Post on 06-Apr-2018
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RAILWAY ENGINEERING
&RUNWAY ENGINEERING
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COURSE OUTLINE
Railway Engineering Elements of a track
Types of gauges Type of rail sections
Rail joints
Creep & wear of rail, Fish plates, bearing plates
and check rails
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COURSE OUTLINE
Railway Engineering
Types of sleepers, their merits and
demerits, sleeper densityStiffness of track
Type of ballast, requirements for
good ballast and Renewal of ballast,
Formation of single and double trackformation failures
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COURSE OUTLINE
Railway Engineering Selection of site for a railway station
Layout of station and yards Points and crossing
Various layouts
Signaling and interlocking Modern methods for construction of track
Maintenance, tools and organization
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Course Outline (contd)
Runway Engineering Airport requirement Site selection
Airport classification Aircraft characteristics Runway length and runway
configuration Runway lighting Airport drainage system
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Development of Railways
Railways or railroad are a development ofthe Tramways and Plateways of theeighteenth century.
The original tramways consisted of twolines of slabs of stones or baulks of timberlaid flush with an existing road surface to
facilitate the haulage of heavy loads byhorses.
The timber baulks were subsequentlycovered with iron straps or plates toreduce wear.
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Development of Railways (contd)
These plates were later replaced by angleirons with one edge vertical to keep thewheels on the track. These were known as
plateways
In 1789, cast iron beams with supports at
the ends were used by William Joseph inEngland and the present permanent wayor track gradually evolved.
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Development of Railways (contd)
The steam engine was developed after theintroduction of tramways.
Nicolas Cugnot in France and William
Murdock in Britian carried out experimentswith steam carriages since 1771
The first locomotive to run on rails was
built by Richard Trevithick and sufficientlyperfected by George Stephenson to givepractical results.
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Development of Railways (contd)
The first railways in England was
the Stockton and Darlington in 1825
In America, the Mohawk and Hudson in 1833
In subcontinent (Indo- Pak) in 1853
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History of Pakistan Railways
The idea of first rail network was though in 1847 withKarachi being the sea port.
Sin Henry Edward Frere sought permission from
Lord Dalhousie to begin survey for Karachi seaportand a railway line in 1858.
The proposed railway line was to connect Karachi (city) toKotri.
Stream boat service on the Indus and Chenab river toconnect Kotri to Multan
From Multan another railway line would be laid to Lahoreand beyond.
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History of Pakistan Railways
In January 1886, North Western State Railwayslater on named as (NWR) was formed whicheventually became Pakistan Railway in 1947 by
merging four companies. The company names are
Scinde (Sindh) Railway
Indian Flotilla Company
Punjab Railway
Delhi Railway
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History of Pakistan Railways
May 13, 1861 first railway line was opened topublic between Karachi city and kotri (105 mileslong/ 169 km)
June 16, 1889 railway line between Karachi city
and Kemari was opened 1897, line from Kemeari to Kotri was doubled. 1898, Peshawar to Karachi railway line was
proposed.
During early 20 century, railway line was laidbetween Peshawar & Rawalpindi andRawalpindi & Lahore.
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History of Pakistan Railways
In 1947,3133 km of North WestrenRailway were transferred to India leaving8122 km to Pakistan.
In 1961, Pakistani portion of NWR wasrenamed as Pakistan Railways
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History of Pakistan Railways
In 1954, railway line was extended tomardan and Charshadda
In 1956, Jacobabad- Kashmore 2 ft 6 in(762 mm) was converted into BroadGauge.
Kot Addu- Kashmore line was constructedbetween 1969 to 1973.
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Pakistan Railways
The Total length of the rail track inPakistan is 8163 km.
Major Routes (Domestic)
Peshawar-Karachi
Peshawar-Quetta
Lahore- Sialkot
Lahore- Faisalabad
Faisalabad- Khanewal
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Pakistan Railways
Proposed
Karachi Gawadar
Quetta Gwadar
Bostan Zhob
Rawalpindi - Sost
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International Routes
Iran
A broad gauge (BG) railway track runs fromZahedan to Quetta.
There is a break -of- gauge between IslamicRepublic of Iran Railways (SG) and PakistanRailways (BG).
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International Routes
India
Thar Express to Karachi
Samjhauta Express (Lahore to Amritsar
(Attari) and Delhi, India
China
There is no rail link with China
Contract for feasibility study for rail linebetween Havelian via Khunjerab Pass toKashgar has been awarded
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International Routes
Afghanistan
No rail link exist
However, Pakistan has extended his helpto built Afghan Rail network in threephases
Chaman to Spain Boldak
Extend this line to Khandar
Finally, to Herat
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International Routes
Turkey
Istanbul Tehran Islamabad rail servicewas proposed recently.
Turkmenistan via Afghanistan is alsoproposed.
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Track Doubling
Lodhran Multan Khanewal line (121km ) was dual tracked. (2003 2007)
Khanewal Raiwind line is currently inprogress.
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Track Doubling Proposed
Shahdrabagh Lalamusa (126 km)
Shahdrabagh Faisalabad (135 km)
Lalamusa Chaklala (152 km) Golra Sharif Peshawar Cantt (160 km )
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Track or Permanent Way
The combination of rails, sleepers, fittings,ballast etc is known as a track or permanentway.
In other words, railway locomotives, coaches orwagon need a path to run over it
The name of permanent way is given to the trackto distinguish the final track constructed for the
movement of trains from the temporary track laidfor the conveyance of earth for the building offormation of a railway.
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Track
RAILS
SleepersBallast
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Cross Section of Track
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Track Components
Rails
Sleepers
Fittings and fastening Ballast
Formation
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Functions of Track Components
RAILS
Rails are the steel girders over which the trainmoves and transmit the wheel loads of the
trains to the sleepers below.
SLEEPERS
The sleepers hold the rails at exact distance
or gauge throughout with the help of fittingsand fastening and transfer the load from therails to the ballast below.
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Functions of Track Components
BALLAST
Ballast holds the sleeper in position andprovides a uniform level surface.
Ballast act as an elastic bed to absorb theblows and shocks of the moving train.
They also provide drainage to the track and
transfer the load to larger area of theformation below.
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Functions of Track Components
FITTINGS AND FASTENING They provide a grip between the rails and the
sleepers.
The rails are fastened with the sleepers byfittings and fastening.
FORMATION Formation is the foundation of the railway
track made up of locally available earthernmaterial.
It distribute the load over wider area of thenatural ground.
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Requirement for an ideal track
The gauge of the track should be uniform andcorrect.
The alignment of the track should be correct. In straight reaches the rail level should be the
same while on curves proper transition curvesshould be provided between straight and thecurves.
The rails should have perfect cross level. On the
curves the outer rail should have proper superelevations to take into account the centrifugalforces.
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Requirement for an ideal track
The gradient should be uniform and as gentle aspossible. Too steep gradient should be avoided.
The drainage system of the track should be
perfect. The friction between the wheels of the rolling
stock and the rail should be minimum.
The track should be designed in such a way thatthe load of the train should be uniformlydistributed over it.
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Requirement for an ideal track
Adequate provision of repair , replacement and renewalof the damaged portion should be provided.
The track should possess high resistance to the damageat the time of derailment.
Joints, points and crossing should be designed andmaintained properly.
The track should possess antitheft and sabotagequalities.
The structure of the track is less so that not only its initialcost as well as the maintenance cost should be low.
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Capacity of railway Track
Maximum number of trains that can runsafely on any given length of the track perhour.
In actual practice it is somewhat less dueto safety considerations as speed of train,signaling and control system etc.
Maximum number of the trains which canbe handled in a yard per day is known asterminal capacity.
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Measures to Increase Track Capacity
The track speed of all the trains should be keptsame. This can be achieved by providinguniform gauge and traction. The speed of trains
can be achieved using diesel or electric traction. All sections should be made of equal length.
To alert the driver regarding the position of thesection ahead, multi aspect signaling may beadopted.
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Measures to Increase Track Capacity
The speed of the trains can be increasedby making suitable modification in theexisting tracks and removing the speed
restrictions. The length of the sections should be
decreased by providing additional crossingsections.
Reduction in stoppage time of the trainswill increase the track capacity.
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Measures to Increase Track Capacity
The length of the crossing loops should beincreased to enable the longer train to run.
To meet the present requirements,existing yard facilities should be improved.
The sections and yards which are notinterlocked should be interlocked.
For quick shunting operations, additionaloperating facilities should be provided.