Section 1Section 1

Laboratory Laboratory equipmentequipment

Laboratory equipmentLaboratory equipment BasicBasic

MicroscopeMicroscope CentrifugeCentrifuge ColorimeterColorimeter SpectrophotometerSpectrophotometer BalanceBalance pH meter (pH pH meter (pH

paper)paper) DistillerDistiller Temperature Temperature

controllerscontrollers

AccessoryAccessory Coulter counterCoulter counter AutoanalyzerAutoanalyzer Flame photometerFlame photometer Ion selective Ion selective

electrodeelectrode Blood gas analyzerBlood gas analyzer T.S. refractometerT.S. refractometer Electrophoresis Electrophoresis

equipment & equipment & DenistometerDenistometer

VortexVortex

Basic equipmentBasic equipment

MicroscopeMicroscopeLight microscopeLight microscope

Basic equipmentBasic equipmentMicroscopeMicroscope

Object ex:: slide

Lens system

Illumination system

Micro = small

Scope = to see

Basic equipmentBasic equipmentMicroscopeMicroscope

Short QuizShort QuizIdentify these pointsIdentify these points

9-……………

3-……………

4-……………

5- ……………

7- ……………

8- ……………Magnification = …....... x …........

AnswerAnswer

9-Ocular lens

3-Objective lens (Medium = 20 X)

4-Objective lens (High = 40 X)

5-Objective lens (Oil immersion = 100 X)

7- Condenser & Diaphragm

8- Light source

Magnification = ocular x objective

MicroscopeMicroscopePractical note !Practical note !

Wet preparationWet preparation

(Reduce the light)(Reduce the light) ex: fecal smearex: fecal smear DiaphragmDiaphragm

Semi-closedSemi-closed CondenserCondenser

Down positionDown position

Stained Stained preparationpreparation

(Increase the (Increase the light)light) ex: blood filmex: blood film DiaphragmDiaphragm

Widely openWidely open CondenserCondenser

Upward positionUpward position

Monocular microscope

Binocular microscope

Trinocular microscope

How to use a light How to use a light microscope ?microscope ?

CentrifugeCentrifuge

Basic equipmentBasic equipmentCentrifugeCentrifuge

Basic equipmentBasic equipmentCentrifugeCentrifuge

Basic equipmentBasic equipmentCentrifugeCentrifuge

Used for:Separation or Sedimentation(Blood) (Urine)

Basic equipmentBasic equipmentCentrifugeCentrifuge

CONSIDER ! ! !CONSIDER ! ! ! Speed: RPM Revolution Per Minute Speed: RPM Revolution Per Minute

(rpm)(rpm) TimeTime TemperatureTemperature

Basic equipmentBasic equipmentCentrifugeCentrifuge

Speed: RPM Revolution Per Minute (rpm)Speed: RPM Revolution Per Minute (rpm) Centrifuge can be:Centrifuge can be:

Ordinary Ordinary (maximum 6000 rpm),(maximum 6000 rpm), High speed High speed (12,000 to 15,000 rpm) or(12,000 to 15,000 rpm) or Ultra spedd Ultra spedd (50,000 to 100,000 rpm)(50,000 to 100,000 rpm)

TimeTime TemperatureTemperature

The force of centrifugation results in extreme The force of centrifugation results in extreme heat that may results in denaturation of some heat that may results in denaturation of some biological substances like hormones, so the biological substances like hormones, so the cooling centrifuge was invented .cooling centrifuge was invented .

How to use the How to use the centrifuge ?centrifuge ?

ColorimeterColorimeter

Basic equipmentBasic equipmentColorimeterColorimeter

Uses:Uses:

Estimation of different chemical Estimation of different chemical constituents in different body fluids constituents in different body fluids with the concept of with the concept of ColorimetryColorimetry

ColorimetryColorimetry

PrinciplePrinciple

ColorimetryColorimetry

I0: Original light

I: Light absorbed

= OD = Absorbance

I1: Light transmitted

↑ Colour of the solution → ↑ the Optical Denisty (Absorbance)

Colorimeter & Colorimeter & SpectrophotometerSpectrophotometer

InfraRed

UltraViolet

Visible LightColorimeter

Spectrophotometer

How to use the How to use the spectrophotometer ?spectrophotometer ?

BalanceBalance

Basic equipmentBasic equipmentBalanceBalance

Single pan balanceSingle pan balance Double pan balanceDouble pan balance

are used for weighing materials in the labare used for weighing materials in the lab

Digital balance

pH paperpH paperandand

pH meterpH meter

Basic equipmentBasic equipmentpH paperpH paper

Used for measurement of pH of Used for measurement of pH of different solutions in the lab.different solutions in the lab.

Basic equipmentBasic equipmentpH meterpH meter

Used for measurement of pH of Used for measurement of pH of different solutions in the lab.different solutions in the lab.

Water distillerWater distiller

Basic equipmentBasic equipmentWater distillerWater distiller

Used for distillation of water to obtain Used for distillation of water to obtain distilled waterdistilled water

Temperature Temperature controllerscontrollers

Basic equipmentBasic equipmentTemperature controllersTemperature controllers

Liquid nitrogen (-Liquid nitrogen (-196°c)196°c)

Deep freezerDeep freezer (-70°c : -20°c)(-70°c : -20°c) Refrigerator (0 : 5°)Refrigerator (0 : 5°)

Water bath or Water bath or incubator (37°c : 65°c)incubator (37°c : 65°c)

Boiling water bath (100°c)Boiling water bath (100°c) Hot air oven & AutoclaveHot air oven & Autoclave

(> 100°c)(> 100°c)

• Room Temperature : 15°c : 25°c

B. Accessory equipmentsB. Accessory equipments

1.1. Coulter counterCoulter counter

2.2. AutoanalyzerAutoanalyzer

3.3. FlamephotometerFlamephotometer

4.4. Ion selective electrodeIon selective electrode

5.5. Blood gas analyzerBlood gas analyzer

6. T.S. refractometer6. T.S. refractometer

7. Electrophoresis unit7. Electrophoresis unit

8. Vortex8. Vortex

Coulter counterCoulter counter

Coulter counterCoulter counter

Sensing zone

Coulter counterCoulter counter

When the blood cell passes through the When the blood cell passes through the sensing zone aperture, it impedes the sensing zone aperture, it impedes the current flow from the cathode to the current flow from the cathode to the anodeanode

The number of deflection in current The number of deflection in current voltage is the number of cells counted voltage is the number of cells counted when passed through the sensing zone.when passed through the sensing zone.

The magnitude of deflection is The magnitude of deflection is proportional to the cell volume.proportional to the cell volume.

Flame photometer Flame photometer

Flame photometer: is used to Flame photometer: is used to measure certain metals based on measure certain metals based on the fact that metallic elements the fact that metallic elements burn on hot flame emits light of burn on hot flame emits light of characteristic wave length characteristic wave length specific for each one. E.g. Na, K, specific for each one. E.g. Na, K, and sometimes lithium.and sometimes lithium.

Electrophoresis unitElectrophoresis unit

+ -

Tray

Supporting medium

Application site

Buffer controls pH

Electrophoresis

Proteins are amphoteric in nature , contain both NH3+ end and COO- end and only the pH in which it is contained control the protein net charge, in electrophoresis buffer, plasma proteins are negatively charged migrates from the cathode to the anode. Their migration depends on the protein net charge , size , and shape.

Cellulose acetate or agarose gel

Cellulose paper with the separated serum protein stained with Ponseu s stain

Normal serum protein electrophoresis diagram

Polyacrylamide Gel electrophoresis

T.S. RefractometerT.S. Refractometer

T.S. RefractometerT.S. Refractometer

T.S. RefractometerT.S. Refractometer

BeakersBeakers

Beaker Mug, easily handled

Glass funnelsGlass funnels

FlasksFlasks VolumetricVolumetric

Conical flasksConical flasks

Cylinders Cylinders

Pipettes Pipettes

Glass pipettes:

1.Volumetric pipettes2.Graduated pipettes3.Pipettes with air pulp.

Pump for glass pipettesPump for glass pipettes

Pasteur pipettes Pasteur pipettes

Plastic Pasteur pipettes

Glass Pasteur pipettes

Automatic Automatic and and

micropipettemicropipettess