Lecture 7
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Transcript of Lecture 7
WELCOME EVERYBODY !!
Lect.7
Landscape Ecology & Wildlife Habitat 469o/669
Today’s Lecture Topic:
PROCESSES 2:Change of Pattern
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Landscape Ecology & Wildlife Habitat 469o/669
What you learnt last time:
1. Abiotic Causes of Landscape Patterns2. Biotic Causes of Landscape Patterns3. Succession4. Disturbances
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Landscape Ecology & Wildlife Habitat 469o/669
What’s to be learned today
1. Types of human caused Changes2. Effects of Human Footprints3. History of the Human Footprint4. Examples of Wildlife Effects
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Landscape Ecology & Wildlife Habitat 469o/669
Human-caused changes of patterns
-hunters and gatherers-agriculture-forestry-fishery-industrialization-urbanization-management regimes-americanization/globalization
=> culture!
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Jon Janosikhttp://www.natureartists.com/jon_janosik.asp
Landscape Ecology & Wildlife Habitat 469o/669
Natural Evolution of Pattern
10% of the world is ‘unchanged’
(only 4% is truly protected)
…but all is affected by Climate Change by now…
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Landscape Ecology & Wildlife Habitat 469o/669
Human caused changes of patterns
The Human Footprint
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Landscape Ecology & Wildlife Habitat 469o/669
Human caused changes of patterns
The detectable ‘Human Footprint’ started in the holocene, and increased thereafter
~10,000 BP : first settlements in Greece~ 5,000 BP : oxen cart~ 3,000 BP : plow~ 100 years ago : industrial oil development …
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Landscape Ecology & Wildlife Habitat 469o/669
1.Occurrence2.Density3.Innovation…
Giant Ground Sloth. Now extinct. Lived formerly in South America(Photo taken from S. Bridgewater 2012)
Glyptodon. Now extinct. Lived formerly in Central America(drawing taken from WWW)
Human caused changes of patterns: Hunters and gatherers
-harvest of wildlife and plants
(habitat change to ease harvest, e.g. fire, ‘bird ovens’, buffalo jumps, caribou drives)
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Landscape Ecology & Wildlife Habitat 469o/669
Human caused changes of patterns: Hunters and gatherers
-harvest of wildlife and plants
(habitat change to ease harvest, e.g. fire, ‘bird ovens’, buffalo jumps, caribou drives)
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World- Italy North American Alaska wide Prairies (selected examples)
Landscape Ecology & Wildlife Habitat 469o/669
Human caused changes of patterns: Forestry a)
-harvest of timber
-harvest of side-products, e.g. gravel
-infrastructure, e.g. trials, roads
-spread of ‘peculiar business concepts’
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Landscape Ecology & Wildlife Habitat 469o/669
Human caused changes of patterns: Forestry b)
Example of Traditional Effects of Forestryon Contiguous Forest Cover:
-perforation-dissection-fragmentation-shrinkage-attrition
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=>Sustainability of Landscapes(Functions, Patterns & Processes) ?!
Landscape Ecology & Wildlife Habitat 469o/669
The performanceof two managementregimes over time
Human caused changes of patterns: Agriculture
Goal: yearly harvest of crops
=>Modification of land, e.g. forest coverÞ Crop circulationÞ WateringÞ NutrientsÞ Access, e.g. roads and housingÞ Interactions
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Landscape Ecology & Wildlife Habitat 469o/669
Human caused changes of patterns: Agriculture
Some advanced issues:
-introduction of ‘rubber’-automobilization, e.g. soil compression-interactions with housing, forestry, roads-organic farming-nutrient wash-off-globalization
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Landscape Ecology & Wildlife Habitat 469o/669
Fall
Spring
Crop and Harvest Types
Aral Lake: Change of Waterlevel…
25 June 1987 Landsat TM 5 August 1999 Landsat ETMData Source:
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Landscape Ecology & Wildlife Habitat 469o/669
Aral Lake: Change of Waterlevel…
25 June 1987 Landsat TM 5 August 1999 Landsat ETMData Source:
Original~1950
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Landscape Ecology & Wildlife Habitat 469o/669
Aral Lake: Change of Waterlevel…
25 June 1987 Landsat TM 5 August 1999 Landsat ETMData Source:
1987 Original
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Landscape Ecology & Wildlife Habitat 469o/669
Aral Lake: Change of Waterlevel…
25 June 1987 Landsat TM 5 August 1999 Landsat ETMData Source:
1987Original
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Originally,a very productiveriver delta/estuary
1999
Landscape Ecology & Wildlife Habitat 469o/669
Human caused changes of patterns: Fishery
Goal: Yearly harvest of crops
=>Modification of Fish Composition=>Modification of Seafloor=>Modification of Coastal Regions=>Housing/Harbour Patterns=>Fuel Consumption
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Landscape Ecology & Wildlife Habitat 469o/669
Human caused changes of patterns: Industrialization
Goal: Running an industry to provide income
=> Modification of land, e.g. Industrial Parks=> Modification of water bodies=> Pollution=> Access, e.g. roads and housing=> Housing
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Landscape Ecology & Wildlife Habitat 469o/669
Acid Rain +Nitrogen Input
Chronic OilPollution
Garbage
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Landscape Ecology & Wildlife Habitat 469o/669
Human caused changes of patterns: Urbanization
Goal: provide housing/living for humans
=>Modification of land, sub-zoning=>Related to Agriculture, Forestry, Fishery, Industry=>Access=>Infrastructure, planes, harbors, trains, parks
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Landscape Ecology & Wildlife Habitat 469o/669
1917
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Landscape Ecology & Wildlife Habitat 469o/669
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2003
San Diego today…
Landscape Ecology & Wildlife Habitat 469o/669
Calgary PopulationPopulation of Calgary
0
200,000
400,000
600,000
800,000
1,000,000
1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010
Year
Num
ber
of
peop
le
Credit: Brad Stelfox, ALCES
Historical and Future Projected Growth of Calgary Population
0
500,000
1,000,000
1,500,000
2,000,000
2,500,000
3,000,000
3,500,000
4,000,000
1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000 2020 2040 2060Year
Hum
an P
opn
Historical
2.0% Growth
2.5% Growth
3.0% Growth
Historical & Projected Growth of Calgary’s Population
Credit: Brad Stelfox, ALCES
Historical and Projected Growth of Calgary (km2)
Historical and Future Projected Growth of Calgary Area (km2)
0
500
1,000
1,500
2,000
1920 1940 1960 1980 2000 2020 2040 2060Year
Cal
gary
Are
a (k
m2)
Historical
2.0% Growth
2.5% Growth
3.0% Growth
Credit: Brad Stelfox, ALCES
Calgary, 1924
~7 mi2
~18 km2
Box belowBox belowrepresentsrepresents
1 mi1 mi22
or 2.56 kmor 2.56 km22
Credit: Brad Stelfox, ALCES
Calgary, 1949
~15 mi2
~38 km2
Box belowBox belowrepresentsrepresents
1 mi1 mi22
or 2.56 kmor 2.56 km22
Credit: Brad Stelfox, ALCES
Calgary, 1957
~30 mi2
~77 km2
Box belowBox belowrepresentsrepresents
1 mi1 mi22
or 2.56 kmor 2.56 km22
Credit: Brad Stelfox, ALCES
Calgary, 1969
Box belowBox belowrepresentsrepresents
1 mi1 mi22
or 2.56 kmor 2.56 km22
~55 mi2
~140 km2
Credit: Brad Stelfox, ALCES
Calgary, 1976
Box belowBox belowrepresentsrepresents
1 mi1 mi22
or 2.56 kmor 2.56 km22
~80 mi2
~205 km2
Credit: Brad Stelfox, ALCES
Calgary, 1989
~135 mi2
~345 km2
Box belowBox belowrepresentsrepresents
1 mi1 mi22
or 2.56 kmor 2.56 km22
Credit: Brad Stelfox, ALCES
Calgary, 1998
Box belowBox belowrepresentsrepresents
1 mi1 mi22
or 2.56 kmor 2.56 km22
~154 mi2
~395 km2
Credit: Brad Stelfox, ALCES
19981998198919891976197619691969195719571949194919241924
Historic Trends of Calgary Growth
10 mi10 mi16 km16 km
Credit: Brad Stelfox, ALCES
20502050204020402030203020202020
Historic and Future Simulated Growth of Calgary
(based on an annual area growth rate of 3%)
2010201019981998
MD RockyViewMD RockyView
OkotoksOkotoks
His
tori
cH
isto
ric
Pro
ject
edP
roje
cted
198919891976197619691969195719571949194919241924
CochraneCochrane
Redwood Redwood MeadowsMeadows
AirdrieAirdrie
LangdonLangdon
Kan
anas
kis
Bor
der
Credit: Brad Stelfox, ALCES
205020502040204020302030
Historic and Future Simulated Growth of Calgary
(based on an annual area growth rate of 4.5%)
202020202010201019981998
MD RockyViewMD RockyView
OkotoksOkotoks
His
tori
cH
isto
ric
Pro
ject
edP
roje
cted
198919891976197619691969195719571949194919241924
CochraneCochrane
Redwood Redwood MeadowsMeadows
AirdrieAirdrie
LangdonLangdon
Kan
anas
kis
Bor
der
Credit: Brad Stelfox, ALCES
Human caused changes of patterns: Americanization/Globalization
Goal: (Equal) Opportunities for the Global Village
=>Free Trade=>Infrastructure=>Tourism=>Sub-Zoning=>Access, e.g. roads and housing=>Interactions
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Landscape Ecology & Wildlife Habitat 469o/669
Roads in Landscapes
Idaho Roads…
(credit GAP project, Erica Craig)
Zoom in:
Idaho Roads…
(credit GAP project, Erica Craig)
Alaskan airports (land)…
The world from space …(some well-used airline routes)
Some general effects by humans on landscapes
-change in plant abundance-change in plant structure (3d)-change in plant ranges-invasive species-soil nutrients altered-landscape mosaic alteration-road effects-watershed & ocean decay
Examples: Polynesians, Massai, Spanish Invasion, Europeans…
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Landscape Ecology & Wildlife Habitat 469o/669
Starling ‘Invasion’into North America
Indicators ofLandscape Change
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House Finches wereintroduced 1940 on Long Island(credit A.Dobson)
Indicators ofLandscape Change
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An example:Approximate area of virginOld-growth forest in theContiguous United States1620, 1850 and 1920
=> Causes ?!
e.g. Servheen (1990)
=> Habitat Concern
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…people are everywhere these days, mostly at the coast, affecting Wildlife,Habitats and Ecological Services
The Earth at night…
Huettmann (2011)
GLOBIO: Global Methodology for Mapping Human Impacts on the Biosphere. by UNEP/Nairobi http://www.globio.info/
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Human Footprint in the Ocean (Halpern et al. 2008)
Pacific Sea Otter (and Fur Seals)
1. Hunted traditionally2. 1700-1800 century intense fur/pelt hunt3. By 1911 population down to 500-1000 individuals4. By 1913 Preservation and Protection of Fur Seals and Sea Otters became federal law; but still poached5. Population increase by 1950s6. Re-introduction programs
(taken from www)
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Landscape Ecology & Wildlife Habitat 469o/669
Pacific Sea Otter
(taken from www)
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Landscape Ecology & Wildlife Habitat 469o/669
“Recent” Extinctions and population bottlenecks:
Passenger Pigeon, Great Auk, Labrador Duck, American Chestnut Tree, Heath Hen, Sage Grouse,Black-footed Ferret, California Condor, Sea Otter,Buffalo, Sea Otter, Fur Seal, Eastern White Pine…
=> A relationship with (human) Landscape Change ?
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Landscape Ecology & Wildlife Habitat 469o/669
What you should know
1. Types of human caused Changes2. Effects of Human Footprints3. History of the Human Footprint4. Examples of Wildlife Effects
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Landscape Ecology & Wildlife Habitat 469o/669
The End for Today
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Landscape Ecology & Wildlife Habitat 469o/669