• Learning Objective

– Today I will be able to summarize the events that led to expansions of Japan, Italy, & Germany by creating a timeline.

• Agenda

1. Finish Comparison Chart (Communism & Fascism)

2. Learning Objective

3. Lecture Notes: Ch. 15.4 Aggressors Invade Nations

4. Timeline

5. Exit Slip

Title Notes: Ch. 15.4 Aggressors Invade Nations

• By the mid-1930s:

– Germany & Italy controlled by fascist.

– Western Nations (GB, France, & US) are distracted by economic problems & want to remain peaceful.

• Japan Seeks to be an Empire

– Military had very little influenced, controlled by emperor.

– 1922, signed peace treaty to respect China’s borders.

– 1928, signed Kellogg-Briand Pact to renounce war.

Japanese Emperor, Hirohito ruled from 1926-1989

• 1929, Great Depression hit, Japanese blamed it on the government.

– Military leaders gained support to win control over Japan.

– Unlike the fascist, Japanese military leaders did not want a new gov. They wanted to bring old traditions back.

– Emperor Hirohito, head of state & symbol of power.

– Militarist wanted to expand Japan to solve its economic problems.

• Japanese militarist planned a Pacific Empire:

– Conquer China & other Asian nations.

• 1931, Japan seized Manchuria

– For its resources in iron & coal.

– First challenge against League of Nations

– 1933, Japan withdrew from League of Nations

– 1937, Japan took over Nanjing & Beijing (in China)

• War led by Jiang Jieshi

– Mao Zedong, China’s Communist leader continued to fight Japanese.

Japanese soldiers celebrating the capture of Hankow (temporary Chinese capital after the fall of Nanking)

• Mussolini Attacks Ethiopia

– Oct. 1935, Mussolini ordered invasion of Ethiopia

– Dream to make Italy a colonial empire

– Spears & swords of Ethiopians were no match to the airplanes, tanks, guns, & poison gas to Italian military.

• Haile Selassie, Ethiopian leader, urged League of Nations for help.

• Members League of Nations did nothing.

• British-controlled Suez Canal allowed Italians to use canal to transport troops & supplies to attack Ethiopia.

– Britain & France hoped to keep peace in Europe.

• Hitler defies Treaty of Versailles

– 1935, the Fuhrer announced expansion of army

• Disobeyed the treaty.

• League of Nations did nothing.

– Germany forbidden to enter 30-mile-wide zone of Rhine River.

• Buffer between France & Germany

• Industrial area

– March 7, 1936 German troops moved into Rhineland.

• Appeasement

– British appease Hitler by allowing him to reoccupy Rhineland & increase German military.

– Hitler later admitted he would have backed down if France & GB challenged him.

• Rhineland reoccupation marked the march towards war because:

– Hitler’s power & prestige strengthen

– Germany gained more power in Europe.

– Belgium & France can be easily attacked by Germany.

– France & Britain showed weakness.

• Axis Powers

– Alliance between Germany, Italy, & Japan

– Oct. 1936 Mussolini sought alliance w/ Germany Rome-Berlin Axis

– A month later Germany & Japan allied.

• Spanish Civil War – Liberals & Socialist vs. Nationalist

– Liberals & socialist were democratic & republic, ran the gov in Spain. • Supported by Soviet Union

– Nationalist were fascist, wanted take over gov.

– Francisco Franco, fascist general revolted against the government. July 1936 • Supported by Italy & Germany

– 1939, Franco became Spain’s Fascist dictator.

• Isolationism

– US foreign policy of avoiding ties with other countries

– 1935, three Neutrality Acts passed to support isolationism banned loans & sale of arms to nations at war.

• Third Reich

– 3rd German empire that includes Austria & Czechoslovakia

– March 1937, annexed Austria.

– Violated Anschluss in the Treaty of Versailles

• Union between Austria & Germany

– Sep. 1938, Hitler demands Sudetenland to be given to Germany.

• Western border of Czechoslovakia

• 3 million German-speaking ppl & some are pro-Nazism

– Czech gov. asked France for help

• Munich Conference – Sep 29, 1938 in Munich, Germany

– Meeting between Germany, Italy, France, & Britain • Proposed by Mussolini

– Britain & France appease Hitler, again & give into his demands. • Germany gains Sudetenland

• GB & France want to preserve peace in Europe.

– Czechs not invited.

In the early hours of 30th September 1938, the Munich agreement was signed by Hitler (Germany), Chamberlain (UK), Mussolini (Italy) and Daladier (France) in Munich. It was a black hole in the recent history of Europe and dark side of what we call Western Civilization.

• Hitler takes over Czechoslovakia

– Less than 6 months after Munich Conference

• Mussolini takes over Albania

• Hitler later demands Poland to return Danzig (port)

– Poland turns to GB & France for help

– Hitler convinced he will be appeased, again.

• France & GB seek alliance with Soviet Union to stop Hitler.

• Stalin bargained with Hitler

– Aug. 23, 1939, Hitler & Stalin agreed to Nonaggression Pact To not attack each other.

• Western Nations mistake:

– Isolationism by US

– Appeasing Hitler multiple times.

Timeline

• Which events had the greatest impact its expansion? – Japan (3 events)

• Date

• Use complete sentences

– Germany (3 events) • Date

• Use complete sentences

– League of Nations/Western Nations (3 events) • Date

• Use complete sentences

Exit Slip

• What events do you believe had the greatest impact of the war that is to come?