SCIENCE-BASED DISASTER PREPAREDNESS:A GLIMPSE OVER PREPAREDNESS INITIATIVES IN INDONESIAAND INDIAN OCEAN COUNTRIES FIVE YEARS AFTER INDIAN OCEAN TSUNAMI 2004

Irina Rafliana

CoordinatorCommunity Preparedness Program (COMPRESS) – LIPI

ChairWorking Group 6: Community Preparedness, Emergency Response & Mitigation

Intergovernmental Coordinating Group Indian Ocean Tsunami Warning System (ICG-IOTWS)

CoordinatorGroup5: Research Group on Disaster Education

Indonesia-Japan JICA JST Joint Collaboration on Multidiscipline for Reducing Risks on Earthquake and Volcanoes

Lembaga Ilmu Pengetahuan Indonesia (LIPI) - Indonesian Institute of Sciencesirina_rafliana@hotmail.com

The aftermath of the Indian Ocean

Tsunami 2004

Flores 1992 EQ 7.5 – 2000 killed

Banyuwangi 1994EQ 7.5 sa– 250 killed

Pangandaran 2006 EQ 6.8 - 500 killed

Biak 1996 EQ 8.1 167 killed

TSUNAMIAceh – Nias 2004 EQ 9.0 – 166,000 killed

Source : BMKG

Alam takambang Jadi Guru…

The nature has become our teacher…

ICG/IOTWS Regional Training Workshop on Tsunami Risk Assessment and Mitigation, Bangkok, Thailand, 3-9 November 2009

Padang

Tsunami Risk Map - National Geographic Indonesia

March Edition - 2005

Post Tsunami 2004• The wisdom of ‘Smong’

being talked about

• Possible relations of local folklores and myths with past tsunami events

• Palaeotsunami research & social-cultural studies

• Increased initiatives in awareness dan disaster risk reduction

Giant Tsunami ?

Nyi Roro Kidul, Queen of the South Sea

ca. 1600

Prof. Kruawun Jankaew

Science/knowledge-based preparedness in Indonesia

Broad area assessment

Priority area assessment

Vulnerability Assessement

0

84

100

50

10089

0

4038

20

33 36

80

0

73

61

57

75

0

20

40

60

80

100

Pemerintah Kota Pemerintah Kecamatan Aparat

Indeks Kesiapsiagaan Pemerintah Kota Padang

Menurut Paramater

Pengetahuan Kebijakan

Rencana Tanggap Darurat Peringatan Bencana

Mobilisasi sumber daya Indeks Total

Community Preparedness

Assessment

Why do we have to save our lives?(palaeotsunami studies, liquefactions studies, social economy &

geophysics vulnerability studies, community preparedness assessments)

Historical tsunamis and palaeotsunami studies

Where do we have to go?

(earthquake and run-up models, critical facilities studies, emergency responses preparations evacuation signs, routes,

maps, national & local SOP’s)

collaborative system

between community

and the local government

How can we save our lives?

(school and community based disaster preparedness, incorporated with DM agencies and government preparedness at all levels)

Life skills!!

Knowledge…

…Understanding

Community preparedness assessment framework

Parameters:

1. Knowledge and Attitude

2. Policy Statement

3. Emergency Planning

4. Warning System

5. Resource Mobilization Capacity

Local

Government

Individuals

and

HouseholdSchool Community

Community Preparedness

51 4854

51

0

20

40

60

80

100

Nil

ai

Ind

eks

RT Komunitas

Sekolah

Pemerintah Kota

Bengkulu

5659

75

63

0

20

40

60

80

Ruma tangga Komunitas

Sekolah

Pemerintah Kota Padang

Indeks Kesiapsiagaan Masyarakat Kota Padang Dalam

Menghadapi Bencana

Gambar 4.1.7.1 Indeks Kesiapsiagaan thd

Bencana untuk Kecamatan di Aceh, 2006

57

17

67 69

4852

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Rum

ah T

angg

a

Sek

olah

Gur

u

Mur

id

Kec

amat

an

Total

Pelaku

Ind

ek

s K

es

iap

sia

ga

an

th

d B

en

ca

na

Total

COMMUNITY PREPAREDNESS ASSESSMENTS (LIPI, 2006-2008)

Level of

Preparedness

Index

Entirely Prepared 80 - 100

Prepared 65 - 79

Almost Prepared 55 - 64

Less Prepared 40 - 54

Not Prepared < 40

• Household

• School Community (students, teachers, school insititution)

•Local Government

PREPAREDNESS IN SCHOOLS

64

11

4045

27

48

0

20

40

60

80

100

Pengetahuan Kebijakan Rencana

Tanggap

Darurat

Sistim

Peringatan

Bencana

Kemampuan

Memobilisasi

Sumber Daya

Indeks

sekolah

72

11

44

66

34

55

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

1

Pengetahuan

Kebijakan

Rencana Tanggap

Darurtat

Peringatan

Bencana

Mobilisasi Sumber

Daya

Indeks

Kesiapsiagaan

6572

1018

76

62

27

72

60

19

57

48

0

20

40

60

80

Nilai In

deks

KAP PS EP WS RMC

Parameter

Sekolah

Guru

Murid

Aceh Besar

Bengkulu

Cilacap

School’s policy support at the lowestsds

School policy supportat the lowest!!

5659

75

63

0

20

40

60

80

Ruma tangga Komunitas

Sekolah

Pemerintah Kota Padang

Indeks Kesiapsiagaan Masyarakat Kota Padang Dalam

Menghadapi Bencana

0

84

100

50

10089

0

4038

20

33 36

80

0

73

61

57

75

0

20

40

60

80

100

Pemerintah Kota Pemerintah Kecamatan Aparat

Indeks Kesiapsiagaan Pemerintah Kota Padang

Menurut Paramater

Pengetahuan Kebijakan

Rencana Tanggap Darurat Peringatan Bencana

Mobilisasi sumber daya Indeks Total

PREPAREDNESS OF LOCAL AUTHORITIES

68

45 49

30

53

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70Pengetahuan

Rencana Tanggap

Darurat

Peringatan

Bencana

Mobilisasi Sumber

Daya

Indeks

Kesiapsiagaan

PREPAREDNESS IN HOUSEHOLDS

Community Preparednesscollaborative system

Functioning

Scientists

Functioning

Public Education

Practioners &

Promoters

Functioning

Disaster

Management

Officials

Functioning

Communityassessments

models

studies

forecasts

research

Curriculum & materials

development

innovations

Disaster resilient integrating DMO, schools and coastal communities

Sustainable economic livelihood

Evacuation strategy

adaptation

Facilitation &

moderation

Rafliana,I. 2008

Disaster

management plan

Standard

operational

procedures

Environment Management Practices

Disaster

Decision

Support

System

Early warning

translations

Facilitation &

advocacy

Indonesian “Sesame Street”: EQ education

To date:Over than 200 education materials developed by more than 40 organizations in Indonesia

THE JICA-JST COLLABORATION: Group 5Multi-disciplinary Hazard Reduction Program for Earthquake and Volcanoes in Indonesia

Group 5.1.1: School based disaster educationGroup 5.1.2: Town WatchingGroup 5.1.2: Evacuation simulation animation

Group 5.2 : Diffusions lessons on past disasters

Group 5.3 : Lessons over the internet

L I P I

ADRC

SOI ASIA

SDN 2 (elementary School)

BANDA ACEH

SMPN 1BANDA ACEH(junior high)

Islamic High school

MAN 2BANDA ACEH

SMAN 1BANDA ACEH(senior high)

EDUCATION DEPARTMENT UNIVERSITIES

NON GOVERNMENTORGANIZATION

TDMRC/UNSYIAHRESEARCH CENTER

SMAN 6BANDA ACEH

(seniorHigh)

JICA – JAPAN SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY

L I P I

SCHOOL BASED PREPAREDNESS MODEL

Indonesian first Music Compilation Project on Disaster Preparedness

Involvement of music and art community in

the community preparedness

movement

Naif – Samsons – Netral – Mocca – Franky S – Saint Loco – White Shoes&Couples Company –

The Upstairs – Efek Rumah Kaca – 70’s OC – Navicula – Buset – MGM – Frank&friends

Science in Music:Indonesia’s 1st Compilation Album on Disaster Preparedness

Nominated for:

The Indonesian Cutting Edge Music Award (ICEMA) – Microsoft 2010, for the single: “Indonesia Supermarket Bencana” (by 70’s OC rock band)

Indian Ocean States

The Indian Ocean Tsunami Warning System:

An Inter-governmental Coordinating Group

Inter-Governmental Coordinating Group:Indian Ocean Tsunami Warning System

Working Groups:

1. Risk Assessment & Reduction

2. Detection, Warning Dissemination

3. Awareness and Response

Community Preparedness & Emergency ResponseTsunami Early Warning System

Science & Knowledge-

based

Timely Warning

Dissemination

Hard structureSoft structure

Community Preparedness

Emergency Response

Vulnerability & Preparedness

Assessment Risk Profiles

Warning Chain analysis, Standard

Operating Procedures

Capacity building and strengthening

Mitigation

Long term development

planning & policy making/adaptation

Participatory Hazard Mapping, and other related community preparedness

& emergency response activities in Sri Lanka

Junior Disaster Club

Anse Royale Primary School - Seychelles

Tsu

nam

i an

d D

isas

ter

Mit

igat

ion

Re

sear

ch C

en

ter

:TD

MR

C-

UN

SYIA

H

Warning infrastructures: sirene

Evacuation signs

Tsu

nam

i an

d D

isas

ter

Mit

igat

ion

Re

sear

ch C

en

ter

:TD

MR

C-U

NSY

IAH

Vertical evacuation

Tsu

nam

i an

d D

isas

ter

Mit

igat

ion

Re

sear

ch C

en

ter

:TD

MR

C-U

NSY

IAH

ICG/IOTWS Regional Training Workshop on Tsunami Risk Assessment and Mitigation, Bangkok, Thailand, 3-9 November 2009

CHANDIGARH(Bhanu )

GR. NOIDA (Under Raising)

VADODARA

PUNE ( Talegaon )

BHUBANESHWAR(Mundali )

KOLKATA

GUWAHATI

PATNA – P I

CHENNAI (Arakkonam )

National Disaster Response Force

BNS – LOCATIONS

VIJAYAWADA – P I

• Two more Battalions under consideration.

How Prepared are We?

Knowing Your Risks and What to do About It

HazardPossibilities

Distant tsunamisLocal tsunamisIsland characterizedUnderwater landslide

Vulnerability Profiles

PhysicalSocialEconomicsEnvironmental

PreparednessProfile

Local authoritiesSchool Household

high medium low no

Risk

Mitigation

Preparedness Measures

Adopted: Tsunami Risk Assessment Guideline

IOC-UNESCO/WG 3, 2009

Regional Seminar cum Training On Risk Assessment:

“Knowing Your Risks And What to do About It”

Bangkok, November 2009

ICG/IOTWS, UNDP RCB

How can We be Prepared?

NTWC

EOC

Radio network

Local authorities

Fire brigades SAR

Church mosquesRed Cross

households

schoolsoffices

markets

Public park ports Commercial areas

Gas station

media

WARNING & DECISION MAKING

INTERFACE & WARNING

DISSEMINATION

COMMUNITY

SOP & Warning Chain Training & workshop

SOP workshop

Crisis communication

training

DM Training

Table Top Simulation

School-based Disaster Preparedness training &

SOP, drills

Community-based Disaster Preparedness training & SOP, drills

Disaster preparedness training, SOP, drillsTE

STIN

G T

HE

WA

RN

ING

CH

AIN

:IN

TEG

RAT

ED E

XER

CIS

E

EMERGENCY RESPONSE

Some Gaps and challenges, at local and global

• Risks dimensions VS presssing development priorities often takes precedence

over mitigation, prevention & disaster risks management

• Current capacities of local government appear ‘ill-prepared’ in taking this often

highly technical, costly and time consuming responsibilities

• Lack encourage to build local capacities to develop, use, access and utilize risk

information (Tumbaga, et. al., Propelling Growth, Managing Costs: A Challenge to Local Governments,

ACSPPA, 2003)

Disrupting issues in preparedness

Disasters and external supports

• The cost of disasters in the 1990’s were 15 times higher than they were in 1950’s

• In 1990’s alone, disaster affected 40% of world’s population, most in developing countries

• World Bank spending on natural disasters risen. Since 1980’s, there are 550 disaster-related projects, more than USD 26 billion in lending for disaster response and mitigation

(Source: Chibber.A, Parker. R, World Bank, Bringing Disaster risk into Development Thinking: How Often Do We Need to be Shaken before We are Stirred? – Real Risk, 2006)

The absence of costs provided by local government for

such efforts allows external resources induced...

• Initiatives made by national government or international organizations

• Capacity building proccesses then likely to be externally directed with greater decision making power rest in these non-local entities

• when external initiatives ends, local government and their community are left to deal the consequences as best they can

(Tumbaga, et.al.; 2003)

Roles Played in the community Preparedness on InaTWS

Unesco Ind. Red Coss (PMI)

GTZ-IS Local players

Consortium on Disaster Edu.(CDE) (NGO, Local gov’t, local

organizations, private)

Universities

SCOPE IN DRR EDUCATION

Identify Hazards

Reduce Vulnerability

Increase Capacity

Increase Preparedness

National (academic)institutions

Local government Schools &

community

National (academic)institutions

Local government Schools &

community

ICG/IOTWS Regional Training Workshop on Tsunami Risk Assessment and Mitigation, Bangkok, Thailand, 3-9 November 2009

Padang City: Recapitulation of 5 years post Indian Ocean Tsunami Warning System

• 1861

• 2004• 2005

• 2006

• 2007

• 2008

• 2009

• beyond

Indian ocean tsunami...

• 1861

• 2004

• 2005• 2006

• 2007

• 2008

• 2009

• beyond

• 1861

• 2004

• 2005

•2006• 2007

• 2008

• 2009

• beyond

0

84

100

50

10089

0

4038

20

33 36

80

0

73

61

57

75

0

20

40

60

80

100

Pemerintah Kota Pemerintah Kecamatan Aparat

Indeks Kesiapsiagaan Pemerintah Kota Padang

Menurut Paramater

Pengetahuan Kebijakan

Rencana Tanggap Darurat Peringatan Bencana

Mobilisasi sumber daya Indeks Total

• 1861

• 2004

• 2005

• 2006

• 2007

• 2008• 2009

• beyond

• 1861

• 2004

• 2005

• 2006

• 2007

• 2008

• 2009

• beyond

• Official warning from BMKG reached authorities in Padang within 5 minutes, and local private radio (Pro News & Classy FM).• Government officials and NGO’s quickly received information from EOC via radio communication network•Official warning to public was largely absent in the first 30 minutes• evacuation process snarled by massive traffic congestion• Local FM radio (RRI) brought official warning to the public

The first 30 minutes in Padang:30 September 2009 EQ case

Open end remarks...

• Tsunamis, as long ‘return period’ hazard is challenging. It may not be a country’s top list priority comparing to other hazards. It may not recur even over several generations.

• Community preparedness is an on-going, life long learning proccess, trans generations. Many results of preparedness might not be tangible but observable and measurable.

• National policies in land use, environmental protection laws & education should be incorporated in a participatory mechanism, encouraging bottom-up demands, to allow community involvement in planning and implementing their best disaster risk management, including their preparedness.

• Preparedness is the most cost efficient effort with significant relations to the global development, and in reducing loss of life.

Learning from the lessons, what will derail sustainable disaster risk

reduction including prepraredness…

• Over-confident with merely top-down approach or bottom-up, without merging both polar

• Inability to capitalize knowledge and resources

• Missing interface from science/research to public, policy makers and end-users

Thank you.