EMT 113 LAND SURVEY

CHAPTER 1:INTRODUCTION TO LAND SURVEYING

Lecturer: Ahmad Fathil Mubashshir bin Abd Manaf

Department of Surveying Science and Geomatics,

Faculty of Architecture, Planning and Surveying,

University Technology MARA

Seri Iskandar Perak

DEFINITION

• The dictionary defines surveying as "taking a

general view by observation and measurement

to determined the boundaries, size, position,

quantity, condition, value, etc., of land, estates,

buildings, farms, mines, etc."

• Surveying is defined as the art of making

measurements of the relative positions of natural

and man-made features of the earth surface and

the presentation of this information either

graphically or numerically.

Definition cont..

so what is LAND SURVEYING ?

Land surveying has been defines as the art and science of determining the position of natural and artificial features on, above

and below the earth’s surface; and representing this information on paper plans, as figures in report tables or on

computer based maps.

SURVEYOR

BRANCHES OF SURVEYING

Surveying

Topographic

Surveys

Engineering Surveys

Cadastral

Surveys

Strata Surveyin

g

GIS GPSPhotogramm

etryHydrographic Survey

SURVEYING CONCEPT

• “From whole to the Part”

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PROCEDURE IN SURVEY WORK

• Reconnaissance Survey

• Station Marking

• Observation and Measurement

• Booking for Bearing Observation

• Observation Checking

THE PROCESS OF SURVEYING

TAKING GENERAL VIEW

(RECONNAISANCE)

OBSERVATION AND

MEASUREMENT

PRESENTATION

TAKING A GENERAL VIEW

- Reconnaisance

Decide on the purpose of the survey

Determine the accuracy to which the measurements

are required.

Established the method that is needed.

OBSERVATION AND MEASUREMENT

- To determine the relative position and sizes of natural and

artificial features on the land.

PRESENTATION

- The data collected must be presented in a form which

allows the information to be clearly interpreted and

understood by others (drawings, data sheets..)

TOPOGRAPHY SURVEYING

• Topography refers to the characteristics of the land surface. These characteristics include relief, natural features and artificial (or man-made) features.

• Relief is the conjuration of the earth’s surface and includes such features   as   hills,   valleys,   plains, summits, depressions, and other natural features, such as trees, streams, and lakes. Man-made features are highways, bridges, dams and buildings.

Topography Surveying cont…

• A graphic representation of the topography of an

area is called a topography map. A topography map

is simply a drawing that shows the natural and

artificial features of an area.

• A topography survey is a survey conducted to obtain

the data needed for the preparation of a topography

map. This  data  consists  of  the horizontal and

vertical locations of the features to be shown on the

map.

Topography Map

Topography Surveying cont…

ENGINEERING SURVEYING

• Can be describe as any survey work carried out in connection with construction and building.

• This surveying is related with design and construction of new routes such as roads, dam, pipeline and railways etc.

• The important of this surveying are:a. Produce new plan of the construction

b. Produce control point for the construction project

c. To calculate the areas and volumes of land data

d. Setting out the building same as the plan

• These survey is to provide special information for construction projects.

• They are large-scale topographic surveys, supplying details for particularly engineering schemes, and could include the setting out of works on the ground.

• Usually traverse surveys and techeometry survey such as pipe-lines and some geodetic control may be necessary.

Engineering Surveying cont…

CADASTRAL SURVEYING

• This surveying undertaken to produce plans of property boundaries for legal purposes. In many countries the registration of ownership of land is based on such plans.

• In Malaysia, cadastral surveys has been conducted by Department Of Survey and Mapping (JUPEM) and license surveyor firm.

Boundary Mark

• To define and record the boundaries of

properties, legislative areas and even

countries.

• Some cases cadastral surveys may be

almost entirely topographic, where features

define boundaries.

Cadastral Surveying cont…

Cadastral Surveying cont…

HYDROGRAPHY SURVEYING

• This is surveying in a marine environment where the traditional role for centuries was to map the coastlines and sea bed to procedure navigation charts.

• More recently, this surveying have been carried out for offshore oil and gas exploration and production

• Also used in the design, construction and maintenance of harbors, river and sea defences etc.

Side Scan SonarPipeline

Installation

Navigation Chart OffshoreBathymetry

PHOTOGRAMMETRY

• Photogrammetry can be defined as the method of determine the shapes, size and positions of the objects using photographs.

• The photographs are taken with special cameras mounted in the fixed wing aircraft of helicopters.

• Because this is non contact technique, it is advantages to measure hazardous area such as landslide or mountain area.

Photogrammetry Concept

Aerial Photo of Utan Aji, Perlis

GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEM (GIS)

An organized collection of hardware, software, geographical data and personnel designed to capture,

store, update, manipulate, analyze an display all forms of geographically referenced information.

(ESRI, 1992”)

A powerful sets of tools for collecting, storing, retriening at will, transforming and display spatial data from the real world for a particular set of purposes.

(Burrough, 1988)

• GIS concepts by overlaying layers such as satellite imageries, zoning, floodplains, wetlands, land cover, soils and survey controls.

STRATA

• Introduction of the strata title legislation in Malaysia, it is not possible to hold a title deed for a part of a building such as an apartment etc.

• The Strata Title Act 1985 (Act 318) was introduced to enable the subdivision of lots into strata and the transfer of these titles.

• This was welcomed because owners received their title deed to a unit. • Many amendment have taken place and the legislation is now called

A753 Strata Title Act, (Amendment) 1990. • Strata can be applied to any of the following: high rise, various

residential, town houses, duplex, factories, offices and retail etc.• The building can be high-rise, townhouses, separate villas, 2 duplexes.• The common property can comprise recreational facilities, gym, sauna,

swimming pool, tennis court, meeting room, golf course, etc. • All owners contribute to the maintenance of these facilities.

• The common property is everything that does not form part of a lot and is owned by the owners corporation (all the owners collectively).

• Strata title has enabled the subdivision of land and buildings into lots and common property.

• The "lots" are the units or other areas owned by owners. • Apart from the unit there can be areas like laundries, car

spaces, garages, marinas which form part of the lot. • Provided the zoning permits the construction of a strata

scheme, approval needs to be obtained from the Local Council to proceed with the development and then the subdivision of the property into lots and common property.

• A registered surveyor draws a strata plan of subdivision showing which parts of the strata scheme will be lots, the remaining parts being common property.

• All lots are allocated a unit entitlement and the schedule of unit entitlements is shown on the strata plan.

Strata cont…

Example of strata plan

The strata plan must be approval by the Local Council and then registered at the Land Titles Office. Certificates of Title are then issued by the Land Titles Office for each lot and one for the common property of the owners corporation

REMOTE SENSING • The technique is closely allied to photogrammetry

because it also uses imagery to collect information.• In this case, information is gathered about the

ground surface without coming into contact with it.• Remote sensing can be carried out for certain

purpose using satellite imagery or spectral imaging (LiDAR).

LiDARSatellite Imagey

GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM (GPS)

GPS capabilities of giving

coordinates at point on the

earth surface is an

advantages for surveying

works in the large areas.

GPS can works day and

night and in all weather

conditions.

Two Types of Coordinates

• Absolute Coordinate

- fixed coordinate

• Relative Coordinate

- depend on surrounding object

To be continued…