Post on 20-Feb-2016
description
usab
le lo
cal m
ater
ials
and
exi
stin
g co
mm
unity
; the
refo
re, s
o-ca
lled
mas
ter
plan
was
not
req
uire
d in
its
desi
gn a
nd c
onst
ruct
ion
proc
edur
e. H
owev
er, c
olle
ctio
n of
suc
h fr
ee d
esig
n pr
oced
ure
resu
lted
in a
har
mon
ious
com
mun
ity. T
his
is th
e m
ost i
mpo
rtan
t cha
ract
eris
tic o
f the
trad
ition
al H
anok
des
ign,
CPFYJCVUJQWNFDGEQPXG[GFKPFGUKIPKPICPGY*CPQMKPVJGPGYGTC&GUKIPRTKPEKRNGUQHVJGPGY*CPQMUJQWNFHWNN[HQNNQYVJGVKOGTGSWKTGFFGUKIPCPFEQPUVTWEVKQPRTKPEKRNG6JGTGHQTGVJKURTQEGUUFQGUPQVHQNNQYEQPXGPVKQPCNCTEJKVGEVWTCNRTQVQV[RGFGUKIPOGVJQFZGFOCUVGTRNCPCPF
EQPXGPVKQPCNFGPKVKQPQPVTCFKVKQPDWVRTQXKFGRGQRNGYKVJQRGPGPFGFRQUUKDKNKVKGUKPFGUKIPKPIVJGPGY*CPQM/
/ Urb
an E
xplo
ratio
n, 2
003
// C
ities
car
ry p
iece
s of
mem
orie
s th
roug
hout
his
tory
and
sho
w h
ow c
ultu
re h
as d
evel
oped
. How
ever
, as
Italo
Cal
vino
sai
d,
the
city
doe
s no
t sim
ply
desc
ribe
the
RCUVDWVECTTKGUVTCEGUNKMGNKPGUKPVJGRCNOQHQPGUJCPF$[TGCFKPIVJGVTCEGUNGHVKPVJGUKVGWPFGTTGFGXGNQROGPVUEJGFWNG+VTKGFVQWPFGTUVCPFVJGEWTTGPVUKVWCVKQPUCPFFKCIPQUGVJGCEVWCNXCNWGQHVJGGXGPVUETGCVGFD[VJGUGUKVWCVKQPU#NUQ+VTKGFVQHGGNVJGQDLGEVUCPFGXGPVUNNKPIVJGUKVG
thei
r re
latio
nshi
ps w
ith c
erta
in p
lace
s, th
e de
pth
of th
e sp
ace
and
the
sile
nce
left
in th
e sp
ace
diffe
rent
ly in
a n
ew m
anne
r. F
urth
erm
ore,
I co
nduc
ted
a pe
rfor
man
ce w
ith c
olle
cted
mat
eria
ls in
the
expl
orat
ion,
in o
rder
to m
ake
peop
le s
hare
thei
r liv
ing
hist
ory
in th
e ci
ty a
nd h
elp
rem
ain
thei
r hi
stor
y w
ith th
e EKV[+VTKGFVQTGEQTFVJGTGCNKV[QHCEKV[VJCVGZKUVUQPOGOQTKGUQHGCEJEJKNFD[QRGPKPICOGPVCNOCRFTCYKPIYQTMUJQR6JGTGUWNVUUJQYGFVJCVEJKNFTGPJCXGFKHHGTGPVKFGCUCDQWVEKV[EQORCTGFVQCFWNVU(QTGZCORNGVJG[FKFPVWUGDKTFUG[GXKGYFTGYFCPIGTQWUQDLGEVUVTCHENKIJVETQUUYCNM
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char
acte
ristic
s of
the
villa
ge. /
/ Mak
ing
Spa
ce H
appe
n, 2
003
// T
he h
isto
ry o
f thi
s si
te s
tart
ed fr
om r
ailw
ay, p
rovi
ded
the
urba
n th
erm
oele
ctric
pow
er p
lant
with
coa
l. A
fter
the
decl
ine
of th
e ra
ilway
due
to th
e ch
ange
of p
ower
pla
nt fu
el, a
rtis
ts o
ccup
ied
the
railw
ay, a
nd c
onst
ruct
ed c
ultu
ral d
istr
ict,
as
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artis
ts, w
hom
will
tem
pora
rily
occu
py s
ome
area
s w
ith c
ultu
ral e
vent
s. O
ccup
atio
n ar
eas
can
be v
arie
d ac
cord
ing
to s
ize
of e
ach
even
t. It
will
mak
e in
dete
rmin
ate
cultu
ral l
ands
cape
, lik
e tr
ains
had
tem
pora
rily
occu
pied
the
land
, and
div
ersi
fy it
s cu
lture
. // R
ills
Rel
ief,
2006
// A
ll of
us
has
expe
rienc
e of
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RJQVQITCRJUFGRKEVKPIUVTGVEJGUQHPCVWTCNYCVGTUQPVJGWRUVTGCOQH%JGQPII[G5VTGCO6JGUGCDCPFQPGFRJQVQUTGNKGUKVUDQF[QPVJGJCTUJQYCUVJG[VWODNGFTKHVTGUVIGVDWTKGFKPOWFNQEMGFCVVJGUVGRRKPIUVQPGUCPFPCNN[CRRTQCEJVQVJG*CP4KXGTGPTQWVGVQVJGUGCLWUVNKMGVJG
RGTGPPKCNWPFWNCVKQPUCPFKTTGXGTUKDNGCURGEVQHNKHG2CUUGPIGTUQEECUKQPCNN[OQPKVQTVJGUGQYKPIRJQVQURTGUGPEGHQNNQYKPIVJGQYQHWEVWCVKPIKOCIGU5QOGYKNNUVGRWRVQVJGUVTGCORWVVJGKTJCPFKPVQYCVGTCPFRKEMVJGOWRCUCUQNGUQWXGPKTQHVJGEKV[*GTGRGQRNGEGNGDTCVGOQTGKP
VCUVKPIVJGNKXKPIYCVGTQWTKPGXKVCDNGNKHGTGUQWTEGQYKPIKPVJGFGPUGEGPVGTQH5GQWN/
/ Yan
ggu
Bui
ldin
g P
roje
ct, 2
006
// T
his
annu
al b
uild
ing
proj
ect i
s he
ld in
aba
ndon
ed r
ural
are
as d
ue to
rap
id u
rban
izat
ion,
and
it a
ims
to r
egen
erat
e th
ose
plac
es b
y in
trod
ucin
g ap
prop
riate
arc
hite
ctur
al s
olut
ions
. +RCTVKEKRCVGFKPVJGRTQLGEVCPFLQKPGFVJGQXGTCNNEQPUVTWEVKQPRTQEGUUQHVJTGGDWKNFKPIUOCKPN[QPGDWKNFKPIGNFUWTXG[CPFRTGNKOKPCT[FGUKIPRTQEGUU1XGTXQNWPVCT[OCPFC[URCTVKEKRCVGFKPVJKURTQLGEV/
/ Con
serv
atio
n, C
onve
rsio
n fo
r S
usta
inab
le C
ity, 2
010
// U
pon
the
foun
datio
n of
la
st c
entu
rys
bru
tal h
isto
ry w
hich
kill
ed a
t lea
st 1
50 m
illio
ns o
f peo
ple
thro
ugh
war
s an
d di
sput
es, v
ast e
xpan
se o
f lan
ds a
roun
d th
e w
orld
hav
e be
en h
arsh
ly u
rban
ized
in p
ost-
war
era
. Res
ulta
nt p
robl
ems
of th
is r
apid
urb
aniz
atio
n -
easi
ly z
oned
dis
tric
ts a
nd in
crea
sed
use
of e
nerg
y, u
rban
dec
ay a
nd
soci
al a
liena
tion,
dan
gero
us s
ituat
ion
of e
nviro
nmen
t, et
c -
are
thre
aten
ing
hum
an h
abita
tion,
aga
in. N
ow it
s ti
me
to c
ritic
ally
exa
min
e co
ntem
pora
ry u
rban
pro
blem
s an
d so
lve
it sm
artly
thro
ugh
cons
erva
tion
and
conv
ersi
on, n
ot to
rep
eat l
ast c
entu
rys
blu
nder
s an
d no
t to
build
in ta
bula
ras
a ag
ain,
for
sust
aina
ble
hum
an h
abita
tion.
The
pur
pose
of m
y ex
plor
atio
n is
res
earc
h ab
out c
onse
rvat
ion
and
conv
ersi
on o
f exi
stin
g ci
ties,
mai
nly
exam
inin
g si
tes
reco
nstr
ucte
d in
pos
t-w
ar e
ra. A
s liv
ing
in th
e on
ly s
epar
ated
cou
ntry
in th
e w
orld
, rig
ht a
fter
the
Japa
nese
col
onia
l tim
e, w
ars
impa
ct o
n hu
man
ha
bita
tion
and
re-u
se o
f rem
ain
ruin
s of
his
tory
hav
e al
way
s be
en m
y bi
g co
ncer
n. M
oreo
ver,
Kor
ea h
as s
uffe
red
from
fast
est u
rban
izat
ion
of 8
0 pe
rcen
t rur
al to
80
perc
ent u
rban
pop
ulat
ion
with
in 4
0 ye
ars
afte
r th
e K
orea
n W
ar, n
ow r
emai
ning
man
y ag
ed b
uild
ings
and
stil
l pro
gres
sing
urb
an s
praw
l, w
hich
is s
imila
r ph
enom
enon
in m
any
post
-war
citi
es a
roun
d th
e w
orld
. So,
con
serv
atio
n an
d co
nver
sion
of e
xist
ing
city
- h
ave
vario
us m
erits
incl
ude
adap
tabi
lity
to e
xist
ing
urba
n co
ntex
t and
soc
ial n
eeds
, ret
entio
n of
str
uctu
re a
nd m
emor
y, r
educ
e of
was
tes,
etc
- is
an
adeq
uate
issu
e on
man
y EQPVGORQTCT[CIKPIEKVKGUHQTQWTUWUVCKPCDNGHWVWTG2QUVYCTWTDCPFGXGNQROGPV
$GTNKP9CTUCY(KTUVUGEVKQPQHO[TGUGCTEJHQEWUGUQPVJGRQUVYCTWTDCPFGXGNQROGPVCPFKVUCHVGTYCTFUKVWCVKQP#UNKXKPIKPVJGQPN[FKXKFGFEQWPVT[KPVJGYQTNFCRRTQRTKCVGOQFKECVKQPUQH0QTVJ-QTGCPEKVKGU
CHVGTRTGFKEVCDNGTGWPKECVKQPJCXGNQPIDGGPQPGQHO[EQPEGTPUCUCHWVWTGCTEJKVGEV6JKUNQPIKPVGTGUVNGFOGVQRCTVKEKRCVGKP)GTOCP-QTGCP[QWPIUVGTUVTCXGNGZEJCPIGRTQITCOOGHWPFGFD[VJG-QPTCF#FGPCWGT(QWPFCVKQPKPVYQ[GCTU
5JQTVXKUKVVQ$GTNKPCPFRCUV&&4
'CUVGTP
)GTOCP[UKVGUVQIGVJGTYKVJ)GTOCPUVWFGPVUOCFGOGTGCNK\GOCP[FKHEWNVKGUHQNNQYGFD[WPKECVKQPCUOGPVKQPGFKPPGZVCTVKENG+P%GPVTCNCPF'CUVGTP'WTQRGQHVJGRQRWNCVKQPNKXGUKP2NCVVGPDCWCTGCUCPFKVKUGUVKOCVGFVJCVVJGTGPQXCVKQPQHVJGOYKNNVCMGCDQWVDKNNKQPGWTQUYJKEJ
OGCPGORNQ[OGPVHQTOKNNKQPRGQRNG&KG9GNV/CTEJ$GTNKPJCUDGGPYKFGN[TGPQXCVKPIDWKNFKPIUHTQOCRCTVOGPVUVQVJGRCTNKCOGPVCEJKGXKPIJWIGEQPXGTUKQPQHOQTGVJCPVJQWUCPFRCUV2NCVVGPDCWWPKVUYKVJGEQNQIKECNCRRTQCEJGU'URGEKCNN[ITCFWCNOQFKECVKQPQHRCUV$GTNKP
Wal
l are
a an
d pa
st in
dust
rial b
uild
ings
cou
ld r
eact
to o
rdin
ary
need
s of
citi
zens
by
inse
rtio
n of
new
urb
an p
rogr
ams
and
rem
aini
ng h
isto
rical
less
ons
at th
e sa
me
time.
The
Sec
ond
Wor
ld W
ar d
emol
ishe
d ab
out 8
5 pe
rcen
t of o
ld W
arsa
w. L
ike
Nor
th K
orea
, War
saw
was
onc
e a
soci
alis
tic s
ocie
ty. T
his
uniq
ue h
isto
ry o
f las
t cen
tury
sho
ws
exce
ptio
nal e
xam
ple
of th
e co
mpr
ehen
sive
rec
onst
ruct
ion
of a
city
- h
olis
tic c
onse
rvat
ion
by s
uppo
rts
of in
habi
tant
s. T
his
case
als
o af
fect
ed m
any
Eur
opea
n co
untr
ies
doc
trin
es r
elat
ed to
urb
aniz
atio
n an
d co
nser
vatio
n of
urb
an d
evel
opm
ent a
fter
the
dest
ruct
ion
of
Wor
ld W
ar II
. Afte
r th
e co
llaps
e of
Sov
iet B
lock
, War
saw
con
vert
ed m
any
soci
alis
tic p
ublic
bui
ldin
gs in
den
se a
nd m
ix-u
sed
way
- e
xten
ding
ped
estr
ian
way
s of
old
dis
tric
t. A
lso
past
cha
ract
eris
tics
of s
ocia
listic
urb
an p
lann
ing
high
light
ed p
ublic
ity a
re w
ell r
emai
ned.
Inne
r ci
ty o
f Lon
don
s D
ockl
and
area
w
as d
ecay
ed b
y 19
40s
urb
an b
ombi
ng a
nd tr
ansi
tion
of in
dust
ry. B
ut th
is a
rea
has
rem
arka
bly
rege
nera
ted
in e
colo
gica
l and
mix
-use
d m
anne
r ov
erco
min
g ur
ban
deca
y, n
ow w
aitin
g fo
r th
e 20
12 O
lym
pic.
And
the
Ope
n H
ouse
Pro
gram
hel
d in
eve
ry S
epte
mbe
r en
able
s ur
ban
com
mun
ity e
xper
ienc
e CPFWPFGTUVCPFVJGPQVKQPQHUWUVCKPCDNGFGXGNQROGPVYJKEJ+RNCPVQRCTVKEKRCVG8CNKFCFCRVCVKQPQHVJGUGTGPQYPGFECUGUYKNNDGPGGFGFOCP[CIKPIEKVKGUKPENWFG-QTGC2CUVKPFWUVTKCNHCEKNKVKGU
'UUGP&WKUDWTI0GY;QTM5GEQPFRCTVQHO[TGUGCTEJHQEWUGUQPVJGEQPXGTUKQPQHRCUVKPFWUVTKCN
HCEKNKVKGUOQFGTPTGOCKPU+PFWUVT[HCEKNKVKGUCTGKPGXGT[YJGTGDWVPQYJGTG$GECWUGVJGUGGFKEGUCTGOQUVN[KUQNCVGFKPKPPGTEKV[RTQVGEVGFVQCEEGUU$WVUOCNNKPVGTXGPVKQPQPQNFHCEKNKV[ECPDGCIQQFUQNWVKQPHQTTGXKVCNK\CVKQPQPFGEC[KPIEKV[CURTGUGTXKPIWPKSWGNQECNJKUVQT[UCXKPITGUQWTEGU
prov
idin
g m
ore
publ
ic s
pace
s to
citi
zens
- im
prov
ing
qual
ity o
f urb
an li
fe. T
hese
citi
es h
ave
prov
en th
at e
ven
heav
y in
dust
rial f
acili
ties
can
be c
onve
rted
to d
iffer
ent u
se in
an
ecol
ogic
al m
anne
r. E
ssen
-Dui
sbur
g ar
eas
wer
e E
urop
es
larg
est i
ndus
tria
l are
a m
ainl
y us
ed a
s co
al-m
inin
g si
tes,
dam
agin
g PGCTD[PCVWTG#HVGTVJGGOGTIGQHENGCPKPFWUVT[VJGUGEKVKGUEQPXGTVGFJWIGRTGEQCNOKPGEQORNGZNKMGCUOCNNEKV[EQPVCKPKPIXCTKQWUEWNVWTCNHCEKNKVKGUYKVJGPXKTQPOGPVCNRWTKECVKQPEQPPGEVKPIKUQNCVGFRNCEGVQPGKIJDQTJQQFCTGC0GY;QTMKUQPGQHVJGQNFGUVCPFETQYFGFOQFGTPEKV[KPVJGYQTNF
*GTGUTCKNTQCFYCUEQPXGTVGFVQRGFGUVTKCPRCTMTWPPKPIVJTQWIJQNFCTGCUKPENWFG/GCVRCEMKPI%JGNUGCFKUVTKEVCNUQVTCPUHQTOGFRCUVKPFWUVTKCNDWKNFKPIUKPVQXCTKQWUWUGU'URGEKCNN[VJGHCEVVJCVVJKURCTMYCUKPKVKCNN[FGXGNQRGFD[EKVK\GPUUWRRQTVCVVGUVUVQYJCVWTDCPFYGNNGTUPGGFU
#PEGUVTCN%KV[/GFKPCQH(GUCPF/CTTCMGUJ#UCEQPVTCFKEVQT[ECUG(GUCPF/CTTCMGUJKUCTGCUQPCDNGOQFGNQHUWUVCKPCDNGEKV[5KPEGHQWPFGFKPVJCPFVJEGPVWT[GCEJQVJGTVJGUGCPEGUVTCNEKVKGUJCXGDGGPNCUVGFKVUJKUVQT[HQTNQPIGTVJCPVJQWUCPF[GCTUYKVJQWVDKIEJCPIGYJKEJRTQXGU
its v
italit
y. E
spec
ially
, Fes
hav
e be
en p
rese
rvin
g it
s un
ique
urb
an fa
bric
of 1
4th
cent
ury,
sm
all b
uild
ings
in it
s M
edin
a ha
ve a
lway
s be
en c
onve
rted
with
out m
oder
n w
ay o
f zon
ing
- co
ntai
ning
alm
ost e
very
urb
an b
ehav
iors
. And
its
urba
n fo
rm is
a s
uita
ble
stud
y ca
se fo
r su
stai
nabl
e ci
ty c
onta
inin
g va
rious
fa
ctor
s in
it -
mix
-use
d bu
ildin
gs, l
abyr
inth
-like
ped
estr
ian
rout
es r
each
ing
300
kilo
met
er, u
se o
f nat
ural
ven
tilat
ion
syst
em, e
tc. A
dditi
onal
ly, t
his
city
look
s m
ore
dem
ocra
tic th
an fu
nctio
nally
div
ided
citi
es. S
o, it
s h
umbl
e bu
t sta
ble
spac
es w
ith it
s ow
n be
auty
, are
stil
l rel
evan
t. T
houg
h it
is h
ard
to a
dapt
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6JKU[GCTUQNFEKV[EQPVCKPUXCTKQWUTWKPUQHJKUVQT[OQFGTPK\CVKQPGTCYCTCPFEQNQPK\CVKQPRGTKQFGXGPOGFKGXCNVKOG#HVGTRTGFKEVCDNGTGWPKECVKQPYKVJ0QTVJ-QTGCDKICOQWPVQHEQPUGTXCVKQPCPFEQPXGTUKQPQHQNFDWKNFKPIUCPFEKVKGUYKNNDGTGSWKTGF+DGNKGXGVJCVHQTGKIPNGUUQPUNGCTPGF
from
this
exp
lora
tion
will
giv
e ad
vice
on
this
cou
rse.
So,
as
a co
mpa
rativ
e ca
se, I
pla
n to
stu
dy s
ome
reno
vate
d in
stan
ces
in o
ld d
istr
ict o
f Seo
ul. I
exp
ect t
hat c
ompa
ring
Seo
ul w
ith o
ther
citi
es c
ase
will
giv
e m
e ba
lanc
ed p
ersp
ectiv
e on
this
age
nda,
as
rem
aini
ng a
ssig
nmen
ts o
f fur
ther
stu
dy.
PORTFOLIO KANGIL JI
Harvard GSDMaster in Architecture II 2014
Part I Personal Academic Works
Ecologic UrbanismGSD Option Studio 2013
Elements of Architecture
GSD Option Studio 2013 at OMA, Rotterdam
Liminal NatureGSD Option Studio 2012
Evolutionary ContextK-Arts Option Studio 2010 (RIBA Part II)
Landscript (K-Arts Option Studio 2009
Architectural InfrastructureK-Arts Option Studio 2006 (RIBA Part I)
4 Ecologic Urbanism
Ecologic Urbanism GSD option studio I Spring 2013 I Instructor: Ingeborg RockerPublication (pending): &DPMPHJDT3FmHVSJOHUIF$JWJD(SPVOE, Harvard GSDmodel 1:50 scale
5Ecologic Urbanism
verticalized street life
verticalization of street life
In last century, many modern architects failed in making better cities by applying function-oriented ideologies, such as faster construction and trafc ow, with less consideration on the cultural and environmental performance of the city. Yet, this failed notion of city design is more widely accepted in todays China, as the only solution to build cities for 100 million people every year. Given this situation, modernists concept of city cannot be easily rejected, but should be revised.
Today, urban environment of the city of Guangzhou in Southern China is becoming more deteriorated. This is due to its skyscraper-oriented development without consideration on the citys climate and culture, which requires more energy and isolates
people in series of gated communities.The concept of ecologic urbanism
proposes a new model of city development based on an alternative model of middle-rise, mix-used building typology. This third typology mixes modernist concept of city (faster construction of city based on Walter Gropius Torten Housing) and local peoples communal life based on its street culture, while providing diverse thermal properties in the building to generate varied urban activities based on architectural typology.
Location: Li-Wan, Guangzhou, ChinaSite Area: 110-acreBuilding Area: 6,000m2 (build-ing footprint of standard building)Program: Mix-used building
elevation perspective
>
0 10m
6 Ecologic Urbanism
1914The Futurist CityAntonio SantEliato o Sa t a
1898Garden City of Tomorrow
Ebenezer Howard
1966Typological City
Aldo RossiAldo Rossi
Ebenezer Howard
1960Metabolism City
Metabolist MovementMetabolist Movement
1924Broadacre City
Frank Lloyd WrightFrank Lloyd Wright
1972City of the Captive Globe
Rem KoolhaasRem Koolhaas
1924High Rise City
Ludwig HilbersheimerLudwig Hilbersheimer
1977Dialectic CityO.M. Ungers
1928Toerten City
Walter GropiusWalter Gropius
1995Alphabetical City
Steven HollSteven Holl
1952Unit dHabitation
Le CorbusierLe Corbusier
2008Stop City
Pier Vittorio AureliPier Vittorio Aureli
current: dominant urbanism in China = speedclaim: speed+civic life
methodology eco-logical urbanism (revising ideological approach)
1928Toerten City,Walter Gropius
mob
ilityb
y
environment
suburb
iab m
ass
speed
p
autonomyy
limitation
codication
di
congestion
g
process
p
phenomenon: ideological approach- context-less superimposition of ideological urbanisms
expansion
expan
p historyhi
y
claim: eco-logical (interaction-based) approach- intensifying context of Chinese form of civic life
7Ecologic Urbanism
design process urban design
topography- 0-11m level difference
stack- F.A.R 6 block
rotate - building direction = 0 ~ 23 - maxium wind and shadow
split- street section ratio = 1:4- minimum solar envelope
merge- minimum solar envelope- maximum FAR
oat- annual ooding (+8m)- wind corridor & shadow
revision of Torten city plan (Walter Gropius) for Guangzhou, China- speed + context
elements of urban design
aerial view
master plan
topography
public network
plate
building typology
trafc
combination
valley & stream
civic network (alley)
stiched grid
gure/ground
0 300m
0 300m
urban design plan
8 Ecologic Urbanism
5th oor plan
4th oor plan
3rd oor plan
2nd oor plan
ground oor plan
0 30m
typical oor plansdesign process architecture
topography- 0-11m level difference
stack- extension of street into building
rotate 1- duplication of street
rotate 2- diverse thermal properties by slope
split- wind/daylight corridor
rotate 3- extension of street (civic) life
extension of street (civic) life into buildings & creation of shadowy street
9Ecologic Urbanism
0 30m
models
elevation perspective
10 Ecologic Urbanism
sections
section 1
section 2
section 3
0 10m
circulation
green space
wind ow
residentialofce multi-purpose (education, entertainment, etc)commercial
11Ecologic Urbanism
perspectives
12 Elements of Architecture
Elements of Architecture GSD option studio I Fall 2013 I Instructor: Rem Koolhaas, Stephan TrbyPublication: Rem Koolhaas, Elements of Architecture, Marsilio (August 12, 2014)
Trace Italienne1599
Humayuns Tomb, India1572
Nijo Castle, Japan1625
Shoin Buildings, Japan1632
Mughal Serai, India1600
Shitenno-ji Temple, Japan593
Angkor Wat, Angkorca. 1200s
Jeongjeon (Mail Hall) of Jongmyo Shrine, Korea1394
Humble Administrators Garden, China1513
Versailles, France1682
Blenheim Castle, England1724
Lutton Hoo, England1772
Saumur Barracks, France1770
1635Corridor
(fr) FortificationPath
1535Corridoio
1627Coritore
Secret Passage
100 [lng] (Cn) wall and roof
1698Corridoor
Castle Howard
1724Corridoor
Blenheim Castle
1772CorridorLutton Hoo
1765Corridor (Fr)
source of noise... no longer in use except inupper stories of
buildings meant for storage or convents(Blondel)1677
Couloir (fr) Water drain
1770Saumur Barracks
Trace Italiennee1599
Humayuns Tomb, IndiaT1572
Nijo Castle, JapannN16256
Shoin Buildings, JapanB1632
Mughal Serai, Indiar1600
Shitenno-ji Temple, Japanh5939
Angkor Wat, AngkorAca. 1200s
Jeongjeon (Mail Hall) of Jongmyo Shrine, KoreaSae1394313943
Humble Administrators Garden, Chinad hau15135
Versailles, Francec1682
Blenheim Castle, England,17241724
Lutton Hoo, EnglandE1772
Saumur Barracks, Francea1770
A k W A kA
1635Corridorr
(fr) FortificationPatho
1535Corridoior
1627Coritore
Secret Passage
100 [lng] (Cn)wall and roofn
1698Corridoorr
Castle Howard
1724Corridoori
Blenheim Castle
1772CorridordLutton HooH
1765Corridor (Fr)d
source of noise... no longer in use except inupper stories often
buildings meant for storage or conventsc(Blondel)(1677
Couloir (fr) Water drain
1770Saumur BarracksS
timeline corridor: ever-expanding element of architecture (from architecture to geography)
From the Renaissance onwards, the discourse on architecture was largely based on the denition and analysis of architectural elements. Albertis six elements (locality, area, compartition, wall, roof, and opening: 1452), Gottfried Sempers four elements (hearth, roof, enclosure, mound; 1851) and Le Corbusiers Five Points of Architecture (pilotis, free facade, open plan, long window, roof garden; 1928) were all, in various degrees, efforts to analyze the history of buildings and codify the future of architecture. But since the globalization of modern architecture in the second half of the 20th century, the possibility of an elemental systematization of architecture has been largely ignored.
Elements that used to be the specialty of architects - the ceiling
research on Elements of Architecture for 2014 Venice Architecture Biennale(collaborative work of GSD-AMO)
and window, but also even the facade - have become devices and ceded to more advanced technological domains. Architects themselves have largely ignored other elements in which they used to excel, like the corridor. There is a paradox though: today, despite standardization, device-cation and the attempts of parametric architecture to merge formerly distinct categories like roof, wall, and window into an ideally continuous architectural surface, the fundamental elements of architecture endure, albeit in sometimes radically different forms.
back cover of the book (working version)
13Elements of Architecture
1
Corridor in published material, 1800-2000Occurrence per 10,000 words
2
3
7
6
4
5
Westminster Palace / Houses of Parliament1834
Royal Courts of Justice, London1870
Kirkbride Hospital, USA1850
Nightingale Pavilion Plan Hospital, England1865
Lus Salt Merchant House, China1897
Chrysler Building, New York1930
Empire State Building, New York1931 World Trade Center, New York
1973 Taipei 101, Taiwan2008
Burj Khalifa, Dubai2009
Westonbirt House, England1864
Hassobury House, England1866
Flight Corridor1966
Danzig Corridor1918
Le Corbusier threatens the Corridor-street1925
Chen Clan Academy, China1894
1823Grand Corridor
Windsor Castle
1834Commons Corridor
Chancellors CorridorLords Corridor
British Parliament
1870Bar Corridor
Judges CorridorAttorneys Corridor
Public CorridorRoyal Courts of Justice
1870Korridor
Berlin Poliklinik
1885Galerie Richelieu
Sorbonne
1894Mechanical Corridor
Manhattan Life Insurance Building
1852Brumidi Corridors
US Capitol
1922Marching Corridor
1952Single-Loaded
Corridor
1971Corridor
Conversations
1841 Street corridor
1914 Community corridor
1914 Medical Corridor
1918 Polish corridor
1925 Corridor Street
1926 Exit corridor
1928 Valley corridor
1946 Trade corridor
1948 Urban corridor
1952 Air corridor
1950 Utility corridor
1955 Cultural corridor
1959 Escape corridor
1960 Watershed corridor
1961 Industrial corridor
1965 River corridor
1962 Economic corridor
1967 Transportation corridor
1968 Highway corridor
1970 Mining corridor
1970 Transit corridor
1971 Wildlife corridor
1972 Business corridor
1973 Growth corridor
1975 Stream corridor
1975 Travel corridor
1976 Canyon corridor
1976 Park corridor
1976 Rail corridor
1977 Development corridor
1978 Opportunity corridor
1980 Heritage corridor
1980 High-Tech corridor
1980 Power corridor
1982 Wind corridor
1983 Ecological corridor
1986 Jet Stream Corridor
1986 Resource Corridor
1987 Conservation corridor
1987 Green corridor
1989 Chemical corridor
1990 Metro corridor
1992 Research corridor
1993 Freight corridor
2003 Wireless corridor
2011 Moose Sex corridor
PAGE 29CORRIDOR
During modernity, the
transversals got
replaced by the
tangentials. The
FORTIEDTRADITIONALWestern city with its
city gates and main
roads is based on a
topology of gates
LIKETHEENLADEInscribed in it is a
MOVEMENTGUREwhich unfolds
transversally to the
spheric line of city
gate and partition
wall. The corridor
organizations of
modernity ended all
that and established a
principle which allows
MOVEMENTGURESTOtouch a distinct
sphere only at exactly
one point: the door of
the cell.
Stephan Trueby
TANGENTIAL
1920 )NNITE#ORRIDOR Massachusetts Inistitute of Technology, USA
PAGE 20 CORRIDOR
CORRIDOR
1870 The Royal Courts of Justice London, UK
By the 1820s the
elements of the
modern corridor were
beginning to come
together as a spatial
extension of the
nation-state and its
ideals. Added to this
was the development
of the decorated
corridor that made the
corridor no longer just
a passage but a
destination in its own
right.
...
If anything, the
corridor was an
imprint of the
increasingly complex
social structure of
Victorian society,
introducing social
stability and, very
importantly, enforcing
a sense of decorum in
the insides of a public
building. It
guaranteed that
everyone was in their
proper position;
awkward contacts
with people outside of
ones peerage were
kept to a minimum.
The corridor
organized the world
into different, but
parallel corridoric
universe.
Jarzombek, By Mark .
2010. Corridor
Spaces. Critical
Inquiry 36 (4): 728-770.
PAGE 21CORRIDOR
ANTI-CORRIDOR
1965 Orenstein-Koppell Building Albeck/Ernst/Fischer/Rathal Architects, Dortmund, Germany
nformal The resulting in
ms and groups of team
n the activities-given
dschaft, name Broland
CAPEOROFCELANDSCffective, proved to be ef
EXIBLEAND ore mon either acceptable tha
SORCORRIDOROFCESopen plans.
940- Duffy, Francis, 1
cations.and Anbar Public
/FCEA NewLandscaping : A
CE!PPROACHTO/Fo. 9. Planning. Vol. no
d: AnbarLondon, England
Publications.
PAGE 22 CORRIDOR
REAL
1827 Passage Choiseul Paris, France
The innermost
glowing cells of the
city of light, the old
dioramas, nested in
the arcades, one of
which today still bears
the name Passage
des Panoramas. It
WASINTHERSTmoment, as though
you had entered an
AQUARIUM!LONGTHEwall of the great
darkened hall, broken
at intervals by narrow
joints, it stretched like
a ribbon of illuminated
water behind glass.
The play of colors
among deep-sea
fauna cannot be more
ERYBenjamin, Walter, 1892-
1940. and Rolf
Tiedemann. 1999. The
Arcades Project.
Cambridge, Mass.:
Belknap Press of
Harvard University
Press.
PAGE 23CORRIDOR
SURREAL
1938 Surrealist Street Exposition Internationale du Surralisme, Galrie Beaux-Arts, Paris, France
Next the visitor
entered the Rue
Surrealiste, a long
corridor with street
signs marking out the
different sections;
these were given
either the names of
actual streets of
HISTORICALSIGNICANCE- the Rue de la Vieille-
Lanterne, where
Nerval committed
suicide, the Rue
Yivienne where
Lautreamont lived - or
names which were
purely imaginary : Rue
de Tous-les-Diables
(All Devils Street),
Rue Faible (Weak
Street), Rue de la
Transfusion-du-Sang
(Blood Transfusion
Street), Rue Cerise
(Cherry Street), etc.
Alexandrian, Sarane.
1970. Surrealist Art. Vol.
P-247. New York,:
Praeger.
The Surrealist street
referred to the
presence of the big
department stores
and consumerism in
Paris. In the
showrooms and
department stores,
MANNEQUINSWEREused to present all
kinds of clothing and,
as an element of
advertisement to
entice the customer,
usually a woman, into
buyting the
commodity, this object
of desire.
Joachim Stark,
Elements of Surrealist
practices in
contemporary visual
art (Masters thesis.,
Open University, 2008)
PAGE CORRIDOR
1916 Trench Warfare British troops go over the top of the trenches during the Battle of the Somme, France (Photo by Paul Popper)
PROCESSIONMillions of men lived
in the trenches during
World War I. More
than six million died
there.
...
The futility of head-on
infantry assaults in the
FACEOFMODERNRIESmachine guns and
artillery was made
apparent. Both sides
were forced to dig
deep holes in the
ground and
concentrate upon
breaking up any
attacks launched by
their adversaries.
The armies remained
in these holes for the
next four years,
millions of men
trapped in a desolate
strip of territory, living
and dying in a
wilderness of
trenches, dugouts,
craters, ...
Ellis, John, 1945-. 1976.
Eye-Deep in Hell.
London: Croom Helm.
8-9
PAGE 25CORRIDOR
1951 Bomb Drill St, Joan of Arc Parochial, NY, USA (Photo by Bettmann)
PROTECTIONA similar drill was
held at the Madison
Avenue address
under the direction of
Sgt. Robert ODonnell,
police precinct
coordinator, and Gene
McGinnity, acting
building control
director. Everyone in
THEBUILDINGLEDINTOcorridors, stairways or
the sub-basement
when the alarm
sounded and
remained throughout
the alert.
The New, Y. T. (1951,
Aug 25). 7,000 Take
Shelter in bomb raid
tests. New York Times
!STHERSTSTEPINAseries of preparations
for civil defense in
time of emergency,
the New York Hospital-
Cornell Medical
Center held a trial run
yesterday in the
receiving and care of
casualties of a
simulated atom bomb
attack.
...
Dr. Henry N. Pratt,
director of the
hospital, explained
that 100 cots had been
added in the corridors
and rooms on the
OORThe New, Y. T. (1951,
Aug 03). HOSPITAL IS
READY SHOULD
BOMB FALL. New York
Times
051020m
1
Corridor in publishhed material, 18000-2000auOccurrence per 10,0000 words r
2
3
7
6
4
5
Westminster Palace / Houses of ParliamentPaW18341834
Royal Courts of Justice, LondonuR1870
Kirkbride Hospital, USAiKi kb id H i l USAi1850
Nightingale Pavilion Plan Hospital, EnglandEng18656
Lus Salt Merchant House, Chinac1897
Chrysler Building, New Yorkd1930
Empire State Building, New Yorkku1931 World Trade Center, New YorkNd
1973 Taipei 101, Taiwanp20080
Burj Khalifa, Dubairj20090
Westonbirt House, EnglanddW bi H E l ddi1864
Hassobury House, Englando1866
Flight Corridor19661966
Danzig Corridor19181918
Le Corbusier threatens the Corridor streetLe Corbusier threatens the Corridor-street1925
Chen Clan Academy, ChinanaChen Clan Acada d1894
1823Grand Corridori odo
Windsor CastleC stle
1834Commons Corridorro
Chancellors CorridorraLords Corridorr
British Parliamenti
18700Bar Corridorr
Judges CorridorrgAttorneys Corridorre
Public CorridorrbRoyal Courts of JusticeeC
18700Korridorr
Berlin Poliklinikk
1885Galerie Richelieuc
Sorbonne
1894Mechanical Corridorre
Manhattan Life Insurance BuildingBn
1852Brumidi Corridorsou
US Capitolp
1922Marching Corridordr
19529Single-Loadede
Corridord
19717Corridoro
Conversationsso
1841 Street corridor
1914 Community corridor
1914 Medical Corridor
1918 Polish corridor
1925 Corridor Street
1926 Exit corridor
1928 Valley corridor
1946 Trade corridor
1948 Urban corridor
1952 Air corridor
1950 Utility corridor
1955 Cultural corridor
1959 Escape corridor
1960 Watershed corridor
1961 Industrial corridor
1965 River corridor
1962 Economic corridor
1967 Transportation corridor
1968 Highway corridor
1970 Mining corridor
1970 Transit corridor
1971 Wildlife corridor
1972 Business corridor
1973 Growth corridor
1975 Stream corridor
1975 Travel corridor
1976 Canyon corridor
1976 Park corridor
1976 Rail corridor
1977 Development corridor
1978 Opportunity corridor
1980 Heritage corridor
1980 High-Tech corridor
1980 Power corridor
1982 Wind corridor
1983 Ecological corridor
1986 Jet Stream Corridor
1986 Resource Corridor
1987 Conservation corridor
1987 Green corridor
1989 Chemical corridor
1990 Metro corridor
1992 Research corridor
1993 Freight corridor
2003 Wireless corridor
2011 Moose Sex corridor
Corridor Form of Connection, Separation and Escape
The corridors main function of speed is derived its etymology. In the 14th century, the corridor was not a place, but a person. From currere, to run, UIFDPSSJESFmSTUEFTDSJCFEBDPVSJFSand eventually referred to the pathways BCPWFGPSUJmFEXBMMTXIJDIFOBCMFEUIFtransfer of messages. With the invention PGUIFUSBDFJUBMJFOOFGPSUJmDBUJPOTZTUFNin the 15th century, military leaders relocated troops to ditches at the bottom of the wall. The corridor followed. In the 17th century, architects interior-ized the corridor. By The 19th century corridoio described a passage within a building. The corridor ceased to be an urban element, but still maintained a close relationship to the dimensions of the human body and the function of speed. But now it occurred within buildings rather than between them. Architects gradually abandoned the corridor after its heyday in the 19th century. However, escalating building heights of the 20th century brought increasing demands exit corridor.
14 Elements of Architecture
PAGE 43CORRIDOR
TANGENTIALSegmented Corridors Service corridors in English manor houses
NDOORPLAN
GROUNDOORPLAN view of corridors
Corridor and universal requirement of privacy: Half a century later, when Robert Kerr was informing his readership of the perils attending throughfare rooms, the issue had been resolved once and for all: the corridor and the universal requirement of PRIVACYWERERMLYestablished and principles of planning could be advanced with more or less equal application to all dwellings in all circumstances: larger houses, small houses, servant quarters, family apartments, rooms for business, for leisure - these discriminations were subsidiary to the key distinction between route and destination that would henceforth pervade domestic planning. Kerr made diagrams that reduced house plans to these two categories of trajectory and position, proposing that their proper arrangement was the substratum upon which both architecture and domesticity were to be raised. ... Kerr, for his part, mobilized architecture in its entirely against the possibility of commotion and distraction, bringing to bear a range of tactics involving the meticulous planning and furnishing of each part of the building under a general strategy of compartmentalization on the other hand, coulpled with universal accessibility on the other.Evans, Robin, 1944-. 1997. Figures, Doors, and Passages, Translations from Drawing to Building. Vol. 2. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.
Occupants of corridor
- Nursery corridor
- Woman Servants corridor
- Transverse corridor
- Butlers corridor
- Mens corridor
- Housekeepers corridor
STOORPLAN
1864
SeparationBear Wood Manor, by Robert Kerr, Berkshire, UK
1864 Westonbirt House, Gloucestershire, UK 1870 Hassobury House, Hertfordshire, UK
Corridor and universal requirement of privacy
PAGE 39CORRIDOR
Corridor revealedWall conceiling the corridor
'ROUNDOORPLANNDOORPLAN
TANGENTIAL
1682 Secret Corridors
Palace of Versailles, Louis le Vau, Jules Hardoin
Mansart, France
Frugal and communtarian compared to the
AMBOYANTPUBLICSPACESOFTHE0ALACETHEsecret passages at Versailles initially permitted the
discrete movement of servants and later
became a refuge for the Royal Family themselves
at the dawn of the Revolution. KJ+MW
Secret Corridors Service Corridor, Secret Passage
PAGE 42 CORRIDOR
HOUSES TRANSVERSAL
A courtyard is an enclosed area and a private open spaces surrounded by walls or buildings. As the main architecture of Beijing people for generations, Beijing courtyard house is famous both home and abroad. Since the construction of capital of Yuan dynasty, Beijing courtyard houses were built up along with the palaces, GOVERNMENTOFCEstreet and Hutong. The courtyard is spacious; the houses are independent and connected by corridors.Editors, Echo: Continuation of Heavenly Creation in the Noisy Time, Urban China 27 (2008): 16
ca.1368 - Present Coupling Shyun (Typical Courtyard House Typology), Beijing, China
05
1020m
1897 Path & ViewLus Salt Merchant House (), Yangzhou, China
Parallel to, but inaccessible from, the physical path of travel, a visual corridor penetrates the deep plan, resolving long distance to reach the main hall along the 90m depth of the plan. KJ
overlap of views from/to dark & light spaces
view of corridor
visual corridor'ROUNDOORPLAN
Visual & Physical Corridors Chinese tradition of courtyard houses
Aerial view of Shyun
One row of interior space always meet with courtyard or small garden through the corridor as if todays duct space above your head do. About 70 meters deep typical housing in pre-modern beijing: the environment of interior space is supported by the collaboration between corridor-courtyard couple. KJ
'ROUNDOORPLANANDWESTELEVATION
Visual Corridor
Visual Corridor
The vanishing point, discovered in the Renaissance and materialized here in a French Baroque Landscape, PQFSBUFTBTBDPSSJEPSEJSFDUJOHUSBGmDUPXBSEBmYFEQPJOUWJBTIJGUJOHQBUITPrivileging the solitary viewer, the corridic perspective foreshortens and rationalizes the distant vista from its TUBUJPOBSZPCTFSWBUJPOQPJOU
One row of interior space always meet with courtyard or small garden through the corridor as if todays duct TQBDFBCPWFZPVSIFBEEP"CPVU70 meters deep typical housing in pre-modern beijing: the environment of interior space is supported by the collaboration between corridor-DPVSUZBSEDPVQMF
17th century versatile corridors vs. secret corridors (Japan vs. France) PAGE 45CORRIDORTANGENTIAL1829
Panoptic CorridorsEastern State Penitentiary, by John Haviland, Philadelphia,USA
Corridors most explicitly segregated occupants in prisons and asylums.Courthouse, parliamentand governmentministry buildings replicate the doctrineof normality in a moresubtle ways. MW
1807-1814Glasgow Lunatic AsylumWilliam Stark
Visibility and Separation
1791PanopticonJeremy Bentham
Pure Visibility
The practice of placing individuals under observation is a natural extension of a justice imbued with disciplinary methods and examination procedures. It is surprising that the cellular prison, with its regular chronologies, forced labor, its authorities of surveillance and registration, its experts in normality, who continue and multiply the functions of the judge, would have become the modern instrument of penality? Is it surprising that prisons resemble factories, schools, barracks, hospitals, which all resemble prisons?Foucault, Michel, 1926-1984. 1977. Discipline and Punish : The Birth of the Prison. 1st Americaned. New York: PantheonBooks.
linked solitude with moral and vocational instruction, EXEMPLIEDTHEPennsylvania System of penology, and became a model for over 300 prisons worldwidePennsylvania Historicaland MuseumCommission marker posted outsideof Eastern StatePenitentiary, 1996
Peak of corridor Institutional corridors of prison and asylum
View of control (View through corridor)
aerial view
view of corridor view of corridor
PAGE 44 CORRIDOR
INSTITUTIONS TRANSVERSAL
The overall layout of theChen Clan Academyis a juxstapositionof roofed and opencorridors operate as grid system of a city. Corridor connects 19buildings with 9 hallsand 6 courtyards,creating complex transition betweenindoor & outdoorspaces. Here, what oneobserve is the overlapof multiple views andconstant change ofthe nature: achivementof transparency in architecture through corridor. KJ
1894 Roofed WalkwayChen Clan Academy,Guangzhou, China
Roofed Walkway Corridor as grid
roofed corridor crossing the courtyard
Mixture of views (View throughout corridor)
view of corridor; roofed & uncovered
aerial view
Mixture of Viewso iewsMix
Mixture of Viewso ewsMix
1100s - Housing ComplexTulou BuildingTypoology, Fujian,China
Mixture of Views
PAGE 36 CORRIDOR
TEMPLES & SHRINES TRANSVERSAL
ca. 1625 CosmologyChakravartin Temple Complex, IndianSubcontinent
ca. 1200s CosmologyAngkor Wat, Angkor, Cambodia
Numerous corridors surrouding the main templeexactly indicate directions and movement ofcelestial bodies. KJ
1394 Ceremony
Jeongjeon (Main Hall) of Jongmyo Shrine, Seoul,
Korea
100m-long corridor () of Jeongjeon is aspace for royal ancestral ceremony. Located
between spirit chambers and platforms for
orchestra and performance, the corridor is a
space of mitigating spiritual and the physical
world. Also, it is a theatrical space, which
audiences can observe the whole ceremony
through repeated columns. KJ
'ROUNDOORPLAN
Front view
Site plan
Section of corridor
Corridor
Corridor on ceremony
Lower platform
Space for rituals Space between this world and the next
lower platform: orchestra and performance
upper platform: orchestra
ancestral rites
spirit chambers
PAGE 37CORRIDOR
ca. 1625
OrientationGreat Mosque,Cordoba, Spain
Parallel spaces orient
prayer toward the
sacred representative
object of the minbar,
and Mecca. NP
05
1020
m
0 5 10m
1450 Reorientation
Monastery Church, Buxheim, Germany
Passage and Ritual Divider: Outside the church
proper, the corridor permits passage between
monks quarters and church; after penetrating the
sanctuary walls, the thickened section of the
corridor screens between the choir and the more
profane volume of the nave beyond. MW
ca. 1625
PilgrimageOld St. Peters Basilica,Rome, Italy
The basilica plan incribes a counterclockwisepilgrimage path inside the larger space of communal worship. NP
TANGENTIAL
'ROUNDOORPLAN
Section of corridorView to Lettner
View of Corridor
Space for bifurcation Space for separation
PAGE CORRIDOR
CORRIDOR TYPES?
Screen-Screen-Floor-Screen-Screen
Alle
Screen-Floor-Screen
Avenue
Wall-Wall-Ceiling0.9m-1.3m
Arcade
Wall-Wall
Labyrinth
PAGE 15CORRIDOR
Wall-Floor-Wall
Highway/Railway
g yg
PAGE 30 CORRIDOR
TYPOLOGY TRANSVERSAL
ca. 1368 Shyun House, Beijing, China
Spaceaa
dd
e
bb
c
Axis: Principal ofarchitectural design in Chinese architecture Following axes believedto connect heaven(north) and earth(south), water (east) ANDREWESTWASTHEmajor principal of placemaking. (The dynamics of interacting forces of nature - Above) Axeswere usually enclosed by corridor or corridoricspace (similar to theCLOISTERADOFCIALbuildings for royalties& the rich / b: cavedwelling / c: houses forrich and moderate classpeople / e: palace(Chang, Chao-Kang, 1987)
ca. 1100 BC Diagram of King City in Zhouli (Ritesof Zhou) Kaogongji(Record of Trades), China 34N
710-794 Layout ofHeijokyo (Capital of the Nara Dynasty), Japan 34N
618-907 Map of Xian (Capital of the TangDynasty), China 34N
ca. 771-221 BC Layout of of Wangzheng city(the capital of the LaterZhou period), China, 34N
ca. 206 BC-220 AD Ming Tang-CompositeRitual Hall (of Han Dynasty), Xian, China34N
Axis Matters: From Cosmology to Urban Planning and Architecture
1420 Forbidden Palace, Beijing, China 39N
Cosmology & Symbolism In essence, the city was a kind of mandala where the emperor or the kingwas ruling from a correct position oforientation, i.e. from the center of the axis mundi. The city should be carefully laid out in accordance with a system of orientation which provided law andorder, as well as cosmologicalSIGNICANCE4HUSTHECOSMOMAGICALsymbolism of a capital city was both amatter of religion and politics. - TheSecret of Luo Shu: Numerology inChinese Art and Architecture. SdraSandby: Sweden, Berglund, Lars, 1990Cities (and also military camps) wereround or usually square, with a palaceand governmental buildings in themiddle, surrounded by a wall that hadgates in each cardinal direction. Themajority of cities in China, exceptthose limited by natural topographicfeatures, were oriented to the south, as dictated by the cosmological theorieswhere the cardinal points of the compass were represented symbolically. KJ+NP
593 Shitenno-ji Temple, Osaka, Japan 34N
PAGE 31CORRIDOR
TANGENTIAL
1660 Sapienza, Rome, Italy
Space
Control, Speed Matters: From short pathway for the runner to device of separation, escape
1667 Coleshill Mansion, Berkshire, UK 51N
1409 Cruciform hospital ward of S. Maria Nuova,Florence, Italy 43N
1599 Trace Italienne 1854 Kirkbride Plan, UK
Form of Connection, Separation and EscapeThe corridors main function of speedis derived its etymology. In the 14th century, the corridor was not a place,but a person. From currere, to run,THECORRIDRERSTDESCRIBEDACOURIERand eventually referred to the PATHWAYSABOVEFORTIEDWALLSWHICHenabled the transfer of messages. With the invention of the trace italienne FORTICATIONSYSTEMINTHETHCENTURYmilitary leaders relocated troops to ditches at the bottom of the wall. Thecorridor followed.In the 17th century, architectsinteriorized the corridor. By The 19thcentury corridoio described a passagewithin a building. The corridor ceasedto be an urban element, but stillmaintained a close relationship to the dimensions of the human body and the function of speed. But now it occurredwithin buildings rather than between them. Architects gradually abandonedthe corridor after its heyday in the 19th century. However, escalating building heights of the 20th century brought increasing demands exit corridor.Stephan Trueby
1913 WoolworthBuilding, NYC, USA
1565 Exclusive passage VasarisCorridor, Giorgio Vasari,Florence, Italy
The exterior corridoioconnects Palazzo Pitti,on one side of the Arno River, with the PalazzoVecchio. The upper levelcorridor crosses thestreet privately abovethe Arno Bridge. MW
1646 InteriorizedColossal Corridor TheCorsia Sistina, Hospitalof S. Spirito, Rome,Italy MW
1277 Urban wallPassetto di Borgo, PopeNicholas III, Rome, Italy
The 2,600 ft corridor, on top of a wall, serves asan escape route, linkingthe Vatican City withthe Castel SantAngelo.MW
PAGE 12 CORRIDOR
CORRIDOR TYPES
Wall-Wall
Corridio
Column-Column-Ceiling
[lng]
Wall-Wall-Ceiling2.4m-2.6m
Double-Loaded /Aligned
Wall-Wall-Ceiling1.6m-2.2m
Double-Loaded /Staggered
Wall-Wall-Ceiling1.4m-1.8m
Single-Loaded /
gg
Ingress
Wall-Wall-Ceiling0.9m-1.3m
Single-Loaded /
gg
Egress
PAGE 13CORRIDOR
Column-Wall-Ceiling
[lng]
Column-Wall-Ceiling
[lng]
Door-Wall-Door
Gallery
Door-Door-Door-Door
%NLADE
Column-Column-Column-Column
Aisle
Column-Wall-Ceiling
[lng]
PAGE 43CORRIDOR
TANGENTIALSegmented Corridors Service corridors in English manor houses
NDOORPLAN
GROUNDOORPLAN view of corridors
Corridor and universal requirement of privacy: Half a century later, when Robert Kerr was informing his readership of the perils attending throughfare rooms, the issue had been resolved once and for all: the corridor and the universal requirement of PRIVACYWERERMLYestablished and principles of planning could be advanced with more or less equal application to all dwellings in all circumstances: larger houses, small houses, servant quarters, family apartments, rooms for business, for leisure - these discriminations were subsidiary to the key distinction between route and destination that would henceforth pervade domestic planning. Kerr made diagrams that reduced house plans to these two categories of trajectory and position, proposing that their proper arrangement was the substratum upon which both architecture and domesticity were to be raised. ... Kerr, for his part, mobilized architecture in its entirely against the possibility of commotion and distraction, bringing to bear a range of tactics involving the meticulous planning and furnishing of each part of the building under a general strategy of compartmentalization on the other hand, coulpled with universal accessibility on the other.Evans, Robin, 1944-. 1997. Figures, Doors, and Passages, Translations fromDrawing to Building. Vol. 2. Cambridge,Mass.: MIT Press.
Occupants of corridor
- Nursery corridor
- Woman Servants corridor
- Transverse corridor
- Butlers corridor
- Mens corridor
- Housekeepers corridor
PSTOORPLAN
1864
SeparationBear Wood Manor, by Robert Kerr, Berkshire, UK
1864 Westonbirt House, Gloucestershire, UK 1870 Hassobury House, Hertfordshire, UK
Corridor and universal requirement of privacy
PAGE 42 CORRIDOR
HOUSES TRANSVERSAL
A courtyard is an enclosed area and a private open spaces surrounded by walls or buildings. As the main architecture of Beijing people for generations, Beijing courtyard house is famous both home and abroad. Since the construction of capital of Yuan dynasty, Beijing courtyard houses were built up along with the palaces, GOVERNMENTOFCEstreet and Hutong. The courtyard is spacious; the houses are independent and connected by corridors.Editors, Echo: Continuation of Heavenly Creation in the Noisy Time, Urban China 27 (2008): 16
ca.1368 - Present Coupling Shyun (Typical Courtyard House Typology), Beijing, China
05
1020m2
1897 Path & ViewLus Salt Merchant House (),Yangzhou, China
Parallel to, but inaccessible from, the physicalpath of travel, a visual corridor penetrates the deep plan, resolving long distance to reach the main hall along the 90m depth of the plan. KJ
overlap of views from/to dark & light spaces
view of corridor
visual corridor'ROUNDOORPLAN
Visual & Physical Corridors Chinese tradition of courtyard houses
Aerial view of Shyun
One row of interior space always meet with courtyard or small garden through the corridor as if todays duct space above your head do. About 70 meters deep typical housing in pre-modern beijing: the environment of interior space is supported by the collaboration between corridor-courtyard couple. KJ
'ROUNDOORPLANANDWESTELEVATION
Visual Corridora
Visual Corridor C
PAGE 39CORRIDOR
Corridor revealedWall conceiling the corridor
'ROUNDOORPLANNDOORPLAN
TANGENTIAL
1682 Secret Corridors
Palace of Versailles, Louis le Vau, Jules Hardoin
Mansart, France
Frugal and communtarian compared to the
AMBOYANTPUBLICSPACESOFTHE0ALACETHEsecret passages at Versailles initially permitted the
discrete movement of servants and later
became a refuge for the Royal Family themselves
at the dawn of the Revolution. KJ+MW
Secret Corridors Service Corridor, Secret Passage
19th century visual corridors vs. service corridors (China vs. UK)
15Elements of Architecture
PAGE 149CORRIDOR
1913 7OOLWORTH"UILDING.9#53!
1930 -ANHATTAN#OMPNAY.9#53! 1930#HRYSLER"UILDING.9#53!
d!IRPLANE#RASHBETWEENTHETHANDTHOORDEATHSANDINJURIES
1908-19683INGER"UILDING.9#53! 1909 Metropolitan Life Tower (Clock Tower), .9#53!
1931 %MPIRE3TATE"UILDING.9#53!
d&IRESTTHOORSREGHTERSTOOKELEVATORSTOTHETHOORANDWALKEDOORSUPWORKERSONTHETHTHROUGHTHESTOORSwere evacuated as a precaution.
2009 "URJ+HALIFA$UBAI5!%2004 Taipei 101, Taipei, Taiwan
d"OMB4HREAT%VACUATION
1998 Petronas Twin Tower, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
d"OMB4HREAT%VACUATION 2005 Power Blackout Evacuation
1974 Willis (Sears) Tower, Chicago, IL, USA
2001 Evacuation - Pre-emptive Evacuation on 3EPTEMBER
1973-20017ORLD4RADE#ENTER.9#53!
2001 Airplane Crash - designed to withstand THEIMPACTOFA"OEINGAIRCRAFTBUTNOTTHE767s and 20000 gallons of jet fuel of the plans that hit them. 5000+ deaths.
4HEWORLDmSTALLESTBUILDINGSPRESENT
4HEFREEPLANSKYSCRAPERrSEEMINGLYANONCORRIDORTYPOLOGYrINEVITABLYREQUIRESTHEUSEOFCORRIDORSFOREVACUATION4HETYPICALPLANENABLESTHEFREEPLAN
PAGE 153CORRIDOR
Exit Sign
x 21
x 10 X
x 96
x 52
x 260
x 10X
x 12
x 56
x 10
x 6 x 56
x 5
X
x 8
x 105 x 26
x 5
x 5
X
X
x 10
x 16
x 10
x 28
x 10
x 8
Elements of Corridor %QUIPMENTS%LEMENTSOF!RCHITECTURE
Smoke Detector
Fire Alarm
Fire Hose
Speaker
7I-ODEM
Glass
Steel
Brick
Wall
Glass Panel
Wood Panel
Glass
Glass
Ceiling
Gypsum
Column
Concrete
Door
Wood
Floor
Vinyl Roll
Stair
Elevator
#ABLE4RAY
Camera
Halogen Light
Fluorescent Light
Fire Resistance Door
Fire Extinguisher
Emergency Light
Emergency Light Evacuation Map
PAGE 148 CORRIDOR
CODED IN THE CODETOWER CORRIDORS
1965 Fire-rated corridors74#THOORPLANWITHFOOTHRERATEDCORRIDORSINTENANTspaces
Egress corridors: WTC horizontal transfer CORRIDORSANDRERATEDcorridors on mechanical OORSAND
4RAUMAAND#ODE
Ineffective Corridors: Corridors stagnated the evacuation process on 9/11. After descending into the exit stairwells, occupants periodically encountered 10 to 100-foot horizontal transfer corridors on mechanical levels. By forcing the occupants to exit stair shafts, the meandering CORRIDORSCREATEDUNCERTAINTYANDCONTRIBUTINGTOTHESLOWDOWNWARDOWRATEOFONEOORPERMINUTE
The NISC concluded that the transfer corridors reduced THELEGIBILITYOFTHEEGRESSROUTEPREVENTINGMOREoccupants from escaping. 7 years later in 2008, the )NTERNATIONAL#ODE#OUNCILAPPROVEDBUILDINGANDRECODEREVISIONSREECTINGTHE.)34RECOMMENDATIONSThough the 2009 International Building Code does not MAKECONSIDERABLECHANGESTOEGRESSCORRIDORSTHEedition restructured the document to emphasize evacuation devices. The International Code Council added Chapter 10, Means of Ineffective Corridors Egress, which dedicated an entire section to the corridor device - section 1016 Corridors.
4HEENTIRECORRIDORBECAMEANINFERNOOUTSIDEOURFRONTDOOR3MOKEBEGANTOENTEROUROFCE4HEREWASALSODEBRISFALLING4HEREONTHEcorridor was at least 10 ft high, and it ran the ... good length of the corridor.4HEN)SAWAREBALLCOMEDOWNTHEELEVATORSHAFTANDBLEWTHEELEVATORDOORS4HEREBALLCAMERIGHTATMEITWASAREALLYBRIGHTCOLORo)NTERVIEW.)34OORS
As I descended the stairs down to the Mezzanine Level, once or twice I had to exit the staircase through a door and go down a corridor in order to RECONNECTTOTHESAMESTAIRWELL)FOUNDTHISTOBEextremely disconcerting. Everyone who did this, STOPPEDBEFORETHEYEXITEDTHESTAIRCASETOMAKEsure they were doing the right thing. This slowed us down and there was concern that the door WOULDLOCKBEHINDUSo)NTERVIEW.)34OORS
The corridor was dim. I also heard people SCREAMINGFROMTHE;NEARBY=OOR)FELTTHEHEATONMYFACEAND)THOUGHTTHATMYEYEBROWSWEREGOINGTOGETBURNED"LACKSMOKESTARTINGLLINGthe corridor, it got really dense really fast. )NTERVIEW.)34FROMTHES
We descended on this stair until we got to the LANDINGBETWEENOORSAND4HELIGHTSNOWwent out in the stairwell. )ENTEREDTHETHOORand went down a corridor to a different staircase )mMNOTSUREWHICHSTAIRBUT)BELIEVEITWASTHEoriginal one I started out on). )NTERVIEW.)34OORS
)NTERVIEWWITHSURVIVORSn9OURATTENTIONPLEASEyour attention please. !NIMPORTANTPUBLICaddress announcement WILLBEMADEINTHEMAINCORRIDOROFYOUROORINa few moments.
WTC tower emergency announcement
,IKETHECORRIDRETHEarchitectural device transmitted emergency information. Emergency exit regulations required DEPUTYREWARDENSTOgather and account for THEOORmSOCCUPANTSINTHECORRIDORSBEFOREdescending into the egress stairwells.
PAGE 152 CORRIDOR
Speaker
ENCODING: DEVICES OF THE CORRIDOR!.!4/-9/&!#/22)$/2Generic corridor: "UILDING$ELFT5NIVERSITYOF4ECHNOLOGY$ELFT.ETHERLANDS
%LEMENTSOF#ORRIDOR%XPLODEDPERMANENTCOMPONENTSTHATMAKEAMLONGDOUBLELOADEDCORRIDOR
Exit Sign
Evacuation Map
Fire Hose
Fire Resistance Door
Fire Extinguisher
!NATOMYOFAMLONGDOUBLELOADEDCORRIDORINAUNIVERSITYBUILDINGCLEARLYREVEALSITScontemporary character in architecture: a safety device. !SETOFSAFETYDEVICESSMOKEDETECTORREEXTINGUISHERREALARMREHOSEETCAREONLYelements in architecture that are enforced to HAVESPECICCOLORDIMENSIONMATERIALANDNUMBERBYLAW4HESESAFETYDEVICESAREELEMENTSwithin element (= corridor), which maintain its independent position and determines the character of the corridor. KJ
Smoke Detector
Fire Alarm
Emergency Light
200m
Interior urban networks, built on an infrastructure of corridors, permit citiesoften in extreme climactic or geographical settingsto expand horizontally on a new, virtual ground plane. From Hong Kong to Houston, the corridor-city formalizes an element of egress in the name of comfort.
Corridors stagnated the evacuation process on 9/11. After descending into the exit stairwells, occupants periodically encountered 10 to 100-foot horizontal transfer corridors on mechanical levels. By forcing the occupants to exit stair shafts, the meandering corridors contributed to the TMPXEPXOXBSEnPXSBUFPGFTDBQF
PAGE 125CORRIDOR
CORRIDOR-DRIVEN LANDSCAPEWARTIME CORRIDORS
1914World War I : TheCorridor War
Trenches in the street ofa Flanders townPhoto: Hulton Archive/Getty Images
1939World War II & the Danzig Corridor
Nazi Propaganda concerning the DanzigCorridor
Danzig Corridor
)F7ORLD7AR)WASTHERSTTRULYCODDIDORICWARrTYPIEDBYTHEDIGGINGOFTRENCHESFORBATTLErBY7ORLD7AR))THEALLIANCEBETWEENTHETERMlCORRIDORmANDCONICTHADBECOMEFULLYCEMENTEDin the cultural conscious.
The so-called Danzig, or Polish, Corridor,DESCRIBEDIN'ERMAN.ATIONALISTPROPAGANDAOFTHESWASUSEDTODESCRIBETHESTRIPOFLANDthrough German-claimed territories linking Polandwith the Baltic Sea. The use of Corridor, wuth its KINETICMENINGSRATHERTHANREGIONTODESCRIBEthe land, was controversial in Poland, who claimeda more static notion of dwelling on the site. NP
1939Line in the Corridor
Military formation duringthe Nazi-led invasion ofthe Danzig Corridor.
PARANOIA
PAGE 127CORRIDOR
Garden Cities of TerrorThe Corridic form of Victorian 5TOPIANCITYPLANNINGrNOTABLY%BENEZER(OWARDmS'ARDEN#ITYrRETURNSINTHEDYSTOPIANstrategy of the Life Belt. NP
Life Belt: Form of collective fear&OLLOWING7ORLD7AR))THEIMAGEOF(IROSHIMArINVENTEDINTHECORRIDORSOFTHE0ENTAGONrANDTHETHREATOFINSTANTANEOUSURBANDESTRUCTIONCONTRIBUTEDTOADYSTOPIANELDOFURBANPLANNINGWHOSEPRIMARYSTUDYWASTHENEEDFORESCAPE!NURBANDESIGNSCHEMEPROPOSEDBY-)4PROFESSOR.ORBERT7EINERANDPUBLISHEDINTHEmass-medium of TIME Magazine illustrates a rational SOLUTIONTOBOMBINGTHEDECENTRALIZATIONOFURBANLIFETOSUBURBIACONNECTEDVIAASOCALLEDn,IFE"ELTo!NATTEMPTto avoid the apocalyptic disaster to a dense city formally RESUSCITATEDTHERADIALPLANNINGOF%BENEZER(OWARDmS'ARDEN#ITYOFTHEPREVIOUSCENTURY4HELIFEBELTAWIDEnetwork of corridoric space was envisioned as a huge life vest of the society, which can save millions of lives from the hell. NP
(OW53#ITIES#AN0REPAREFOR!TOMIC7ARn,IFEBELTSAROUNDCITIESWOULDPROVIDEAPLACEFORBOMBEDOUTREFUGEESTOGOo-)4PROFESSORSSUGGESTABOLDPLANTOPREVENTPANICANDLIMITDESTRUCTION,)&%$ECEMBERPAGE-)40ROFESSOR.ORBERT7IENER
PAGE 126 CORRIDOR
CORRIDOR-DRIVEN LANDSCAPEWARTIME CORRIDORS
The change in paradigms fromnationalized to denationalised warfare LEFTAGIGANTICBUILDINGINITSWAKErthe Pentagon in Arlington near7ASHINGTON$#LTWASBUILTWITHTHEpurpose ofwinning nothing less than theSecond WorldWar. Itscompletion marksthe emergence of THE RSTATOMICsuper power. The Pentagon is not only the largestBUILDINGINTHEWORLDBUTALSOITSdesign andconstruction are unsurpassed in the speed in which theywere carried out.
/NTH3EPTEMBERNOTEVENtwo months after the War Department ANNOUNCEDTHEIRINTENTIONTOBUILDCONSTRUCTIONWORKBEGAN4HEREWASno ceremony, no photographs, ABSOLUTELYNOTHING%VERYBODYSIMPLYgot down to work. Architect GeorgeEdwin Bergstrms workforceCONSISTEDOFARCHITECTSSTRUCTURALENGINEERSMECHANICALENGINEERSELECTRICALENGINEERSDRAINAGEEXPERTSANDANUMBEROFother specialists. The extent ofORGANISATIONALPROBLEMSANDPRESSUREon the individual, was immense. Two architects died of heart attacks, twoconstruction workers in accidentsinvolving concrete, one worker is SUPPOSEDTOHAVEBEENDISCOVEREDcast in cement, the other is said tohave fallen in a ditch full of concretewhich had not yet set.
At the end of this chaotic period anextraordinary layout of corridors hadBEENPRODUCEDLNSPITEOFTHEFACTTHATthe total length of corridors amounted to 17.5 miles (28.2 kilometres) one only needed a maximum of seven minutes
to reach one point from another. Admittedly this kind of architectureINITIALLYHADITSDRAWBACKSASFARASorientation was concerned. Themagazine Life compared Pentagon
staff with rats in aBEHAVIOURALscientists LABYRINTH4HEArchitectural Forum was more convinced and WROTEINHere is the picture of a future architecture in WHICHBUILDINGWILLBELINKEDTOTHEIRUSERSBYSMOOTHOWINGTRAFCnetworks.
An extremely EFCIENTANDSTALWARTMANAGER,ESLIEGrove, was promoted following hisorganisation of the Pentagons construction site to military director ofTHE-ANHATTAN0ROJECTrTHATFORMIDABLEANDTOPSECRETRESEARCHproject which eventually was to PRODUCETHEATOMBOMBANDTHUSBRINGABOUTTHEENDOFthe 2nd World War.
The PentagonMARKSTHE NALhypostasis ofCENTRALITYBEFOREdecentralizing tendencies in military thinking TOOKTHE OOR4HEdevelopment of ARPAnet, the precursor to theInternet whichcleverly linkedscatteredheadquarters with leading US universities, wouldHAVEBEENINCONCEIVABLE
without the nuclear threat.
4HESUBSTITUTIONOFTHEONELARGECENTREthrough many small centres starts withthe most important war room in the Pentagon. During the First World Warthe US War Departments were to alarge extent stationed in France, in theSecond World War however, themajority of Allied military operations were increasingly supervised fromWashington.1 Worldwide operationspivoted around the so-called Signal#ENTERONTHE FTH OOROFTHEINNERPentagon ring. The largest communications facility of its time, this ELEGANTROOMWITHITS UORESCENTSURFACESWASABLETOTRANSMIT VEmillion words per day. The SignalCenter was the ultimate centre in theperiphery. And the last of its kind.
%8)4!2#()4%#452%$ESIGNBETWEENWARANDPEACE3TEPHAN4RUBY
1942 Standing guard in a still-under-construction CORRIDOR0ICTUREBY-YRON$AVIS
PAGE 133CORRIDOR
%FCIENT0LANSIN$EFENSIBLECorridors
An administrative cost-cutting decision in St. Louis Pruitt-Igoe housing complex (1952-55, HOK/Minoru 9AMASAKICONCENTRATEDCORRIDORSONTOOVERYTHIRDOOR!BSENTTERRITORIALoversight, the corridors, serving up to 150 residents, quickly deteriorated into anonymous, crime-ridden gauntlets; following the projects demolition, theHEIGHTOFTHEBUILDINGSIFNOTALLOFmodernism, was critiqued in anti-CORRIDICnDEFENSIBLESPACEoTHEORIES
/SCAR.EWMAN$EFENSIBLE3PACE
&OLLOWINGATHREEYEAROBSERVATIONALSTUDY.EWMANmSAUTOPSYOF0RUITT)GOEBLAMEDexcessivley long, unpatrolled corridors for THEPROJECTmSDEMISE0RUITT)GOEBECAMETHETOTEMFORANTIMODERNSENSIBILITIESCORRIDORSSEEMINGLYTOBLAMEFORTHEDEATHOFmodernism.
1952-1972
/CTOBERHousing Study: High2ISE(IGH#RIMEoBY
Jack Rosenthal, The .EW9ORK4IMES
PAGE 132 CORRIDOR
82m
1972Corviale ProjectRome, ItalyMario Fiorentino
!MOORCORRIDORSEPARATESTWOPARALLELSTRUCTURESTHEFOURTHOORMEANTASASTREETINTHESKYWASQUICKLYTAKENOVERBYSQUATTERS
CODED IN THE CODESTREET FOR LIVING
0LANOFTYPICALRESIDENTIALOOR
958m
260m1952Pedregulho Housing,Rio de Janeiro, BrazilAffonso Reidy
260m of single-loaded corridor, separated fromthe elements through a porous screen wall.
Sigfried Giedion: A simple example of how every CITYSHOULDBEBUILTo &RENCH(ILARY
Walter Gropius: according to his wifes notes, was nINLOVEoWITHTHEBUILDINGANDSAIDTHATITISnAMODELNOTONLYFOR"RAZILBUTFORTHEWORLDo
)NNITE#ORRIDORS
The increasing scale of Modernist social housing in the twentieth century was INEXTRICABLYTIEDTOTHEUSEOFTHECORRIDOROFTENINNEWARRANGEMENTSTHATTRIEDTOBREAKTHEANONYMITYOFTHEDOUBLELOADEDCORRIDOR4HEFAILUREOFTHESEMODELSBECAMEANINDICTMENTOFTHECORRIDORrWHETHERDESERVEDORNOT NP
1928-1932.ARKOMN"UILDINGMoscow, Russia-OISEI'INZBURG
Wide, single-loaded corridor
PAGE 146 CORRIDOR
CORRIDOR-CITIES
4HE4OWERmS4WIN
)NTERIORURBANNETWORKSBUILTONANinfrastructure of corridors, permit CITIESrOFTENINEXTREMECLIMACTICORGEOGRAPHICALSETTINGSrTOEXPANDhorizontally on a new, virtual ground plane. From Hong Kong to Houston, the corridor-city formalizes an elementof egress in the name of comfort. NP
1970s-80sPeachtree Center, AtlantaAxonometric View of Circulation Networks
&ROM)NTERIOR5RBANISM0ORTMAN3PACE#HARLESRice and Alina McConnochie, 2010
5NDERGROUND(OUSTON4EXAS53!Underground tunnel systemDOWNTOWNBLOCKS#OORDINATESmmm.mmm74EMPERATURE2ANGE##
3KYWAY-INNEAPOLIS-INNESOTA53!%LEVATEDPRIVATELYOWNEDSYSTEMOFBRIDGES$OWNTOWNBLOCKS#OORDINATESm.m74EMPERATURE2ANGE##
23/,A6ILLE3OUTERRAINIAN-ONTREALMultiple-level underground system 60 separate complexes #OORDINATESm.m74EMPERATURE2ANGE##
0EACHTREE#ENTER!TLANTA'EORGIA53!Spatially independent system 4UBESANDLOBBIESPERCEPTIONOFCRIME#OORDINATESm.m74EMPERATURE2ANGE##
#ENTRAL-ID,EVELS%SCALATORS(ONG+ONGKinetic system of escalatorsSteep terrain#OORDINATESm.m%4EMPERATURE2ANGE##
3HINJUKU4OKYO*APANGrade-Separated shopping district Connection to Metro and Train networks#OORDINATESm.mmm74EMPERATURE2ANGE##
4RACEDOVERITSHOSTCITYANDINSTRUMENTALIZEDTHROUGHTHECORRIDORINTERIORURBANNETWORKSOPERATEACROSSAwide scalar gradient
PAGE 150 CORRIDOR
#ORRIDORINTHE3KY
Image Sources: Imagining Ground Zero: The/FCIALAND5NOFCIAL0ROPOSALSFORTHE7ORLDTrade Center Site (Architectural Record Book)
&ORMALIZINGTHEESCAPEROUTEOUTOFOFCIALPROPOSALSFORTHENEW7ORLD4RADE#ENTERCONTAINEDASKYBRIDGEOSTENSIBILYTOCALMPUBLICFEARSABOUTTHESAFETYOFTALLBUILDINGS7//$!.4/.9!.$0(),)0OLDFIELD. 2007)
2002 4EAM4().+.9#53!
2002 &OSTERAND0ARTNERS.9#53!
2002 0ETER%ISENMANETAL.9#53!
2002 4EAM5NITED!RCHITECTS.9#53! 2002 ,IFE3AFETY$IAGRAMBY0ETER%ISENMANCharles Gwathmey, Steven Holl and Richard Meier( Richard Meier & Partners Architects, from.ORDENSONAND2ILEY
CODED IN THE CODETOWER CORRIDORS
)NSTRUCTION6IDEO4HE0ORT!UTHORITYOF.9.*74#Fire Escape Drill, World Trade CenterFire Prevention and Life SafetyDivision3OURCEHTTPWWWYOUTUBECOMWATCHVLA9.M9.W
)NANEMERGENCYEVACUATIONTHEREDEPARTMENTCOULDORDERACTIVATIONOFTHESMOKEPURGESYSTEM4HISSYSTEMDRAWSSMOKEANDFUMESFROMTENANTAREASANDSIMULTANEOUSLYPUMPSFRESHAIRINTOCORRIDORSENABLINGOCCUPANTSTOTRAVELTOTHESTAIRWAY3OURCEHTTPWWWYOUTUBECOMWATCHVLA9.M9.
PAGE 137CORRIDOR
Space Syntax!BSENCEOFnPLACEo.ETWORKDIAGRAMSREPRESENTTHEEGRESSANDACCESSCAPABILITYOFACOMPARTMENTALISEDOORPLANS4OPOLOGICALgraphs model depth and relative asymmetry tocalculate the egress complexity of corridor types.The corridor is reduced to a set of nodes andlinks.
Mathematical translation: Seeding arrangementsOFOORPLANCOMPARTMENTS-ATRICESOFinterconnected rooms, single-loaded corridorsANDDOUBLELOADEDCORRIDORSHAVEVARYINGquantities of depth (of exit nodes) and choice. Bysimulating and assessing the route complexity,researchers compare the required evacuationTIMESFOREACHOORPLAN
Gillian E. Livesey and Anthony Donegan,Addressing Normalisation in the Pursuit of#OMPARABLE)NTEGRATIONoIN0ROCEEDINGSOFTHETH)NTERNATIONAL3PACE3YNTAX3YMPOSIUM
Analysis: Simulations of egress complexity and congestion in hospital corridors.
Alper Unlu, Gokhan Ulken and Erincik Edgu, A Space Syntax Based Model in Evacuation ofHospitals, in Proceedings of the 5th International Space Syntax Symposium (2005)
2004 Passenger Boarding Bridge with Laterally !DJUSTABLE#AB0ORTIONBY.EIL(UTTONUnited States Patent
PAGE 136 CORRIDOR
#ORRIDOR4HE)NSCRIBED0ATHOFA3OLDIER
-ILITARYTRACES4HERSTCORRIDORSOFTHETHCENTURYWEREPATHWAYSALONGFORTIEDwalls. Designers dimensioned the passageaccommodate the moving path of a militarymessenger. The present day egress-corridor ISBASEDONAINCHUNITAMEASUREMENTOFSOLDIERSSTANDINGINALINEFROM"OTHTHEcorridor device and the original corridore trace theMOVEMENTSOFASOLDIERmSBODY
)NSCRIPTIONOFTHEBODY%GRESSANDRESAFETYcodes use a 22 inch unit to accommodate theSHOULDERWIDTHOFOCCUPANTS4HESTANDARDinch corridor is intended to accommodate two lines of occupants.
2ESPONSETO&IREThe corridor device is rooted indisaster, and the emergence of BUILDINGREGULATIONSCANBETRACEDTOTHERSTRECODES4HEINVENTIONOFTHEELEVATORSAFETYBREAKWHICHENABLEDTHEWIDESPREADimplementation of the elevator, BROUGHTABOUTTHERSTSKYSCRAPERSIN#HICAGO3IMULTANEOUSLY.EW9ORKCity witnessed a proliferation oftenements, which eventually grew tallerTHANREDEPARTMENTLADDERS!FTERAREINTRAPPEDANDKILLEDTENPEOPLEONTHEUPPEROORSOFABUILDING.EW9ORKmSARCHITECTSCREATEDTHERSTCOMPREHENSIVEBUILDINGCODEBYCOMPOSITEDVARIOUSEXISTINGRULESWITHNEWBUILDINGREGULATIONS4HECITYmSRSTEXITLAWSAPPLIEDONLYTOTENEMENTHOUSINGPRESCRIBINGEITHERone protected egress stairway or two EXITPOINTS)NAREDESTROYEDTHE7INDSOR(OTELIN.EW9ORK$ESPITEAVAILABLEESCAPEROUTESTHEWIDECORRIDORSLLEDWITHSMOKETRAPPINGguests in their hotel rooms. Fearingthat primary circulation corridors could endanger occupants in disastersituations, legislators encouraged the isolation and specialization of egresssystems.
Sara Wermiel, No Exit - The Rise and Demise ofthe Outside Fire Escape, Technology and Culture
VOLNO
The 44-inch CorridorCoded corridor dimensions are derivedFROMEXITSTAIRWIDTHS)NTHENational Fire Protection Associations(NFPA) Committee on Fireproof #ONSTRUCTIONRECOMMENDTHEINCHexit stair. The committee referencedTHE.EW9ORK3TATE$EPARTMENTOF,ABORmSLAWWHICHPRESCRIBEDAminimum stair width of 22 inches.
4HEEGRESSCORRIDORBORROWSITSWIDTHdimension from the Life Safety Code, WHICHCODIEDTHE.&0!mSRECOMMENDATIONS4HEINCH
standard supports two lines of people
APATHOFEEINGOCCUPANTSANDTHECOUNTEROWOFREGHTERS4HEstandard corridor unit is a 22-inch shoulder width derived from queueing soldiers. Before the coded corridorBECAMEASSOCIATEDWITHSPEEDANDEGRESSTIMESITWASBOUNDTOTHEanthropometric dimensions of a human BODY,IKETHECORRIDRETHECOVEREDWAYATOPFORTIEDWALLSTHEEGRESScorridor traced the movement of a soldier. The archetypal element and the LATERDEVICEAREBOTHINSCRIBEDWITHmilitary dimensions.
Richard W. Bukowski, NIST Technical Note%MERGENCY%GRESSFROM"UILDINGS0ART1: History and Current Regulations for EgressSystems Design (Maryland: NIST Building and Fire
2ESEARCH,ABORATORY
1899 Pre-code: smokey grand corridors endangerOCCUPANTSIN.9#mS7INDSOR(OTELANDALLOTHERBURNINGBUILDINGSPRIORTOTHEINVENTIONOFspecialized life safety code and egress devices.
!REDESTROYED.EW9ORK#ITYmS7INDSOR(OTELIN4HEBUILDINGmSWIDECORRIDORSANDSTAIRCASESLLEDWITHSMOKETRAPPINGGUESTSINTHEIRHOTELrooms. Without any alternate escape route,FOURTEENPEOPLEDIEDINTHEREANDFTYTWOSUFFEREDINJURIES0RESENT.9#BUILDINGCODErequires a separate, specialized evacuation route. Coded egress corridors cannot supply, return,exhaust, or ventilate air.
Sara Wermiel, No Exit - The Rise and Demise of the Outside Fire Escape, Technology and CultureVOLNO
CODED IN THE CODECODES AND BUILDING FORM
PAGE 139CORRIDOR
0OSSIBLE-AXIMUM,ENGTH-INIMUM7IDTHOFCORRIDORSBYBUILDINGCODE
IBC 2000
NFPA 101 Life Safety Code - 1999
IBC 2012
NFPA 101 Life Safety Code - 2006
Hong Kong 1996
Hong Kong 2011
India 1986
South Africa 1990
Corridor
Dead-End Corridor
Stair Location
66.1m / 15.2m / 1.58m
65.3m / 6.2m / 1.58m
65.3m / 6.2m / 1.58m
64.3m / 6.3m / 1.58m
59.5m / 15.2m / 1.43m56.1m / 10.2m / 1.58m
51.3m / 14.7m / 3.0m
51.3m / 14.7m / 3.0m
49.6m / 10.3m / 1.69m
49.6m / 10.3m / 1.69m
44.5m / 11.5m / 1.43m41.9m / 6.3m / 1.15m
31.3m / 6.1m / 1.43m29.9m / 5.8m / 2.58m
Australia 1988
South Africa 2011
Australia 2007Sort by ranking of length
Sort by ranking country & year
Criteria10th floor of a hotel building with maximum occupancy of 100 peopleRoom size = 5.6m x 5.6m & 5.5m x 6.5m
India 2005
Saudi Arabia 2007
Guyana 2005
IBC 2000
NFPA 101 Life Safety Code - 2006
IBC 2012
NFPA 101 Life Safety Code - 1999
Hong Kong 2011
Hong Kong 1996
India 1986
South Africa 199066.1m / 15.2m / 1.58m
65.3m / 6.2m / 1.58m
65.3m / 6.2m / 1.58m
64.3m / 6.3m / 1.58m
59.5m / 15.2m / 1.43m
56.1m / 10.2m / 1.58m
51.3m / 14.7m / 3.0m
51.3m / 14.7m / 3.0m
49.6m / 10.3m / 1.69m
49.6m / 10.3m / 1.69m
44.5m / 11.5m / 1.43m
41.9m / 6.3m / 1.15m
31.3m / 6.1m / 1.43m
29.9m / 5.8m / 2.58m
Australia 1988
South Africa 2011
Australia 2007
India 2005
Saudi Arabia 2007
Guyana 2005
PAGE 138 CORRIDOR
CODED IN THE CODECODES AND BUILDING FORM)NTERNATIONAL$ENITIONOF#ORRIDOR
Corridor: An enclosed exit access component THATDENESANDPROVIDESAPATHOFEGRESSTRAVELMeans of Egress: A continuous and UNOBSTRUCTEDPATHOFVERTICALANDHORIZONTALegress travel from any occupied portion of a BUILDINGORSTRUCTURETOAPUBLICWAY!MEANSOFegress consists of three separate and distinct parts: the exit access, the exit and the exit discharge.- IBC (International Building Code), International Code Council, 2012
0OSSIBLEEGRESSCORRIDORVARIATIONDRAWINGS: Following IBC
variation 01
variation 02
VARIATION
VARIATION
Egress Width Timeline
1913 the National Fire Protection Associations(NFPA) Committee on Fireproof Construction RECOMMENDSTHEINCHEXITSTAIR
1913 .EW9ORK3TATE$EPARTMENTOF,ABORmSLAWPRESCRIBESAMINIMUMSTAIRWIDTHOFINCHESANDAMAXIMUMOCCUPANTLOADOFPEOPLEPEROOR
1927 THESEnRECOMMENDATIONSoBECOMEregulations under the NFPA Building Exits Code (NFPA 101-T), later known as the Life SafetyCode.
1935 the National Bureau of Standards (NBS, the present National Institute of Standards and4ECHNOLOGY.)3#PUBLISHESTHEINCHEGRESSsystem in Design and Construction of Building%XITSCORRELATINGEGRESSWIDTHWITHOWRATES
mS US model codes adopt the NBSreport and NFPA 101 until the mode 1980s.
MIDmSTHEINCHUNITWASABANDONEDBUTTHEINCHSTANDARDWASRETAINED0RESENTDAYEGRESSnDESIGNoCORRELATESWIDTHDETERMINEDBYoccupant loads) with discharge rates.
1997 the International Code Council (ICC) PUBLISHESTHE)NTERNATIONAL"UILDING#ODE)"#WITHAINCHMINIMUMCORRIDORWIDTH
Building code drives the form of the corridor. To accommodate two queues of occupants, codePRESCRIBESAMINIMUMWIDTHOFINCHESANDa minimum height of 7.5 feet. The passage is CONTINUOUSANDUNOBSTRUCTEDFROMTHEPOINTOFENTRYTOTHEPOINTOFDISCHARGE3PANNINGBETWEENTWOEXITSTHECORRIDORMUSTBEATLEASTONHALFTHElength of the overall diagonal dimension of theBUILDING#ODERESTRICTSDEADENDSTOFEETANDprevents intervening rooms from disrupting thecontinuity of the corridor.The egress corridor is a continuous, extruded DOORWAYWHEREnEXITINGoBECOMESTHEPRIMARYfunction. Omnipresent signs, spaced every 100FEETGUARANTEETHEVISIBILITYANDLEGIBILITYOFEXITPOINTS"UILDINGCODEREDENESTHECORRIDORASANattenuated escape device. MW
4" 4"
3'8"
6'8"
2'3"
exit sign
obstruction zone
slip resistant surface
fire rated material
3'8"
3'0"
3'8"
4"4"
0333 0"3'03'0"3'03
88"3333'8"3'833'83'3
4" 4"
3'8"
3'0"
3'8"
0"0"'03'033'3
8'8"8"3'83'833
2012).4m,"5),$).'#/$%).4m,#/$%#/5.#),Chapter 10 - Means of Egress, SECTION 1018 CORRIDORS
2012).4m,"5),$).'#/$%).4m,#/$%#/5.#),Chapter 10 - Means of Egress,SECTION 1018 CORRIDORS
)MAGINARYFORMOFCORRIDORACCORDINGTOTHE)"#
section
plan
3'8"
20'0"
[OVERALL DIAGONAL DIMENSION OF BUILDING] / 2
100 BETWEEN EXIT SIGNSNS
1010
20'0"
[OVERALL DIAGONAL DIMENSION OF BUILDING]GG / 2/
1011 0 BETWEEN EXIT SIGNSSS
3'8"
[OVERALL DIAGONAL DIMENSION OF BUILDING] / 2
100 BETWEEN EXIT SIGNSS
3'8"
20'0"
20'0"
3'8"
[OVERALL DIAGONAL DIMENSION OF BUILDING] / 2
100 BETWEEN EXIT SIGNSNS
10
PAGE 153CORRIDOR
Exit Sign
x 21
x 10 X
x 96
x 52
x 260
x 10X
x 12
x 56
x 10
x 6 x 56
x 5
X
x 8
x 105 x 26
x 5
x 5
X
X
x 10
x 16
x 10
x 28
x 10
x 8
Elements of Corridor %QUIPMENTS%LEMENTSOF!RCHITECTURE
Smoke Detector
Fire Alarm
Fire Hose
Speaker
7I-ODEM
Glass
Steel
Brick
Wall
Glass Panel
Wood Panel
Glass
Glass
Ceiling
Gypsum
Column
Concrete
Door
Wood
Floor
Vinyl Roll
Stair
Elevator
#ABLE4RAY
Camera
Halogen Light
Fluorescent Light
Fire Resistance Door
Fire Extinguisher
Emergency Light
Emergency Light Evacuation Map
PAGE 152 CORRIDOR
Speaker
ENCODING: DEVICES OF THE CORRIDOR!.!4/-9/&!#/22)$/2Generic corridor: "UILDING$ELFT5NIVERSITYOF4ECHNOLOGY$ELFT.ETHERLANDS
%LEMENTSOF#ORRIDOR%XPLODEDPERMANENTCOMPONENTSTHATMAKEAMLONGDOUBLELOADED CORRIDOR
Exit Sign
Evacuation Map
Fire Hose
Fire Resistance Door
Fire Extinguisher
!NATOMYOFAMLONGDOUBLELOADEDCORRIDORINAUNIVERSITYBUILDINGCLEARLYREVEALSITScontemporary character in architecture: a safetydevice. !SETOFSAFETYDEVICESSMOKEDETECTORREEXTINGUISHERREALARMREHOSEETCAREONLYelements in architecture that are enforced toHAVESPECICCOLORDIMENSIONMATERIALANDNUMBERBYLAW4HESESAFETYDEVICESAREELEMENTSwithin element (= corridor), which maintainits independent position and determines thecharacter of the corridor. KJ
Smoke Detector
Fire Alarm
Emergency Light
200m
9.2m
PAGE 149CORRIDOR
1913 7OOLWORTH"UILDING.9#53!
1930-ANHATTAN#OMPNAY.9#53! 1930#HRYSLER"UILDING.9#53!
d!IRPLANE#RASHBETWEENTHETHANDTHOORDEATHSANDINJURIES
1908-19683INGER"UILDING.9#53! 1909 Metropolitan Life Tower (Clock Tower),.9#53!
1931 %MPIRE3TATE"UILDING.9#53!
d&IRESTTHOORSREGHTERSTOOKELEVATORSTOTHETHOORANDWALKEDOORSUPWORKERSONTHETHTHROUGHTHESTOORSwere evacuated as a precaution.
2009 "URJ+HALIFA$UBAI5!%2004 Taipei 101, Taipei, Taiwan
d"OMB4HREAT%VACUATION
1998 Petronas Twin Tower, Kuala Lumpur,Malaysia
d"OMB4HREAT%VACUATION 2005 Power Blackout Evacuation
1974 Willis (Sears) Tower, Chicago, IL, USA
2001 Evacuation - Pre-emptive Evacuation on 3EPTEMBER
1973-20017ORLD4RADE#ENTER.9#53!
2001 Airplane Crash - designed to withstand THEIMPACTOFA"OEINGAIRCRAFTBUTNOTTHE767s and 20000 gallons of jet fuel of the plans that hit them. 5000+ deaths.
4HEWORLDmSTALLESTBUILDINGSPRESENT
4HEFREEPLANSKYSCRAPERrSEEMINGLYANONCORRIDORTYPOLOGYrINEVITABLYREQUIRESTHEUSEOFCORRIDORSFOREVACUATION4HETYPICALPLANENABLESTHEFREEPLAN
PAGE 148 CORRIDOR
CODED IN THE CODETOWER CORRIDORS
1965 Fire-rated corridors74#THOORPLANWITHFOOTHRERATEDCORRIDORS