Lecture 7

WELCOME EVERYBODY !!

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Landscape Ecology & Wildlife Habitat 469o/669

Today’s Lecture Topic:

PROCESSES 2:Change of Pattern

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What you learnt last time:

1. Abiotic Causes of Landscape Patterns2. Biotic Causes of Landscape Patterns3. Succession4. Disturbances

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What’s to be learned today

1. Types of human caused Changes2. Effects of Human Footprints3. History of the Human Footprint4. Examples of Wildlife Effects

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Human-caused changes of patterns

-hunters and gatherers-agriculture-forestry-fishery-industrialization-urbanization-management regimes-americanization/globalization

=> culture!

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Jon Janosikhttp://www.natureartists.com/jon_janosik.asp

Natural Evolution of Pattern

10% of the world is ‘unchanged’

(only 4% is truly protected)

…but all is affected by Climate Change by now…

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Human caused changes of patterns

The Human Footprint

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Human caused changes of patterns

The detectable ‘Human Footprint’ started in the holocene, and increased thereafter

~10,000 BP : first settlements in Greece~ 5,000 BP : oxen cart~ 3,000 BP : plow~ 100 years ago : industrial oil development …

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1.Occurrence2.Density3.Innovation…

Giant Ground Sloth. Now extinct. Lived formerly in South America(Photo taken from S. Bridgewater 2012)

Glyptodon. Now extinct. Lived formerly in Central America(drawing taken from WWW)

Human caused changes of patterns: Hunters and gatherers

-harvest of wildlife and plants

(habitat change to ease harvest, e.g. fire, ‘bird ovens’, buffalo jumps, caribou drives)

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Human caused changes of patterns: Hunters and gatherers

-harvest of wildlife and plants

(habitat change to ease harvest, e.g. fire, ‘bird ovens’, buffalo jumps, caribou drives)

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World- Italy North American Alaska wide Prairies (selected examples)

Human caused changes of patterns: Forestry a)

-harvest of timber

-harvest of side-products, e.g. gravel

-infrastructure, e.g. trials, roads

-spread of ‘peculiar business concepts’

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Human caused changes of patterns: Forestry b)

Example of Traditional Effects of Forestryon Contiguous Forest Cover:

-perforation-dissection-fragmentation-shrinkage-attrition

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=>Sustainability of Landscapes(Functions, Patterns & Processes) ?!

The performanceof two managementregimes over time

Human caused changes of patterns: Agriculture

Goal: yearly harvest of crops

=>Modification of land, e.g. forest coverÞ Crop circulationÞ WateringÞ NutrientsÞ Access, e.g. roads and housingÞ Interactions

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Human caused changes of patterns: Agriculture

Some advanced issues:

-introduction of ‘rubber’-automobilization, e.g. soil compression-interactions with housing, forestry, roads-organic farming-nutrient wash-off-globalization

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Spring

Crop and Harvest Types

Aral Lake: Change of Waterlevel…

25 June 1987 Landsat TM 5 August 1999 Landsat ETMData Source:

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Original~1950

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1987 Original

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1987Original

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Originally,a very productiveriver delta/estuary

Human caused changes of patterns: Fishery

Goal: Yearly harvest of crops

=>Modification of Fish Composition=>Modification of Seafloor=>Modification of Coastal Regions=>Housing/Harbour Patterns=>Fuel Consumption

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Human caused changes of patterns: Industrialization

Goal: Running an industry to provide income

=> Modification of land, e.g. Industrial Parks=> Modification of water bodies=> Pollution=> Access, e.g. roads and housing=> Housing

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Acid Rain +Nitrogen Input

Chronic OilPollution

Garbage

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Human caused changes of patterns: Urbanization

Goal: provide housing/living for humans

=>Modification of land, sub-zoning=>Related to Agriculture, Forestry, Fishery, Industry=>Access=>Infrastructure, planes, harbors, trains, parks

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San Diego today…

Calgary PopulationPopulation of Calgary

200,000

400,000

600,000

800,000

1,000,000

1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010

Credit: Brad Stelfox, ALCES

Historical and Future Projected Growth of Calgary Population

500,000

1,000,000

1,500,000

2,000,000

2,500,000

3,000,000

3,500,000

4,000,000

1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000 2020 2040 2060Year

Historical

2.0% Growth

2.5% Growth

3.0% Growth

Historical & Projected Growth of Calgary’s Population

Historical and Projected Growth of Calgary (km2)

Historical and Future Projected Growth of Calgary Area (km2)

1920 1940 1960 1980 2000 2020 2040 2060Year

Historical

2.0% Growth

2.5% Growth

3.0% Growth

Calgary, 1924

~7 mi2

~18 km2

Box belowBox belowrepresentsrepresents

1 mi1 mi22

or 2.56 kmor 2.56 km22

Calgary, 1949

~15 mi2

~38 km2

1 mi1 mi22

or 2.56 kmor 2.56 km22

Calgary, 1957

~30 mi2

~77 km2

1 mi1 mi22

or 2.56 kmor 2.56 km22

Calgary, 1969

1 mi1 mi22

or 2.56 kmor 2.56 km22

~55 mi2

~140 km2

Calgary, 1976

1 mi1 mi22

or 2.56 kmor 2.56 km22

~80 mi2

~205 km2

Calgary, 1989

~135 mi2

~345 km2

1 mi1 mi22

or 2.56 kmor 2.56 km22

Calgary, 1998

1 mi1 mi22

or 2.56 kmor 2.56 km22

~154 mi2

~395 km2

19981998198919891976197619691969195719571949194919241924

Historic Trends of Calgary Growth

10 mi10 mi16 km16 km

20502050204020402030203020202020

Historic and Future Simulated Growth of Calgary

(based on an annual area growth rate of 3%)

2010201019981998

MD RockyViewMD RockyView

OkotoksOkotoks

198919891976197619691969195719571949194919241924

CochraneCochrane

Redwood Redwood MeadowsMeadows

AirdrieAirdrie

LangdonLangdon

205020502040204020302030

Historic and Future Simulated Growth of Calgary

(based on an annual area growth rate of 4.5%)

202020202010201019981998

MD RockyViewMD RockyView

OkotoksOkotoks

198919891976197619691969195719571949194919241924

CochraneCochrane

Redwood Redwood MeadowsMeadows

AirdrieAirdrie

LangdonLangdon

Human caused changes of patterns: Americanization/Globalization

Goal: (Equal) Opportunities for the Global Village

=>Free Trade=>Infrastructure=>Tourism=>Sub-Zoning=>Access, e.g. roads and housing=>Interactions

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Roads in Landscapes

Idaho Roads…

(credit GAP project, Erica Craig)

Zoom in:

Idaho Roads…

(credit GAP project, Erica Craig)

Alaskan airports (land)…

The world from space …(some well-used airline routes)

Some general effects by humans on landscapes

-change in plant abundance-change in plant structure (3d)-change in plant ranges-invasive species-soil nutrients altered-landscape mosaic alteration-road effects-watershed & ocean decay

Examples: Polynesians, Massai, Spanish Invasion, Europeans…

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Starling ‘Invasion’into North America

Indicators ofLandscape Change

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House Finches wereintroduced 1940 on Long Island(credit A.Dobson)

Indicators ofLandscape Change

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An example:Approximate area of virginOld-growth forest in theContiguous United States1620, 1850 and 1920

=> Causes ?!

e.g. Servheen (1990)

=> Habitat Concern

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…people are everywhere these days, mostly at the coast, affecting Wildlife,Habitats and Ecological Services

The Earth at night…

Huettmann (2011)

GLOBIO: Global Methodology for Mapping Human Impacts on the Biosphere. by UNEP/Nairobi http://www.globio.info/

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Human Footprint in the Ocean (Halpern et al. 2008)

Pacific Sea Otter (and Fur Seals)

1. Hunted traditionally2. 1700-1800 century intense fur/pelt hunt3. By 1911 population down to 500-1000 individuals4. By 1913 Preservation and Protection of Fur Seals and Sea Otters became federal law; but still poached5. Population increase by 1950s6. Re-introduction programs

(taken from www)

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Pacific Sea Otter

(taken from www)

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“Recent” Extinctions and population bottlenecks:

Passenger Pigeon, Great Auk, Labrador Duck, American Chestnut Tree, Heath Hen, Sage Grouse,Black-footed Ferret, California Condor, Sea Otter,Buffalo, Sea Otter, Fur Seal, Eastern White Pine…

=> A relationship with (human) Landscape Change ?

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What you should know

1. Types of human caused Changes2. Effects of Human Footprints3. History of the Human Footprint4. Examples of Wildlife Effects

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The End for Today

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Lecture 7

Education

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