What are they? Its uses? How are they formed?How are they important?

Can you list rocks and minerals that you Can you list rocks and minerals that you knowknow

11 22 33 44 55 66 77

MINERALMINERAL

What is mineral?What is mineral? How does it formed?How does it formed? What are their importance?What are their importance? What kinds of information can you What kinds of information can you

obtain from observations of rocks and obtain from observations of rocks and minerals? minerals?

(Mineral is defined as a naturally occurring inorganic substance with ordered arrangement of atoms (Mason, 1979)

Ex: gold, silver, copper, salt, lead, limestones, marble, tin, titanium, and etc…

In the definition of minerals, there are three adjectives that need clarification:

1. inorganic (vs organic)2. Natural (vs synthetic)3. with ordered arrangement of

atoms (vs noncrystalline

inorganicinorganic

Does not contain carbon or life Does not contain carbon or life

(except: petroleum, gas, (except: petroleum, gas, graphite, diamond)graphite, diamond)

Naturally occurringNaturally occurring

Natural not as a result of Natural not as a result of manmade or syntheticmanmade or synthetic

ex: synthetic diamond, ex: synthetic diamond, synthetic gemstones, silikon synthetic gemstones, silikon

wafer SiOwafer SiO22

with ordered arrangement of atoms

CrystallineCrystalline

ex: salt NaCl, AgCl, ex: salt NaCl, AgCl, CaS0CaS044.2H.2H2200

Noncrystalline mineral such Noncrystalline mineral such as glass, obsidianas glass, obsidian

mineral groupsmineral groups

1.1. native elementsnative elements2.2. Sulphides dan sulphosaltSulphides dan sulphosalt3.3. Oxsides dan hydroxsideOxsides dan hydroxside4.4. HalidesHalides5.5. carbonates, nitrates, boratescarbonates, nitrates, borates6.6. Sulphates, chromates, molybdates, Sulphates, chromates, molybdates,

tungstatestungstates7.7. Phosphate, arsenates, vanadatesPhosphate, arsenates, vanadates8.8. SilicatesSilicates

1. native elements1. native elements

Au, Ag, Cu, Pt, Pd, Pt-Iridium, Au, Ag, Cu, Pt, Pd, Pt-Iridium, Fe, Fe-Ni, As, Sb, Bi, Fe, Fe-Ni, As, Sb, Bi,

S,C(diamonds), C (graphite)S,C(diamonds), C (graphite)

Its uses in industies and our lives

2. Sulphides dan sulphosalt2. Sulphides dan sulphosalt

AgS AgS argentiteargentite CuCu22SS chalcositechalcosite CuCu55FeSFeS44 bornitebornite PbSPbS galenagalena ZnSZnS sphaleritesphalerite CuFeSCuFeS44 chalcopyritechalcopyrite NiSNiS CuSCuS

2. 2. Sulphides dan sulphosaltSulphides dan sulphosalt

HgSHgS cinabarcinabar AsSAsS realgarrealgar FeSFeS pyritepyrite MoSMoS22

molybdenitemolybdenite

3. OXSIDES DAN HYDROXSIDES3. OXSIDES DAN HYDROXSIDES

CuOCuO cupritecuprite

TiOTiO22 RutileRutile

MgOMgO magnesitemagnesite

SnOSnO22 CassiteriteCassiterite

MgAlMgAl22OO44 spinelspinel

MnOMnO22 (pyrolusite(pyrolusite))

BeAlBeAl22OO44 cryrisoberillecryrisoberille

AlAl22OO33 corundumcorundum

FeOFeO ghoethiteghoethite

FeFe22OO33, , haematitehaematite

FeFe33OO44 magnetitemagnetite

HYDROXSIDESHYDROXSIDES

BruciteBrucite Mg(OH)Mg(OH)22

GibbsiteGibbsite Al(OH)Al(OH)33

BoehmiteBoehmite AlO(OH)AlO(OH)

ManganiteManganite MnO(OH)MnO(OH)

DiasporaDiaspora AlO(OH)AlO(OH)

GoethiteGoethite FeO(OH)FeO(OH)

4. HALIDES4. HALIDES

HaliteHalite NaClNaCl SylviteSylvite KClKCl FluoriteFluorite CaFCaF22

CarnaliteCarnalite KMgClKMgCl33.6H.6H22OO CryoliteCryolite NaNa33AlFAlF6 6 (ditemui (ditemui

secara secara tabiitabii hanya di hanya di Greenland)Greenland)

NaCl (salt)NaCl (salt)

5. CARBONATES, NITRATES, 5. CARBONATES, NITRATES, BORATESBORATES

CaCOCaCO33 LIMESTONELIMESTONE CaFe(COCaFe(CO33))22

BaCOBaCO33 MgCOMgCO33

FeCOFeCO33

MnCOMnCO33 RhodochrositeRhodochrosite ZnCOZnCO33 SmithsoniteSmithsonite SrCOSrCO33 StrontianiteStrontianite

6. 6. Sulphates, chromates, Sulphates, chromates, molybdates, tungstatesmolybdates, tungstates

BaSOBaSO44 baritebarite CaSOCaSO44 anhydriteanhydrite CaSOCaSO44.2H.2H2200 gypsumgypsum KFeKFe33(SO(SO44) ) 22(OH)(OH)66 javositejavosite PbCrOPbCrO44 CrokoiteCrokoite (Fe, Mn)WO(Fe, Mn)WO44 wolframitewolframite CaWOCaWO44 scheelitescheelite PbMoOPbMoO44 wulfenitewulfenite

7. 7. Phosphate, arsenates, Phosphate, arsenates, vanadatesvanadates

XenotimeXenotime YPO4YPO4 MonaziteMonazite (Ce, La, Nd, Th)PO(Ce, La, Nd, Th)PO44

ApatiteApatite CaCa55(PO(PO44))33(F, Cl, OH)(F, Cl, OH) CarnotiteCarnotite KK22(UO(UO22) ) 22(VO(VO440022).3H).3H22OO AutiniteAutinite Ca(UOCa(UO22) ) 22(PO(PO44) ) 22.10-12H.10-12H22OO

Questions?Questions? Are minerals found everywhere in the Are minerals found everywhere in the

world? world? Are they distributed evenly?Are they distributed evenly? Are their concentrations the same or Are their concentrations the same or

different?different? Are the metals easy to be obtained? Are the metals easy to be obtained? What are their impacts on environments What are their impacts on environments

Can they be avoided? Can they be avoided? Do minerals have any economic/political Do minerals have any economic/political

power?power? How their supplies can be assured in the How their supplies can be assured in the

future? How sure are we? future? How sure are we?

8.

Rock forming minerals

(silicate => rock forming minerals)

Mineral silicate (Mineral Pembentuk Batuan)Mineral silicate (Mineral Pembentuk Batuan)

1.1. Nesosilicate (isolated tetrahedron) 1:2Nesosilicate (isolated tetrahedron) 1:2

2.2. Sorosilicate (isolated, double Sorosilicate (isolated, double tetrahedron) 2:7tetrahedron) 2:7

3.3. Cyclosilicate (ring of tetrahedron) 1:3Cyclosilicate (ring of tetrahedron) 1:3

4.4. Inosilicate (single chain) Inosilicate (single chain)

5.5. Inosilicate (double chain)Inosilicate (double chain)

6.6. Phyllosilicate (sheet)Phyllosilicate (sheet)

7.7. Tektosilicate (framework)Tektosilicate (framework)

Important to observe: Si:O ratio, chemical composition, inner structure

differencesdifferences

Si:O ratioSi:O ratio StructureStructure Chemical compositionChemical composition

(pls refer to figure on pg 338, Hurlburt)

Chemical formulaChemical formulaQuartz Quartz SiO SiO22

MicroclineMicrocline KAlSiKAlSi33OO88

OrthoclaseOrthoclase KAlSiKAlSi33OO88

Na-PlagioclaseNa-Plagioclase NaAlSiNaAlSi33OO88

Ca-PlagioclaseCa-Plagioclase CaAlSiCaAlSi33OO88

MuscoviteMuscovite KAlSi KAlSi33OO1010

BiotiteBiotite KAl(Mg-Fe)KAl(Mg-Fe)33SiSi33OO1010 (OH) (OH)22

HorneblendeHorneblende CaCa22AlAl22MgMg22FeFe33, Si, Si66O (OH)O (OH)22

AugiteAugite CaCa22(Al-Fe)(Al-Fe)44(Mg-Fe)(Mg-Fe)44SiSi66O O 2424

Batuan metamorfikBatuan metamorfik

Cation sizes

tetrahedrontetrahedronSilica tetrahedron

Sheet structure B, Sheet structure B, CC

Single Tetrahedron

Double sheetDouble sheet

Silicate rocks

Silicate material,

Olivine, pyroxene

+ Ni

Done with rocks and minerals

Physical characteristics of mineralPhysical characteristics of mineral

1.1. ColourColour

2.2. LusterLuster

3.3. FormForm

4.4. HardnessHardness

5.5. CleavageCleavage

6.6. FractureFracture

7.7. TenacityTenacity

8. Specific gravity 9. Fusibility 10. Fluorescence 11. Magnetism 12 Electrical conductivity 13. Taste 14. Touch

explanationsexplanations

1.1. Colour Colour

chlorite—greenchlorite—green

quartz-white, grey, pink or yellowquartz-white, grey, pink or yellow

sulfur-yellowsulfur-yellow

streak— colour seen on porcelain streak— colour seen on porcelain ex: ferum - brownex: ferum - brown

Lustre Lustre

metallicmetallic

Glassy/vitreous – as in quartzGlassy/vitreous – as in quartz

Resinous/greasy- opalResinous/greasy- opal

Soapy- talcSoapy- talc

Silky- asbestosSilky- asbestos

Satin spar – fibrous gypsumSatin spar – fibrous gypsum

Form Form

Acicular—needle like crystalsAcicular—needle like crystals Botryoidal – like a group of Botryoidal – like a group of

grapes (chalcedony)grapes (chalcedony) nodular/concretionarynodular/concretionary DendriticDendritic Reniform—kidney shapedReniform—kidney shaped Tabular-- micaTabular-- mica

Mohr hardness ScaleMohr hardness Scale

1.1. TalcTalc

2.2. GypsumGypsum

3.3. CalciteCalcite

4.4. FluorsparFluorspar

5.5. ApatiteApatite

6.6. OrthoclaseOrthoclase

7.7. QuartzQuartz

8.8. TopazTopaz

9.9. CorundumCorundum

10.10. DiamondDiamond

Finger nail – 2.5Steel knife –5Soft glass --7

Cleavage Cleavage

Ability for mineral to break along a Ability for mineral to break along a weaker atomic plane. The plane is weaker atomic plane. The plane is dependent on atomic arrangement in dependent on atomic arrangement in mineralsminerals

Perfect/good/distinct/imperfect ex:Perfect/good/distinct/imperfect ex:

Mika – 1, feldspar –2, calcite – 3, ZnS Mika – 1, feldspar –2, calcite – 3, ZnS -- 6 -- 6

Fracture Fracture

Refers to surface condition of a Refers to surface condition of a broken mineral broken mineral

Irregular and independent of Irregular and independent of cleavagecleavage

Ex: conchoidal fracture Ex: conchoidal fracture

Specific gravitySpecific gravity Mass/volumeMass/volume Usu. 1-20, mainly 2-7Usu. 1-20, mainly 2-7 Ex: haliteEx: halite 2.16 2.16 ClaysClays 2.5 – 2.82.5 – 2.8 QuartzQuartz 2.652.65 HematiteHematite 4.724.72 MagnetiteMagnetite 5.25.2 TinTin 6.96.9 goldgold ???? Normal rocks?Normal rocks?

Other Other characteristicscharacteristics

Other Other characteristicscharacteristics

PiezoelectricPiezoelectric PiezomagnetPiezomagnet InsulatorsInsulators FluorescenceFluorescence

What make some minerals special than others?

Electronic configuration!

Know or don’t know?

The secret lies with

RocksRocks

aggregate of minerals, ie, made up aggregate of minerals, ie, made up of one or more mineralsof one or more minerals

ex: salt, phosphate, limestones, ex: salt, phosphate, limestones, granites , marble, coalgranites , marble, coal

Silicate rocks

Silicate material,

Olivine, pyroxene

+ Ni

Rock typesRock types

Three types:Three types:

1.1. Igneous rx- formed a a result of Igneous rx- formed a a result of solidification of magmasolidification of magma

2.2. Sedimentary rx- formed as a result of Sedimentary rx- formed as a result of accumulation of sediment (weathering, accumulation of sediment (weathering, erosion, transportation, sedimentation)erosion, transportation, sedimentation)

3.3. Metamorphic rx – formed as a result of Metamorphic rx – formed as a result of change in temperature and pressurechange in temperature and pressure

Rock classificationRock classification

Very importantVery important Will be shown later when discuss Will be shown later when discuss

each one of themeach one of them

Uses of minerals and rocksUses of minerals and rocks

1.1. Metals - gold, silver, tin, iron, Pb, Cu, Metals - gold, silver, tin, iron, Pb, Cu, ZnZn

2.2. Nonmetals– clays, coal, Nonmetals– clays, coal, petroleum petroleum dan natural gas, gemstones, dan natural gas, gemstones,

3.3. industrial minerals– sands,, all kinds of industrial minerals– sands,, all kinds of rocks (granites, rocks (granites, marble, limestones, marble, limestones, sandstones, sandstones, salts, salts, slates, micaslates, mica

Why do we mine rocks and minerals? Why do we mine rocks and minerals?

ProfitsProfits Source of income to nations Source of income to nations For safety (military and For safety (military and

nonmilitary)nonmilitary) Wellbeing of all human kinds Wellbeing of all human kinds etcetc

Uses of rocks and mineralsUses of rocks and minerals

1.1. Based on physical, chemical, optical, Based on physical, chemical, optical, magnetic, elektrical (buld or specific)magnetic, elektrical (buld or specific)

Ex: physical and chemical Ex: physical and chemical

granites, limestones, shales, marble, granites, limestones, shales, marble, sandssands

conductors and insulators: conductors and insulators: mica, iron mica, iron besi or other metals, graphite,besi or other metals, graphite,

Magnetic: magnetite FeMagnetic: magnetite Fe33OO44

2. Internal characteristics determine outer shapes and uses Ex: gemstones - to look grand (aesthetic value &

investment)emerald, jade, quartz, garnetcubic - diamond, pyrite FeS2

clays – paper making, animal feedstocks baja, proses penulenan (kelapa sawit)semikonduktor – industri saduran - emas, timah, silvergrafit - pensil/pentel? Sistem hablur: grafitada lagi? Kekerasan - batu pengasah/pemotong

next lecture next lecture igneous rocks igneous rocks

Original minerals (Chemical Original minerals (Chemical formula)formula)

QuartzQuartz SiOSiO22

MicroclineMicrocline KAlSiKAlSi33OO88

OrthoclaseOrthoclase KAlSiKAlSi33OO88

Na-PlagioclaseNa-Plagioclase NaAlSiNaAlSi33OO88

Ca-PlagioclaseCa-Plagioclase CaAlSiCaAlSi33OO88

MuscoviteMuscovite KAlSiKAlSi33OO1010

BiotiteBiotite KAl(Mg-Fe)KAl(Mg-Fe)33SiSi33OO1010 (OH) (OH)22

HorneblendeHorneblende CaCa22AlAl22MgMg22FeFe33, Si, Si66O (OH)O (OH)22

AugiteAugite CaCa22(Al-Fe)(Al-Fe)44(Mg-Fe)(Mg-Fe)44SiSi66O O 2424

Secondary minerals (Secondary minerals (chemical chemical formula)formula)

CalciteCalcite CaCoCaCo33

DolomiteDolomite CaMg(COCaMg(CO33))2 2

GypsumGypsum CaSOCaSO44-2H-2H2200 ApatiteApatite CaCa55(PO(PO44))33 - (Cl, F) - (Cl, F) LimoniteLimonite FeFe22-O-O33-3H-3H220 0 HematiteHematite FeFe22OO33

GibbsiteGibbsite AlAl22-O-O33-3H-3H22OO Clay MineralsClay Minerals Al silicatesAl silicates