4 L&w&-3'&6.Tw' &>$*,.&) )#%1+1& +- *#)* 0'..&0"+'-). GEORGE L. GOWLLANDCAMBRIDGE, MAT3+) *$6&%, 6-'w- '-.2 (%'* "3& )+/-$"#%& '- "3+) #-+7#& *+0%')0',&, %&*$+-) #-4'0#*&-"&4. I" +) *$%6&4 $*,.& $,,&$%&4. E.H. AND F.H.TIGHEDETROIT, MIA) "3& .$)" ,#%,'%"&4 *$6&%) "' $,,&$% $" "3& &-4 '( "3& 1!"3 0&-"#%2, "3&+% *+0%')0',&) w&%& #-+7#& $-4 5%+&(.2 ,',#.$%, '1&%.$,,+-/ +-"' "3& ?0"3 0&-"#%2.T3$" "3&2 0.$+*&4 "' 5& *$6&%) w$) -'" %&0'/-+G&4 #-"+. %&0&-".2. E.H. AND F.H.TIGHEDETROIT, MIT3& T+/3&) '((&%&4 $ .+-& '( (+1& *'4&.) +- "3& 5%+&( ,&%+'4 '( "3& (+%*;) &>+)"&-0&. A("&%4+)0'-"+-#$-0& '( *+0%')0',&)52 "3& T+/3&) $5'#" 1!0@, ,%'4#0"+'- w$) 0'-"+-#&4 52 "3& G#-4.$03- M$-3$""$- O,"+0$. C'. 8GMOC:, w3+03 *$2 3$1& 5&&- "3& $0"#$. *$-#($0"#%&%) $.. $.'-/. THE FINE PRINTMOT INTRUMENT DEPICTED ARE 8OR WERE: OWNED BY ACTIVE OR CORREPONDING MEMBER OF THE MICROCOPICAL OCIETY OF OUTHERN CALIFORNIADK&--&"3 G%&/'%2 B$%%2 '5&.J$*&) '..+4$2"#$%" W$%"&% A..$- W+))-&%IMAGE CONTRIBUTED BY 8)'*& &4+"&4 ('% #-+('%*+"2:DD$1+4 C'((&&- (Tesseract) B%+$- F'%4 T'* G%+..J$*&) '..+4$2"#$%" W$%"&% D'-$.4 W+-/ A..$- W+))-&% G&'%/& V+""'*& +-)"%#*&-") 4&,+0"&4 3$1& 5&&- +..#)"%$"&4 +- '-& '% *'%& +))#&) '( "3& Journal of the Microscopical Society ofSouthern California.'*& +-)"%#*&-") 4&,+0"&4 $%& -'" "3& &>$0" '-&) *&-"+'-&4, 5#" -'-&"3&.&)) $%& $00#%$"& %&,%&)&-"$"+'-). END