Kangil ji, portfolio, (a_web)

58
usable local materials and existing community; therefore, so-called master plan was not required in its design and construction procedure. However, collection of such free design procedure resulted in a harmonious community. This is the most important characteristic of the traditional Hanok design, // Urban Exploration, 2003 // Cities carry pieces of memories throughout history and show how culture has developed. However, as Italo Calvino said, “the city does not simply describe the their relationships with certain places, the depth of the space and the silence left in the space differently in a new manner. Furthermore, I conducted a performance with collected materials in the exploration, in order to make people share their living history in the city and help remain their history with the characteristics of the village. // Making Space Happen, 2003 // The history of this site started from railway, provided the urban thermoelectric power plant with coal. After the decline of the railway due to the change of power plant fuel, artists occupied the railway, and constructed cultural district, as artists, whom will temporarily occupy some areas with cultural events. Occupation areas can be varied according to size of each event. It will make indeterminate cultural landscape, like trains had temporarily occupied the land, and diversify its culture. // Rill’s Relief, 2006 // All of us has experience of // Yanggu Building Project, 2006 // This annual building project is held in abandoned rural areas due to rapid urbanization, and it aims to regenerate those places by introducing appropriate architectural solutions. // Conservation, Conversion for Sustainable City, 2010 // Upon the foundation of last century’s brutal history which killed at least 150 millions of people through wars and disputes, vast expanse of lands around the world have been harshly urbanized in post-war era. Resultant problems of this rapid urbanization - easily zoned districts and increased use of energy, urban decay and social alienation, dangerous situation of environment, etc - are threatening human habitation, again. Now it’s time to critically examine contemporary urban problems and solve it smartly through conservation and conversion, not to repeat last century’s blunders and not to build in tabula rasa again, for sustainable human habitation. The purpose of my exploration is research about conservation and conversion of existing cities, mainly examining sites reconstructed in post-war era. As living in the only separated country in the world, right after the Japanese colonial time, war’s impact on human habitation and re-use of remain ruins of history have always been my big concern. Moreover, Korea has suffered from fastest urbanization of 80 percent rural to 80 percent urban population within 40 years after the Korean War, now remaining many aged buildings and still progressing urban sprawl, which is similar phenomenon in many post-war cities around the world. So, conservation and conversion of existing city - have various merits include adaptability to existing urban context and social needs, retention of structure and memory, reduce of wastes, etc - is an adequate issue on many Wall area and past industrial buildings could react to ordinary needs of citizens by insertion of new urban programs and remaining historical lessons at the same time. The Second World War demolished about 85 percent of old Warsaw. Like North Korea, Warsaw was once a socialistic society. This unique history of last century shows exceptional example of the comprehensive reconstruction of a city - holistic conservation by supports of inhabitants. This case also affected many European countries’ doctrines related to urbanization and conservation of urban development after the destruction of World War II. After the collapse of Soviet Block, Warsaw converted many socialistic public buildings in dense and mix-used way - extending pedestrian ways of old district. Also past characteristics of socialistic urban planning highlighted publicity are well remained. Inner city of London’s Dockland area was decayed by 1940’s urban bombing and transition of industry. But this area has remarkably regenerated in ecological and mix-used manner overcoming urban decay, now waiting for the 2012 Olympic. And the Open House Program held in every September enables urban community experience providing more public spaces to citizens - improving quality of urban life. These cities have proven that even heavy industrial facilities can be converted to different use in an ecological manner. Essen-Duisburg areas were Europe’s largest industrial area mainly used as coal-mining sites, damaging its vitality. Especially, Fes have been preserving it’s unique urban fabric of 14th century, small buildings in its Medina have always been converted without modern way of zoning - containing almost every urban behaviors. And its urban form is a suitable study case for sustainable city containing various factors in it - mix-used buildings, labyrinth-like pedestrian routes reaching 300 kilometer, use of natural ventilation system, etc. Additionally, this city looks more democratic than functionally divided cities. So, it’s humble but stable spaces with its own beauty, are still relevant. Though it is hard to adapt from this exploration will give advice on this course. So, as a comparative case, I plan to study some renovated instances in old district of Seoul. I expect that comparing Seoul with other cities’ case will give me balanced perspective on this agenda, as remaining assignments of further study. PORTFOLIO KANGIL JI Harvard GSD Master in Architecture II 2014

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Kangil ji, portfolio, (a_web)

Transcript of Kangil ji, portfolio, (a_web)

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    PORTFOLIO KANGIL JI

    Harvard GSDMaster in Architecture II 2014

  • Part I Personal Academic Works

    Ecologic UrbanismGSD Option Studio 2013

    Elements of Architecture

    GSD Option Studio 2013 at OMA, Rotterdam

    Liminal NatureGSD Option Studio 2012

    Evolutionary ContextK-Arts Option Studio 2010 (RIBA Part II)

    Landscript (K-Arts Option Studio 2009

    Architectural InfrastructureK-Arts Option Studio 2006 (RIBA Part I)

  • 4 Ecologic Urbanism

    Ecologic Urbanism GSD option studio I Spring 2013 I Instructor: Ingeborg RockerPublication (pending): &DPMPHJDT3FmHVSJOHUIF$JWJD(SPVOE, Harvard GSDmodel 1:50 scale

  • 5Ecologic Urbanism

    verticalized street life

    verticalization of street life

    In last century, many modern architects failed in making better cities by applying function-oriented ideologies, such as faster construction and trafc ow, with less consideration on the cultural and environmental performance of the city. Yet, this failed notion of city design is more widely accepted in todays China, as the only solution to build cities for 100 million people every year. Given this situation, modernists concept of city cannot be easily rejected, but should be revised.

    Today, urban environment of the city of Guangzhou in Southern China is becoming more deteriorated. This is due to its skyscraper-oriented development without consideration on the citys climate and culture, which requires more energy and isolates

    people in series of gated communities.The concept of ecologic urbanism

    proposes a new model of city development based on an alternative model of middle-rise, mix-used building typology. This third typology mixes modernist concept of city (faster construction of city based on Walter Gropius Torten Housing) and local peoples communal life based on its street culture, while providing diverse thermal properties in the building to generate varied urban activities based on architectural typology.

    Location: Li-Wan, Guangzhou, ChinaSite Area: 110-acreBuilding Area: 6,000m2 (build-ing footprint of standard building)Program: Mix-used building

    elevation perspective

    >

    0 10m

  • 6 Ecologic Urbanism

    1914The Futurist CityAntonio SantEliato o Sa t a

    1898Garden City of Tomorrow

    Ebenezer Howard

    1966Typological City

    Aldo RossiAldo Rossi

    Ebenezer Howard

    1960Metabolism City

    Metabolist MovementMetabolist Movement

    1924Broadacre City

    Frank Lloyd WrightFrank Lloyd Wright

    1972City of the Captive Globe

    Rem KoolhaasRem Koolhaas

    1924High Rise City

    Ludwig HilbersheimerLudwig Hilbersheimer

    1977Dialectic CityO.M. Ungers

    1928Toerten City

    Walter GropiusWalter Gropius

    1995Alphabetical City

    Steven HollSteven Holl

    1952Unit dHabitation

    Le CorbusierLe Corbusier

    2008Stop City

    Pier Vittorio AureliPier Vittorio Aureli

    current: dominant urbanism in China = speedclaim: speed+civic life

    methodology eco-logical urbanism (revising ideological approach)

    1928Toerten City,Walter Gropius

    mob

    ilityb

    y

    environment

    suburb

    iab m

    ass

    speed

    p

    autonomyy

    limitation

    codication

    di

    congestion

    g

    process

    p

    phenomenon: ideological approach- context-less superimposition of ideological urbanisms

    expansion

    expan

    p historyhi

    y

    claim: eco-logical (interaction-based) approach- intensifying context of Chinese form of civic life

  • 7Ecologic Urbanism

    design process urban design

    topography- 0-11m level difference

    stack- F.A.R 6 block

    rotate - building direction = 0 ~ 23 - maxium wind and shadow

    split- street section ratio = 1:4- minimum solar envelope

    merge- minimum solar envelope- maximum FAR

    oat- annual ooding (+8m)- wind corridor & shadow

    revision of Torten city plan (Walter Gropius) for Guangzhou, China- speed + context

    elements of urban design

    aerial view

    master plan

    topography

    public network

    plate

    building typology

    trafc

    combination

    valley & stream

    civic network (alley)

    stiched grid

    gure/ground

    0 300m

    0 300m

    urban design plan

  • 8 Ecologic Urbanism

    5th oor plan

    4th oor plan

    3rd oor plan

    2nd oor plan

    ground oor plan

    0 30m

    typical oor plansdesign process architecture

    topography- 0-11m level difference

    stack- extension of street into building

    rotate 1- duplication of street

    rotate 2- diverse thermal properties by slope

    split- wind/daylight corridor

    rotate 3- extension of street (civic) life

    extension of street (civic) life into buildings & creation of shadowy street

  • 9Ecologic Urbanism

    0 30m

    models

    elevation perspective

  • 10 Ecologic Urbanism

    sections

    section 1

    section 2

    section 3

    0 10m

    circulation

    green space

    wind ow

    residentialofce multi-purpose (education, entertainment, etc)commercial

  • 11Ecologic Urbanism

    perspectives

  • 12 Elements of Architecture

    Elements of Architecture GSD option studio I Fall 2013 I Instructor: Rem Koolhaas, Stephan TrbyPublication: Rem Koolhaas, Elements of Architecture, Marsilio (August 12, 2014)

    Trace Italienne1599

    Humayuns Tomb, India1572

    Nijo Castle, Japan1625

    Shoin Buildings, Japan1632

    Mughal Serai, India1600

    Shitenno-ji Temple, Japan593

    Angkor Wat, Angkorca. 1200s

    Jeongjeon (Mail Hall) of Jongmyo Shrine, Korea1394

    Humble Administrators Garden, China1513

    Versailles, France1682

    Blenheim Castle, England1724

    Lutton Hoo, England1772

    Saumur Barracks, France1770

    1635Corridor

    (fr) FortificationPath

    1535Corridoio

    1627Coritore

    Secret Passage

    100 [lng] (Cn) wall and roof

    1698Corridoor

    Castle Howard

    1724Corridoor

    Blenheim Castle

    1772CorridorLutton Hoo

    1765Corridor (Fr)

    source of noise... no longer in use except inupper stories of

    buildings meant for storage or convents(Blondel)1677

    Couloir (fr) Water drain

    1770Saumur Barracks

    Trace Italiennee1599

    Humayuns Tomb, IndiaT1572

    Nijo Castle, JapannN16256

    Shoin Buildings, JapanB1632

    Mughal Serai, Indiar1600

    Shitenno-ji Temple, Japanh5939

    Angkor Wat, AngkorAca. 1200s

    Jeongjeon (Mail Hall) of Jongmyo Shrine, KoreaSae1394313943

    Humble Administrators Garden, Chinad hau15135

    Versailles, Francec1682

    Blenheim Castle, England,17241724

    Lutton Hoo, EnglandE1772

    Saumur Barracks, Francea1770

    A k W A kA

    1635Corridorr

    (fr) FortificationPatho

    1535Corridoior

    1627Coritore

    Secret Passage

    100 [lng] (Cn)wall and roofn

    1698Corridoorr

    Castle Howard

    1724Corridoori

    Blenheim Castle

    1772CorridordLutton HooH

    1765Corridor (Fr)d

    source of noise... no longer in use except inupper stories often

    buildings meant for storage or conventsc(Blondel)(1677

    Couloir (fr) Water drain

    1770Saumur BarracksS

    timeline corridor: ever-expanding element of architecture (from architecture to geography)

    From the Renaissance onwards, the discourse on architecture was largely based on the denition and analysis of architectural elements. Albertis six elements (locality, area, compartition, wall, roof, and opening: 1452), Gottfried Sempers four elements (hearth, roof, enclosure, mound; 1851) and Le Corbusiers Five Points of Architecture (pilotis, free facade, open plan, long window, roof garden; 1928) were all, in various degrees, efforts to analyze the history of buildings and codify the future of architecture. But since the globalization of modern architecture in the second half of the 20th century, the possibility of an elemental systematization of architecture has been largely ignored.

    Elements that used to be the specialty of architects - the ceiling

    research on Elements of Architecture for 2014 Venice Architecture Biennale(collaborative work of GSD-AMO)

    and window, but also even the facade - have become devices and ceded to more advanced technological domains. Architects themselves have largely ignored other elements in which they used to excel, like the corridor. There is a paradox though: today, despite standardization, device-cation and the attempts of parametric architecture to merge formerly distinct categories like roof, wall, and window into an ideally continuous architectural surface, the fundamental elements of architecture endure, albeit in sometimes radically different forms.

    back cover of the book (working version)

  • 13Elements of Architecture

    1

    Corridor in published material, 1800-2000Occurrence per 10,000 words

    2

    3

    7

    6

    4

    5

    Westminster Palace / Houses of Parliament1834

    Royal Courts of Justice, London1870

    Kirkbride Hospital, USA1850

    Nightingale Pavilion Plan Hospital, England1865

    Lus Salt Merchant House, China1897

    Chrysler Building, New York1930

    Empire State Building, New York1931 World Trade Center, New York

    1973 Taipei 101, Taiwan2008

    Burj Khalifa, Dubai2009

    Westonbirt House, England1864

    Hassobury House, England1866

    Flight Corridor1966

    Danzig Corridor1918

    Le Corbusier threatens the Corridor-street1925

    Chen Clan Academy, China1894

    1823Grand Corridor

    Windsor Castle

    1834Commons Corridor

    Chancellors CorridorLords Corridor

    British Parliament

    1870Bar Corridor

    Judges CorridorAttorneys Corridor

    Public CorridorRoyal Courts of Justice

    1870Korridor

    Berlin Poliklinik

    1885Galerie Richelieu

    Sorbonne

    1894Mechanical Corridor

    Manhattan Life Insurance Building

    1852Brumidi Corridors

    US Capitol

    1922Marching Corridor

    1952Single-Loaded

    Corridor

    1971Corridor

    Conversations

    1841 Street corridor

    1914 Community corridor

    1914 Medical Corridor

    1918 Polish corridor

    1925 Corridor Street

    1926 Exit corridor

    1928 Valley corridor

    1946 Trade corridor

    1948 Urban corridor

    1952 Air corridor

    1950 Utility corridor

    1955 Cultural corridor

    1959 Escape corridor

    1960 Watershed corridor

    1961 Industrial corridor

    1965 River corridor

    1962 Economic corridor

    1967 Transportation corridor

    1968 Highway corridor

    1970 Mining corridor

    1970 Transit corridor

    1971 Wildlife corridor

    1972 Business corridor

    1973 Growth corridor

    1975 Stream corridor

    1975 Travel corridor

    1976 Canyon corridor

    1976 Park corridor

    1976 Rail corridor

    1977 Development corridor

    1978 Opportunity corridor

    1980 Heritage corridor

    1980 High-Tech corridor

    1980 Power corridor

    1982 Wind corridor

    1983 Ecological corridor

    1986 Jet Stream Corridor

    1986 Resource Corridor

    1987 Conservation corridor

    1987 Green corridor

    1989 Chemical corridor

    1990 Metro corridor

    1992 Research corridor

    1993 Freight corridor

    2003 Wireless corridor

    2011 Moose Sex corridor

    PAGE 29CORRIDOR

    During modernity, the

    transversals got

    replaced by the

    tangentials. The

    FORTIEDTRADITIONALWestern city with its

    city gates and main

    roads is based on a

    topology of gates

    LIKETHEENLADEInscribed in it is a

    MOVEMENTGUREwhich unfolds

    transversally to the

    spheric line of city

    gate and partition

    wall. The corridor

    organizations of

    modernity ended all

    that and established a

    principle which allows

    MOVEMENTGURESTOtouch a distinct

    sphere only at exactly

    one point: the door of

    the cell.

    Stephan Trueby

    TANGENTIAL

    1920 )NNITE#ORRIDOR Massachusetts Inistitute of Technology, USA

    PAGE 20 CORRIDOR

    CORRIDOR

    1870 The Royal Courts of Justice London, UK

    By the 1820s the

    elements of the

    modern corridor were

    beginning to come

    together as a spatial

    extension of the

    nation-state and its

    ideals. Added to this

    was the development

    of the decorated

    corridor that made the

    corridor no longer just

    a passage but a

    destination in its own

    right.

    ...

    If anything, the

    corridor was an

    imprint of the

    increasingly complex

    social structure of

    Victorian society,

    introducing social

    stability and, very

    importantly, enforcing

    a sense of decorum in

    the insides of a public

    building. It

    guaranteed that

    everyone was in their

    proper position;

    awkward contacts

    with people outside of

    ones peerage were

    kept to a minimum.

    The corridor

    organized the world

    into different, but

    parallel corridoric

    universe.

    Jarzombek, By Mark .

    2010. Corridor

    Spaces. Critical

    Inquiry 36 (4): 728-770.

    PAGE 21CORRIDOR

    ANTI-CORRIDOR

    1965 Orenstein-Koppell Building Albeck/Ernst/Fischer/Rathal Architects, Dortmund, Germany

    nformal The resulting in

    ms and groups of team

    n the activities-given

    dschaft, name Broland

    CAPEOROFCELANDSCffective, proved to be ef

    EXIBLEAND ore mon either acceptable tha

    SORCORRIDOROFCESopen plans.

    940- Duffy, Francis, 1

    cations.and Anbar Public

    /FCEA NewLandscaping : A

    CE!PPROACHTO/Fo. 9. Planning. Vol. no

    d: AnbarLondon, England

    Publications.

    PAGE 22 CORRIDOR

    REAL

    1827 Passage Choiseul Paris, France

    The innermost

    glowing cells of the

    city of light, the old

    dioramas, nested in

    the arcades, one of

    which today still bears

    the name Passage

    des Panoramas. It

    WASINTHERSTmoment, as though

    you had entered an

    AQUARIUM!LONGTHEwall of the great

    darkened hall, broken

    at intervals by narrow

    joints, it stretched like

    a ribbon of illuminated

    water behind glass.

    The play of colors

    among deep-sea

    fauna cannot be more

    ERYBenjamin, Walter, 1892-

    1940. and Rolf

    Tiedemann. 1999. The

    Arcades Project.

    Cambridge, Mass.:

    Belknap Press of

    Harvard University

    Press.

    PAGE 23CORRIDOR

    SURREAL

    1938 Surrealist Street Exposition Internationale du Surralisme, Galrie Beaux-Arts, Paris, France

    Next the visitor

    entered the Rue

    Surrealiste, a long

    corridor with street

    signs marking out the

    different sections;

    these were given

    either the names of

    actual streets of

    HISTORICALSIGNICANCE- the Rue de la Vieille-

    Lanterne, where

    Nerval committed

    suicide, the Rue

    Yivienne where

    Lautreamont lived - or

    names which were

    purely imaginary : Rue

    de Tous-les-Diables

    (All Devils Street),

    Rue Faible (Weak

    Street), Rue de la

    Transfusion-du-Sang

    (Blood Transfusion

    Street), Rue Cerise

    (Cherry Street), etc.

    Alexandrian, Sarane.

    1970. Surrealist Art. Vol.

    P-247. New York,:

    Praeger.

    The Surrealist street

    referred to the

    presence of the big

    department stores

    and consumerism in

    Paris. In the

    showrooms and

    department stores,

    MANNEQUINSWEREused to present all

    kinds of clothing and,

    as an element of

    advertisement to

    entice the customer,

    usually a woman, into

    buyting the

    commodity, this object

    of desire.

    Joachim Stark,

    Elements of Surrealist

    practices in

    contemporary visual

    art (Masters thesis.,

    Open University, 2008)

    PAGE CORRIDOR

    1916 Trench Warfare British troops go over the top of the trenches during the Battle of the Somme, France (Photo by Paul Popper)

    PROCESSIONMillions of men lived

    in the trenches during

    World War I. More

    than six million died

    there.

    ...

    The futility of head-on

    infantry assaults in the

    FACEOFMODERNRIESmachine guns and

    artillery was made

    apparent. Both sides

    were forced to dig

    deep holes in the

    ground and

    concentrate upon

    breaking up any

    attacks launched by

    their adversaries.

    The armies remained

    in these holes for the

    next four years,

    millions of men

    trapped in a desolate

    strip of territory, living

    and dying in a

    wilderness of

    trenches, dugouts,

    craters, ...

    Ellis, John, 1945-. 1976.

    Eye-Deep in Hell.

    London: Croom Helm.

    8-9

    PAGE 25CORRIDOR

    1951 Bomb Drill St, Joan of Arc Parochial, NY, USA (Photo by Bettmann)

    PROTECTIONA similar drill was

    held at the Madison

    Avenue address

    under the direction of

    Sgt. Robert ODonnell,

    police precinct

    coordinator, and Gene

    McGinnity, acting

    building control

    director. Everyone in

    THEBUILDINGLEDINTOcorridors, stairways or

    the sub-basement

    when the alarm

    sounded and

    remained throughout

    the alert.

    The New, Y. T. (1951,

    Aug 25). 7,000 Take

    Shelter in bomb raid

    tests. New York Times

    !STHERSTSTEPINAseries of preparations

    for civil defense in

    time of emergency,

    the New York Hospital-

    Cornell Medical

    Center held a trial run

    yesterday in the

    receiving and care of

    casualties of a

    simulated atom bomb

    attack.

    ...

    Dr. Henry N. Pratt,

    director of the

    hospital, explained

    that 100 cots had been

    added in the corridors

    and rooms on the

    OORThe New, Y. T. (1951,

    Aug 03). HOSPITAL IS

    READY SHOULD

    BOMB FALL. New York

    Times

    051020m

    1

    Corridor in publishhed material, 18000-2000auOccurrence per 10,0000 words r

    2

    3

    7

    6

    4

    5

    Westminster Palace / Houses of ParliamentPaW18341834

    Royal Courts of Justice, LondonuR1870

    Kirkbride Hospital, USAiKi kb id H i l USAi1850

    Nightingale Pavilion Plan Hospital, EnglandEng18656

    Lus Salt Merchant House, Chinac1897

    Chrysler Building, New Yorkd1930

    Empire State Building, New Yorkku1931 World Trade Center, New YorkNd

    1973 Taipei 101, Taiwanp20080

    Burj Khalifa, Dubairj20090

    Westonbirt House, EnglanddW bi H E l ddi1864

    Hassobury House, Englando1866

    Flight Corridor19661966

    Danzig Corridor19181918

    Le Corbusier threatens the Corridor streetLe Corbusier threatens the Corridor-street1925

    Chen Clan Academy, ChinanaChen Clan Acada d1894

    1823Grand Corridori odo

    Windsor CastleC stle

    1834Commons Corridorro

    Chancellors CorridorraLords Corridorr

    British Parliamenti

    18700Bar Corridorr

    Judges CorridorrgAttorneys Corridorre

    Public CorridorrbRoyal Courts of JusticeeC

    18700Korridorr

    Berlin Poliklinikk

    1885Galerie Richelieuc

    Sorbonne

    1894Mechanical Corridorre

    Manhattan Life Insurance BuildingBn

    1852Brumidi Corridorsou

    US Capitolp

    1922Marching Corridordr

    19529Single-Loadede

    Corridord

    19717Corridoro

    Conversationsso

    1841 Street corridor

    1914 Community corridor

    1914 Medical Corridor

    1918 Polish corridor

    1925 Corridor Street

    1926 Exit corridor

    1928 Valley corridor

    1946 Trade corridor

    1948 Urban corridor

    1952 Air corridor

    1950 Utility corridor

    1955 Cultural corridor

    1959 Escape corridor

    1960 Watershed corridor

    1961 Industrial corridor

    1965 River corridor

    1962 Economic corridor

    1967 Transportation corridor

    1968 Highway corridor

    1970 Mining corridor

    1970 Transit corridor

    1971 Wildlife corridor

    1972 Business corridor

    1973 Growth corridor

    1975 Stream corridor

    1975 Travel corridor

    1976 Canyon corridor

    1976 Park corridor

    1976 Rail corridor

    1977 Development corridor

    1978 Opportunity corridor

    1980 Heritage corridor

    1980 High-Tech corridor

    1980 Power corridor

    1982 Wind corridor

    1983 Ecological corridor

    1986 Jet Stream Corridor

    1986 Resource Corridor

    1987 Conservation corridor

    1987 Green corridor

    1989 Chemical corridor

    1990 Metro corridor

    1992 Research corridor

    1993 Freight corridor

    2003 Wireless corridor

    2011 Moose Sex corridor

    Corridor Form of Connection, Separation and Escape

    The corridors main function of speed is derived its etymology. In the 14th century, the corridor was not a place, but a person. From currere, to run, UIFDPSSJESFmSTUEFTDSJCFEBDPVSJFSand eventually referred to the pathways BCPWFGPSUJmFEXBMMTXIJDIFOBCMFEUIFtransfer of messages. With the invention PGUIFUSBDFJUBMJFOOFGPSUJmDBUJPOTZTUFNin the 15th century, military leaders relocated troops to ditches at the bottom of the wall. The corridor followed. In the 17th century, architects interior-ized the corridor. By The 19th century corridoio described a passage within a building. The corridor ceased to be an urban element, but still maintained a close relationship to the dimensions of the human body and the function of speed. But now it occurred within buildings rather than between them. Architects gradually abandoned the corridor after its heyday in the 19th century. However, escalating building heights of the 20th century brought increasing demands exit corridor.

  • 14 Elements of Architecture

    PAGE 43CORRIDOR

    TANGENTIALSegmented Corridors Service corridors in English manor houses

    NDOORPLAN

    GROUNDOORPLAN view of corridors

    Corridor and universal requirement of privacy: Half a century later, when Robert Kerr was informing his readership of the perils attending throughfare rooms, the issue had been resolved once and for all: the corridor and the universal requirement of PRIVACYWERERMLYestablished and principles of planning could be advanced with more or less equal application to all dwellings in all circumstances: larger houses, small houses, servant quarters, family apartments, rooms for business, for leisure - these discriminations were subsidiary to the key distinction between route and destination that would henceforth pervade domestic planning. Kerr made diagrams that reduced house plans to these two categories of trajectory and position, proposing that their proper arrangement was the substratum upon which both architecture and domesticity were to be raised. ... Kerr, for his part, mobilized architecture in its entirely against the possibility of commotion and distraction, bringing to bear a range of tactics involving the meticulous planning and furnishing of each part of the building under a general strategy of compartmentalization on the other hand, coulpled with universal accessibility on the other.Evans, Robin, 1944-. 1997. Figures, Doors, and Passages, Translations from Drawing to Building. Vol. 2. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.

    Occupants of corridor

    - Nursery corridor

    - Woman Servants corridor

    - Transverse corridor

    - Butlers corridor

    - Mens corridor

    - Housekeepers corridor

    STOORPLAN

    1864

    SeparationBear Wood Manor, by Robert Kerr, Berkshire, UK

    1864 Westonbirt House, Gloucestershire, UK 1870 Hassobury House, Hertfordshire, UK

    Corridor and universal requirement of privacy

    PAGE 39CORRIDOR

    Corridor revealedWall conceiling the corridor

    'ROUNDOORPLANNDOORPLAN

    TANGENTIAL

    1682 Secret Corridors

    Palace of Versailles, Louis le Vau, Jules Hardoin

    Mansart, France

    Frugal and communtarian compared to the

    AMBOYANTPUBLICSPACESOFTHE0ALACETHEsecret passages at Versailles initially permitted the

    discrete movement of servants and later

    became a refuge for the Royal Family themselves

    at the dawn of the Revolution. KJ+MW

    Secret Corridors Service Corridor, Secret Passage

    PAGE 42 CORRIDOR

    HOUSES TRANSVERSAL

    A courtyard is an enclosed area and a private open spaces surrounded by walls or buildings. As the main architecture of Beijing people for generations, Beijing courtyard house is famous both home and abroad. Since the construction of capital of Yuan dynasty, Beijing courtyard houses were built up along with the palaces, GOVERNMENTOFCEstreet and Hutong. The courtyard is spacious; the houses are independent and connected by corridors.Editors, Echo: Continuation of Heavenly Creation in the Noisy Time, Urban China 27 (2008): 16

    ca.1368 - Present Coupling Shyun (Typical Courtyard House Typology), Beijing, China

    05

    1020m

    1897 Path & ViewLus Salt Merchant House (), Yangzhou, China

    Parallel to, but inaccessible from, the physical path of travel, a visual corridor penetrates the deep plan, resolving long distance to reach the main hall along the 90m depth of the plan. KJ

    overlap of views from/to dark & light spaces

    view of corridor

    visual corridor'ROUNDOORPLAN

    Visual & Physical Corridors Chinese tradition of courtyard houses

    Aerial view of Shyun

    One row of interior space always meet with courtyard or small garden through the corridor as if todays duct space above your head do. About 70 meters deep typical housing in pre-modern beijing: the environment of interior space is supported by the collaboration between corridor-courtyard couple. KJ

    'ROUNDOORPLANANDWESTELEVATION

    Visual Corridor

    Visual Corridor

    The vanishing point, discovered in the Renaissance and materialized here in a French Baroque Landscape, PQFSBUFTBTBDPSSJEPSEJSFDUJOHUSBGmDUPXBSEBmYFEQPJOUWJBTIJGUJOHQBUITPrivileging the solitary viewer, the corridic perspective foreshortens and rationalizes the distant vista from its TUBUJPOBSZPCTFSWBUJPOQPJOU

    One row of interior space always meet with courtyard or small garden through the corridor as if todays duct TQBDFBCPWFZPVSIFBEEP"CPVU70 meters deep typical housing in pre-modern beijing: the environment of interior space is supported by the collaboration between corridor-DPVSUZBSEDPVQMF

    17th century versatile corridors vs. secret corridors (Japan vs. France) PAGE 45CORRIDORTANGENTIAL1829

    Panoptic CorridorsEastern State Penitentiary, by John Haviland, Philadelphia,USA

    Corridors most explicitly segregated occupants in prisons and asylums.Courthouse, parliamentand governmentministry buildings replicate the doctrineof normality in a moresubtle ways. MW

    1807-1814Glasgow Lunatic AsylumWilliam Stark

    Visibility and Separation

    1791PanopticonJeremy Bentham

    Pure Visibility

    The practice of placing individuals under observation is a natural extension of a justice imbued with disciplinary methods and examination procedures. It is surprising that the cellular prison, with its regular chronologies, forced labor, its authorities of surveillance and registration, its experts in normality, who continue and multiply the functions of the judge, would have become the modern instrument of penality? Is it surprising that prisons resemble factories, schools, barracks, hospitals, which all resemble prisons?Foucault, Michel, 1926-1984. 1977. Discipline and Punish : The Birth of the Prison. 1st Americaned. New York: PantheonBooks.

    linked solitude with moral and vocational instruction, EXEMPLIEDTHEPennsylvania System of penology, and became a model for over 300 prisons worldwidePennsylvania Historicaland MuseumCommission marker posted outsideof Eastern StatePenitentiary, 1996

    Peak of corridor Institutional corridors of prison and asylum

    View of control (View through corridor)

    aerial view

    view of corridor view of corridor

    PAGE 44 CORRIDOR

    INSTITUTIONS TRANSVERSAL

    The overall layout of theChen Clan Academyis a juxstapositionof roofed and opencorridors operate as grid system of a city. Corridor connects 19buildings with 9 hallsand 6 courtyards,creating complex transition betweenindoor & outdoorspaces. Here, what oneobserve is the overlapof multiple views andconstant change ofthe nature: achivementof transparency in architecture through corridor. KJ

    1894 Roofed WalkwayChen Clan Academy,Guangzhou, China

    Roofed Walkway Corridor as grid

    roofed corridor crossing the courtyard

    Mixture of views (View throughout corridor)

    view of corridor; roofed & uncovered

    aerial view

    Mixture of Viewso iewsMix

    Mixture of Viewso ewsMix

    1100s - Housing ComplexTulou BuildingTypoology, Fujian,China

    Mixture of Views

    PAGE 36 CORRIDOR

    TEMPLES & SHRINES TRANSVERSAL

    ca. 1625 CosmologyChakravartin Temple Complex, IndianSubcontinent

    ca. 1200s CosmologyAngkor Wat, Angkor, Cambodia

    Numerous corridors surrouding the main templeexactly indicate directions and movement ofcelestial bodies. KJ

    1394 Ceremony

    Jeongjeon (Main Hall) of Jongmyo Shrine, Seoul,

    Korea

    100m-long corridor () of Jeongjeon is aspace for royal ancestral ceremony. Located

    between spirit chambers and platforms for

    orchestra and performance, the corridor is a

    space of mitigating spiritual and the physical

    world. Also, it is a theatrical space, which

    audiences can observe the whole ceremony

    through repeated columns. KJ

    'ROUNDOORPLAN

    Front view

    Site plan

    Section of corridor

    Corridor

    Corridor on ceremony

    Lower platform

    Space for rituals Space between this world and the next

    lower platform: orchestra and performance

    upper platform: orchestra

    ancestral rites

    spirit chambers

    PAGE 37CORRIDOR

    ca. 1625

    OrientationGreat Mosque,Cordoba, Spain

    Parallel spaces orient

    prayer toward the

    sacred representative

    object of the minbar,

    and Mecca. NP

    05

    1020

    m

    0 5 10m

    1450 Reorientation

    Monastery Church, Buxheim, Germany

    Passage and Ritual Divider: Outside the church

    proper, the corridor permits passage between

    monks quarters and church; after penetrating the

    sanctuary walls, the thickened section of the

    corridor screens between the choir and the more

    profane volume of the nave beyond. MW

    ca. 1625

    PilgrimageOld St. Peters Basilica,Rome, Italy

    The basilica plan incribes a counterclockwisepilgrimage path inside the larger space of communal worship. NP

    TANGENTIAL

    'ROUNDOORPLAN

    Section of corridorView to Lettner

    View of Corridor

    Space for bifurcation Space for separation

    PAGE CORRIDOR

    CORRIDOR TYPES?

    Screen-Screen-Floor-Screen-Screen

    Alle

    Screen-Floor-Screen

    Avenue

    Wall-Wall-Ceiling0.9m-1.3m

    Arcade

    Wall-Wall

    Labyrinth

    PAGE 15CORRIDOR

    Wall-Floor-Wall

    Highway/Railway

    g yg

    PAGE 30 CORRIDOR

    TYPOLOGY TRANSVERSAL

    ca. 1368 Shyun House, Beijing, China

    Spaceaa

    dd

    e

    bb

    c

    Axis: Principal ofarchitectural design in Chinese architecture Following axes believedto connect heaven(north) and earth(south), water (east) ANDREWESTWASTHEmajor principal of placemaking. (The dynamics of interacting forces of nature - Above) Axeswere usually enclosed by corridor or corridoricspace (similar to theCLOISTERADOFCIALbuildings for royalties& the rich / b: cavedwelling / c: houses forrich and moderate classpeople / e: palace(Chang, Chao-Kang, 1987)

    ca. 1100 BC Diagram of King City in Zhouli (Ritesof Zhou) Kaogongji(Record of Trades), China 34N

    710-794 Layout ofHeijokyo (Capital of the Nara Dynasty), Japan 34N

    618-907 Map of Xian (Capital of the TangDynasty), China 34N

    ca. 771-221 BC Layout of of Wangzheng city(the capital of the LaterZhou period), China, 34N

    ca. 206 BC-220 AD Ming Tang-CompositeRitual Hall (of Han Dynasty), Xian, China34N

    Axis Matters: From Cosmology to Urban Planning and Architecture

    1420 Forbidden Palace, Beijing, China 39N

    Cosmology & Symbolism In essence, the city was a kind of mandala where the emperor or the kingwas ruling from a correct position oforientation, i.e. from the center of the axis mundi. The city should be carefully laid out in accordance with a system of orientation which provided law andorder, as well as cosmologicalSIGNICANCE4HUSTHECOSMOMAGICALsymbolism of a capital city was both amatter of religion and politics. - TheSecret of Luo Shu: Numerology inChinese Art and Architecture. SdraSandby: Sweden, Berglund, Lars, 1990Cities (and also military camps) wereround or usually square, with a palaceand governmental buildings in themiddle, surrounded by a wall that hadgates in each cardinal direction. Themajority of cities in China, exceptthose limited by natural topographicfeatures, were oriented to the south, as dictated by the cosmological theorieswhere the cardinal points of the compass were represented symbolically. KJ+NP

    593 Shitenno-ji Temple, Osaka, Japan 34N

    PAGE 31CORRIDOR

    TANGENTIAL

    1660 Sapienza, Rome, Italy

    Space

    Control, Speed Matters: From short pathway for the runner to device of separation, escape

    1667 Coleshill Mansion, Berkshire, UK 51N

    1409 Cruciform hospital ward of S. Maria Nuova,Florence, Italy 43N

    1599 Trace Italienne 1854 Kirkbride Plan, UK

    Form of Connection, Separation and EscapeThe corridors main function of speedis derived its etymology. In the 14th century, the corridor was not a place,but a person. From currere, to run,THECORRIDRERSTDESCRIBEDACOURIERand eventually referred to the PATHWAYSABOVEFORTIEDWALLSWHICHenabled the transfer of messages. With the invention of the trace italienne FORTICATIONSYSTEMINTHETHCENTURYmilitary leaders relocated troops to ditches at the bottom of the wall. Thecorridor followed.In the 17th century, architectsinteriorized the corridor. By The 19thcentury corridoio described a passagewithin a building. The corridor ceasedto be an urban element, but stillmaintained a close relationship to the dimensions of the human body and the function of speed. But now it occurredwithin buildings rather than between them. Architects gradually abandonedthe corridor after its heyday in the 19th century. However, escalating building heights of the 20th century brought increasing demands exit corridor.Stephan Trueby

    1913 WoolworthBuilding, NYC, USA

    1565 Exclusive passage VasarisCorridor, Giorgio Vasari,Florence, Italy

    The exterior corridoioconnects Palazzo Pitti,on one side of the Arno River, with the PalazzoVecchio. The upper levelcorridor crosses thestreet privately abovethe Arno Bridge. MW

    1646 InteriorizedColossal Corridor TheCorsia Sistina, Hospitalof S. Spirito, Rome,Italy MW

    1277 Urban wallPassetto di Borgo, PopeNicholas III, Rome, Italy

    The 2,600 ft corridor, on top of a wall, serves asan escape route, linkingthe Vatican City withthe Castel SantAngelo.MW

    PAGE 12 CORRIDOR

    CORRIDOR TYPES

    Wall-Wall

    Corridio

    Column-Column-Ceiling

    [lng]

    Wall-Wall-Ceiling2.4m-2.6m

    Double-Loaded /Aligned

    Wall-Wall-Ceiling1.6m-2.2m

    Double-Loaded /Staggered

    Wall-Wall-Ceiling1.4m-1.8m

    Single-Loaded /

    gg

    Ingress

    Wall-Wall-Ceiling0.9m-1.3m

    Single-Loaded /

    gg

    Egress

    PAGE 13CORRIDOR

    Column-Wall-Ceiling

    [lng]

    Column-Wall-Ceiling

    [lng]

    Door-Wall-Door

    Gallery

    Door-Door-Door-Door

    %NLADE

    Column-Column-Column-Column

    Aisle

    Column-Wall-Ceiling

    [lng]

    PAGE 43CORRIDOR

    TANGENTIALSegmented Corridors Service corridors in English manor houses

    NDOORPLAN

    GROUNDOORPLAN view of corridors

    Corridor and universal requirement of privacy: Half a century later, when Robert Kerr was informing his readership of the perils attending throughfare rooms, the issue had been resolved once and for all: the corridor and the universal requirement of PRIVACYWERERMLYestablished and principles of planning could be advanced with more or less equal application to all dwellings in all circumstances: larger houses, small houses, servant quarters, family apartments, rooms for business, for leisure - these discriminations were subsidiary to the key distinction between route and destination that would henceforth pervade domestic planning. Kerr made diagrams that reduced house plans to these two categories of trajectory and position, proposing that their proper arrangement was the substratum upon which both architecture and domesticity were to be raised. ... Kerr, for his part, mobilized architecture in its entirely against the possibility of commotion and distraction, bringing to bear a range of tactics involving the meticulous planning and furnishing of each part of the building under a general strategy of compartmentalization on the other hand, coulpled with universal accessibility on the other.Evans, Robin, 1944-. 1997. Figures, Doors, and Passages, Translations fromDrawing to Building. Vol. 2. Cambridge,Mass.: MIT Press.

    Occupants of corridor

    - Nursery corridor

    - Woman Servants corridor

    - Transverse corridor

    - Butlers corridor

    - Mens corridor

    - Housekeepers corridor

    PSTOORPLAN

    1864

    SeparationBear Wood Manor, by Robert Kerr, Berkshire, UK

    1864 Westonbirt House, Gloucestershire, UK 1870 Hassobury House, Hertfordshire, UK

    Corridor and universal requirement of privacy

    PAGE 42 CORRIDOR

    HOUSES TRANSVERSAL

    A courtyard is an enclosed area and a private open spaces surrounded by walls or buildings. As the main architecture of Beijing people for generations, Beijing courtyard house is famous both home and abroad. Since the construction of capital of Yuan dynasty, Beijing courtyard houses were built up along with the palaces, GOVERNMENTOFCEstreet and Hutong. The courtyard is spacious; the houses are independent and connected by corridors.Editors, Echo: Continuation of Heavenly Creation in the Noisy Time, Urban China 27 (2008): 16

    ca.1368 - Present Coupling Shyun (Typical Courtyard House Typology), Beijing, China

    05

    1020m2

    1897 Path & ViewLus Salt Merchant House (),Yangzhou, China

    Parallel to, but inaccessible from, the physicalpath of travel, a visual corridor penetrates the deep plan, resolving long distance to reach the main hall along the 90m depth of the plan. KJ

    overlap of views from/to dark & light spaces

    view of corridor

    visual corridor'ROUNDOORPLAN

    Visual & Physical Corridors Chinese tradition of courtyard houses

    Aerial view of Shyun

    One row of interior space always meet with courtyard or small garden through the corridor as if todays duct space above your head do. About 70 meters deep typical housing in pre-modern beijing: the environment of interior space is supported by the collaboration between corridor-courtyard couple. KJ

    'ROUNDOORPLANANDWESTELEVATION

    Visual Corridora

    Visual Corridor C

    PAGE 39CORRIDOR

    Corridor revealedWall conceiling the corridor

    'ROUNDOORPLANNDOORPLAN

    TANGENTIAL

    1682 Secret Corridors

    Palace of Versailles, Louis le Vau, Jules Hardoin

    Mansart, France

    Frugal and communtarian compared to the

    AMBOYANTPUBLICSPACESOFTHE0ALACETHEsecret passages at Versailles initially permitted the

    discrete movement of servants and later

    became a refuge for the Royal Family themselves

    at the dawn of the Revolution. KJ+MW

    Secret Corridors Service Corridor, Secret Passage

    19th century visual corridors vs. service corridors (China vs. UK)

  • 15Elements of Architecture

    PAGE 149CORRIDOR

    1913 7OOLWORTH"UILDING.9#53!

    1930 -ANHATTAN#OMPNAY.9#53! 1930#HRYSLER"UILDING.9#53!

    d!IRPLANE#RASHBETWEENTHETHANDTHOORDEATHSANDINJURIES

    1908-19683INGER"UILDING.9#53! 1909 Metropolitan Life Tower (Clock Tower), .9#53!

    1931 %MPIRE3TATE"UILDING.9#53!

    d&IRESTTHOORSREGHTERSTOOKELEVATORSTOTHETHOORANDWALKEDOORSUPWORKERSONTHETHTHROUGHTHESTOORSwere evacuated as a precaution.

    2009 "URJ+HALIFA$UBAI5!%2004 Taipei 101, Taipei, Taiwan

    d"OMB4HREAT%VACUATION

    1998 Petronas Twin Tower, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

    d"OMB4HREAT%VACUATION 2005 Power Blackout Evacuation

    1974 Willis (Sears) Tower, Chicago, IL, USA

    2001 Evacuation - Pre-emptive Evacuation on 3EPTEMBER

    1973-20017ORLD4RADE#ENTER.9#53!

    2001 Airplane Crash - designed to withstand THEIMPACTOFA"OEINGAIRCRAFTBUTNOTTHE767s and 20000 gallons of jet fuel of the plans that hit them. 5000+ deaths.

    4HEWORLDmSTALLESTBUILDINGSPRESENT

    4HEFREEPLANSKYSCRAPERrSEEMINGLYANONCORRIDORTYPOLOGYrINEVITABLYREQUIRESTHEUSEOFCORRIDORSFOREVACUATION4HETYPICALPLANENABLESTHEFREEPLAN

    PAGE 153CORRIDOR

    Exit Sign

    x 21

    x 10 X

    x 96

    x 52

    x 260

    x 10X

    x 12

    x 56

    x 10

    x 6 x 56

    x 5

    X

    x 8

    x 105 x 26

    x 5

    x 5

    X

    X

    x 10

    x 16

    x 10

    x 28

    x 10

    x 8

    Elements of Corridor %QUIPMENTS%LEMENTSOF!RCHITECTURE

    Smoke Detector

    Fire Alarm

    Fire Hose

    Speaker

    7I-ODEM

    Glass

    Steel

    Brick

    Wall

    Glass Panel

    Wood Panel

    Glass

    Glass

    Ceiling

    Gypsum

    Column

    Concrete

    Door

    Wood

    Floor

    Vinyl Roll

    Stair

    Elevator

    #ABLE4RAY

    Camera

    Halogen Light

    Fluorescent Light

    Fire Resistance Door

    Fire Extinguisher

    Emergency Light

    Emergency Light Evacuation Map

    PAGE 148 CORRIDOR

    CODED IN THE CODETOWER CORRIDORS

    1965 Fire-rated corridors74#THOORPLANWITHFOOTHRERATEDCORRIDORSINTENANTspaces

    Egress corridors: WTC horizontal transfer CORRIDORSANDRERATEDcorridors on mechanical OORSAND

    4RAUMAAND#ODE

    Ineffective Corridors: Corridors stagnated the evacuation process on 9/11. After descending into the exit stairwells, occupants periodically encountered 10 to 100-foot horizontal transfer corridors on mechanical levels. By forcing the occupants to exit stair shafts, the meandering CORRIDORSCREATEDUNCERTAINTYANDCONTRIBUTINGTOTHESLOWDOWNWARDOWRATEOFONEOORPERMINUTE

    The NISC concluded that the transfer corridors reduced THELEGIBILITYOFTHEEGRESSROUTEPREVENTINGMOREoccupants from escaping. 7 years later in 2008, the )NTERNATIONAL#ODE#OUNCILAPPROVEDBUILDINGANDRECODEREVISIONSREECTINGTHE.)34RECOMMENDATIONSThough the 2009 International Building Code does not MAKECONSIDERABLECHANGESTOEGRESSCORRIDORSTHEedition restructured the document to emphasize evacuation devices. The International Code Council added Chapter 10, Means of Ineffective Corridors Egress, which dedicated an entire section to the corridor device - section 1016 Corridors.

    4HEENTIRECORRIDORBECAMEANINFERNOOUTSIDEOURFRONTDOOR3MOKEBEGANTOENTEROUROFCE4HEREWASALSODEBRISFALLING4HEREONTHEcorridor was at least 10 ft high, and it ran the ... good length of the corridor.4HEN)SAWAREBALLCOMEDOWNTHEELEVATORSHAFTANDBLEWTHEELEVATORDOORS4HEREBALLCAMERIGHTATMEITWASAREALLYBRIGHTCOLORo)NTERVIEW.)34OORS

    As I descended the stairs down to the Mezzanine Level, once or twice I had to exit the staircase through a door and go down a corridor in order to RECONNECTTOTHESAMESTAIRWELL)FOUNDTHISTOBEextremely disconcerting. Everyone who did this, STOPPEDBEFORETHEYEXITEDTHESTAIRCASETOMAKEsure they were doing the right thing. This slowed us down and there was concern that the door WOULDLOCKBEHINDUSo)NTERVIEW.)34OORS

    The corridor was dim. I also heard people SCREAMINGFROMTHE;NEARBY=OOR)FELTTHEHEATONMYFACEAND)THOUGHTTHATMYEYEBROWSWEREGOINGTOGETBURNED"LACKSMOKESTARTINGLLINGthe corridor, it got really dense really fast. )NTERVIEW.)34FROMTHES

    We descended on this stair until we got to the LANDINGBETWEENOORSAND4HELIGHTSNOWwent out in the stairwell. )ENTEREDTHETHOORand went down a corridor to a different staircase )mMNOTSUREWHICHSTAIRBUT)BELIEVEITWASTHEoriginal one I started out on). )NTERVIEW.)34OORS

    )NTERVIEWWITHSURVIVORSn9OURATTENTIONPLEASEyour attention please. !NIMPORTANTPUBLICaddress announcement WILLBEMADEINTHEMAINCORRIDOROFYOUROORINa few moments.

    WTC tower emergency announcement

    ,IKETHECORRIDRETHEarchitectural device transmitted emergency information. Emergency exit regulations required DEPUTYREWARDENSTOgather and account for THEOORmSOCCUPANTSINTHECORRIDORSBEFOREdescending into the egress stairwells.

    PAGE 152 CORRIDOR

    Speaker

    ENCODING: DEVICES OF THE CORRIDOR!.!4/-9/&!#/22)$/2Generic corridor: "UILDING$ELFT5NIVERSITYOF4ECHNOLOGY$ELFT.ETHERLANDS

    %LEMENTSOF#ORRIDOR%XPLODEDPERMANENTCOMPONENTSTHATMAKEAMLONGDOUBLELOADEDCORRIDOR

    Exit Sign

    Evacuation Map

    Fire Hose

    Fire Resistance Door

    Fire Extinguisher

    !NATOMYOFAMLONGDOUBLELOADEDCORRIDORINAUNIVERSITYBUILDINGCLEARLYREVEALSITScontemporary character in architecture: a safety device. !SETOFSAFETYDEVICESSMOKEDETECTORREEXTINGUISHERREALARMREHOSEETCAREONLYelements in architecture that are enforced to HAVESPECICCOLORDIMENSIONMATERIALANDNUMBERBYLAW4HESESAFETYDEVICESAREELEMENTSwithin element (= corridor), which maintain its independent position and determines the character of the corridor. KJ

    Smoke Detector

    Fire Alarm

    Emergency Light

    200m

    Interior urban networks, built on an infrastructure of corridors, permit citiesoften in extreme climactic or geographical settingsto expand horizontally on a new, virtual ground plane. From Hong Kong to Houston, the corridor-city formalizes an element of egress in the name of comfort.

    Corridors stagnated the evacuation process on 9/11. After descending into the exit stairwells, occupants periodically encountered 10 to 100-foot horizontal transfer corridors on mechanical levels. By forcing the occupants to exit stair shafts, the meandering corridors contributed to the TMPXEPXOXBSEnPXSBUFPGFTDBQF

    PAGE 125CORRIDOR

    CORRIDOR-DRIVEN LANDSCAPEWARTIME CORRIDORS

    1914World War I : TheCorridor War

    Trenches in the street ofa Flanders townPhoto: Hulton Archive/Getty Images

    1939World War II & the Danzig Corridor

    Nazi Propaganda concerning the DanzigCorridor

    Danzig Corridor

    )F7ORLD7AR)WASTHERSTTRULYCODDIDORICWARrTYPIEDBYTHEDIGGINGOFTRENCHESFORBATTLErBY7ORLD7AR))THEALLIANCEBETWEENTHETERMlCORRIDORmANDCONICTHADBECOMEFULLYCEMENTEDin the cultural conscious.

    The so-called Danzig, or Polish, Corridor,DESCRIBEDIN'ERMAN.ATIONALISTPROPAGANDAOFTHESWASUSEDTODESCRIBETHESTRIPOFLANDthrough German-claimed territories linking Polandwith the Baltic Sea. The use of Corridor, wuth its KINETICMENINGSRATHERTHANREGIONTODESCRIBEthe land, was controversial in Poland, who claimeda more static notion of dwelling on the site. NP

    1939Line in the Corridor

    Military formation duringthe Nazi-led invasion ofthe Danzig Corridor.

    PARANOIA

    PAGE 127CORRIDOR

    Garden Cities of TerrorThe Corridic form of Victorian 5TOPIANCITYPLANNINGrNOTABLY%BENEZER(OWARDmS'ARDEN#ITYrRETURNSINTHEDYSTOPIANstrategy of the Life Belt. NP

    Life Belt: Form of collective fear&OLLOWING7ORLD7AR))THEIMAGEOF(IROSHIMArINVENTEDINTHECORRIDORSOFTHE0ENTAGONrANDTHETHREATOFINSTANTANEOUSURBANDESTRUCTIONCONTRIBUTEDTOADYSTOPIANELDOFURBANPLANNINGWHOSEPRIMARYSTUDYWASTHENEEDFORESCAPE!NURBANDESIGNSCHEMEPROPOSEDBY-)4PROFESSOR.ORBERT7EINERANDPUBLISHEDINTHEmass-medium of TIME Magazine illustrates a rational SOLUTIONTOBOMBINGTHEDECENTRALIZATIONOFURBANLIFETOSUBURBIACONNECTEDVIAASOCALLEDn,IFE"ELTo!NATTEMPTto avoid the apocalyptic disaster to a dense city formally RESUSCITATEDTHERADIALPLANNINGOF%BENEZER(OWARDmS'ARDEN#ITYOFTHEPREVIOUSCENTURY4HELIFEBELTAWIDEnetwork of corridoric space was envisioned as a huge life vest of the society, which can save millions of lives from the hell. NP

    (OW53#ITIES#AN0REPAREFOR!TOMIC7ARn,IFEBELTSAROUNDCITIESWOULDPROVIDEAPLACEFORBOMBEDOUTREFUGEESTOGOo-)4PROFESSORSSUGGESTABOLDPLANTOPREVENTPANICANDLIMITDESTRUCTION,)&%$ECEMBERPAGE-)40ROFESSOR.ORBERT7IENER

    PAGE 126 CORRIDOR

    CORRIDOR-DRIVEN LANDSCAPEWARTIME CORRIDORS

    The change in paradigms fromnationalized to denationalised warfare LEFTAGIGANTICBUILDINGINITSWAKErthe Pentagon in Arlington near7ASHINGTON$#LTWASBUILTWITHTHEpurpose ofwinning nothing less than theSecond WorldWar. Itscompletion marksthe emergence of THE RSTATOMICsuper power. The Pentagon is not only the largestBUILDINGINTHEWORLDBUTALSOITSdesign andconstruction are unsurpassed in the speed in which theywere carried out.

    /NTH3EPTEMBERNOTEVENtwo months after the War Department ANNOUNCEDTHEIRINTENTIONTOBUILDCONSTRUCTIONWORKBEGAN4HEREWASno ceremony, no photographs, ABSOLUTELYNOTHING%VERYBODYSIMPLYgot down to work. Architect GeorgeEdwin Bergstrms workforceCONSISTEDOFARCHITECTSSTRUCTURALENGINEERSMECHANICALENGINEERSELECTRICALENGINEERSDRAINAGEEXPERTSANDANUMBEROFother specialists. The extent ofORGANISATIONALPROBLEMSANDPRESSUREon the individual, was immense. Two architects died of heart attacks, twoconstruction workers in accidentsinvolving concrete, one worker is SUPPOSEDTOHAVEBEENDISCOVEREDcast in cement, the other is said tohave fallen in a ditch full of concretewhich had not yet set.

    At the end of this chaotic period anextraordinary layout of corridors hadBEENPRODUCEDLNSPITEOFTHEFACTTHATthe total length of corridors amounted to 17.5 miles (28.2 kilometres) one only needed a maximum of seven minutes

    to reach one point from another. Admittedly this kind of architectureINITIALLYHADITSDRAWBACKSASFARASorientation was concerned. Themagazine Life compared Pentagon

    staff with rats in aBEHAVIOURALscientists LABYRINTH4HEArchitectural Forum was more convinced and WROTEINHere is the picture of a future architecture in WHICHBUILDINGWILLBELINKEDTOTHEIRUSERSBYSMOOTHOWINGTRAFCnetworks.

    An extremely EFCIENTANDSTALWARTMANAGER,ESLIEGrove, was promoted following hisorganisation of the Pentagons construction site to military director ofTHE-ANHATTAN0ROJECTrTHATFORMIDABLEANDTOPSECRETRESEARCHproject which eventually was to PRODUCETHEATOMBOMBANDTHUSBRINGABOUTTHEENDOFthe 2nd World War.

    The PentagonMARKSTHE NALhypostasis ofCENTRALITYBEFOREdecentralizing tendencies in military thinking TOOKTHE OOR4HEdevelopment of ARPAnet, the precursor to theInternet whichcleverly linkedscatteredheadquarters with leading US universities, wouldHAVEBEENINCONCEIVABLE

    without the nuclear threat.

    4HESUBSTITUTIONOFTHEONELARGECENTREthrough many small centres starts withthe most important war room in the Pentagon. During the First World Warthe US War Departments were to alarge extent stationed in France, in theSecond World War however, themajority of Allied military operations were increasingly supervised fromWashington.1 Worldwide operationspivoted around the so-called Signal#ENTERONTHE FTH OOROFTHEINNERPentagon ring. The largest communications facility of its time, this ELEGANTROOMWITHITS UORESCENTSURFACESWASABLETOTRANSMIT VEmillion words per day. The SignalCenter was the ultimate centre in theperiphery. And the last of its kind.

    %8)4!2#()4%#452%$ESIGNBETWEENWARANDPEACE3TEPHAN4RUBY

    1942 Standing guard in a still-under-construction CORRIDOR0ICTUREBY-YRON$AVIS

    PAGE 133CORRIDOR

    %FCIENT0LANSIN$EFENSIBLECorridors

    An administrative cost-cutting decision in St. Louis Pruitt-Igoe housing complex (1952-55, HOK/Minoru 9AMASAKICONCENTRATEDCORRIDORSONTOOVERYTHIRDOOR!BSENTTERRITORIALoversight, the corridors, serving up to 150 residents, quickly deteriorated into anonymous, crime-ridden gauntlets; following the projects demolition, theHEIGHTOFTHEBUILDINGSIFNOTALLOFmodernism, was critiqued in anti-CORRIDICnDEFENSIBLESPACEoTHEORIES

    /SCAR.EWMAN$EFENSIBLE3PACE

    &OLLOWINGATHREEYEAROBSERVATIONALSTUDY.EWMANmSAUTOPSYOF0RUITT)GOEBLAMEDexcessivley long, unpatrolled corridors for THEPROJECTmSDEMISE0RUITT)GOEBECAMETHETOTEMFORANTIMODERNSENSIBILITIESCORRIDORSSEEMINGLYTOBLAMEFORTHEDEATHOFmodernism.

    1952-1972

    /CTOBERHousing Study: High2ISE(IGH#RIMEoBY

    Jack Rosenthal, The .EW9ORK4IMES

    PAGE 132 CORRIDOR

    82m

    1972Corviale ProjectRome, ItalyMario Fiorentino

    !MOORCORRIDORSEPARATESTWOPARALLELSTRUCTURESTHEFOURTHOORMEANTASASTREETINTHESKYWASQUICKLYTAKENOVERBYSQUATTERS

    CODED IN THE CODESTREET FOR LIVING

    0LANOFTYPICALRESIDENTIALOOR

    958m

    260m1952Pedregulho Housing,Rio de Janeiro, BrazilAffonso Reidy

    260m of single-loaded corridor, separated fromthe elements through a porous screen wall.

    Sigfried Giedion: A simple example of how every CITYSHOULDBEBUILTo &RENCH(ILARY

    Walter Gropius: according to his wifes notes, was nINLOVEoWITHTHEBUILDINGANDSAIDTHATITISnAMODELNOTONLYFOR"RAZILBUTFORTHEWORLDo

    )NNITE#ORRIDORS

    The increasing scale of Modernist social housing in the twentieth century was INEXTRICABLYTIEDTOTHEUSEOFTHECORRIDOROFTENINNEWARRANGEMENTSTHATTRIEDTOBREAKTHEANONYMITYOFTHEDOUBLELOADEDCORRIDOR4HEFAILUREOFTHESEMODELSBECAMEANINDICTMENTOFTHECORRIDORrWHETHERDESERVEDORNOT NP

    1928-1932.ARKOMN"UILDINGMoscow, Russia-OISEI'INZBURG

    Wide, single-loaded corridor

    PAGE 146 CORRIDOR

    CORRIDOR-CITIES

    4HE4OWERmS4WIN

    )NTERIORURBANNETWORKSBUILTONANinfrastructure of corridors, permit CITIESrOFTENINEXTREMECLIMACTICORGEOGRAPHICALSETTINGSrTOEXPANDhorizontally on a new, virtual ground plane. From Hong Kong to Houston, the corridor-city formalizes an elementof egress in the name of comfort. NP

    1970s-80sPeachtree Center, AtlantaAxonometric View of Circulation Networks

    &ROM)NTERIOR5RBANISM0ORTMAN3PACE#HARLESRice and Alina McConnochie, 2010

    5NDERGROUND(OUSTON4EXAS53!Underground tunnel systemDOWNTOWNBLOCKS#OORDINATESmmm.mmm74EMPERATURE2ANGE##

    3KYWAY-INNEAPOLIS-INNESOTA53!%LEVATEDPRIVATELYOWNEDSYSTEMOFBRIDGES$OWNTOWNBLOCKS#OORDINATESm.m74EMPERATURE2ANGE##

    23/,A6ILLE3OUTERRAINIAN-ONTREALMultiple-level underground system 60 separate complexes #OORDINATESm.m74EMPERATURE2ANGE##

    0EACHTREE#ENTER!TLANTA'EORGIA53!Spatially independent system 4UBESANDLOBBIESPERCEPTIONOFCRIME#OORDINATESm.m74EMPERATURE2ANGE##

    #ENTRAL-ID,EVELS%SCALATORS(ONG+ONGKinetic system of escalatorsSteep terrain#OORDINATESm.m%4EMPERATURE2ANGE##

    3HINJUKU4OKYO*APANGrade-Separated shopping district Connection to Metro and Train networks#OORDINATESm.mmm74EMPERATURE2ANGE##

    4RACEDOVERITSHOSTCITYANDINSTRUMENTALIZEDTHROUGHTHECORRIDORINTERIORURBANNETWORKSOPERATEACROSSAwide scalar gradient

    PAGE 150 CORRIDOR

    #ORRIDORINTHE3KY

    Image Sources: Imagining Ground Zero: The/FCIALAND5NOFCIAL0ROPOSALSFORTHE7ORLDTrade Center Site (Architectural Record Book)

    &ORMALIZINGTHEESCAPEROUTEOUTOFOFCIALPROPOSALSFORTHENEW7ORLD4RADE#ENTERCONTAINEDASKYBRIDGEOSTENSIBILYTOCALMPUBLICFEARSABOUTTHESAFETYOFTALLBUILDINGS7//$!.4/.9!.$0(),)0OLDFIELD. 2007)

    2002 4EAM4().+.9#53!

    2002 &OSTERAND0ARTNERS.9#53!

    2002 0ETER%ISENMANETAL.9#53!

    2002 4EAM5NITED!RCHITECTS.9#53! 2002 ,IFE3AFETY$IAGRAMBY0ETER%ISENMANCharles Gwathmey, Steven Holl and Richard Meier( Richard Meier & Partners Architects, from.ORDENSONAND2ILEY

    CODED IN THE CODETOWER CORRIDORS

    )NSTRUCTION6IDEO4HE0ORT!UTHORITYOF.9.*74#Fire Escape Drill, World Trade CenterFire Prevention and Life SafetyDivision3OURCEHTTPWWWYOUTUBECOMWATCHVLA9.M9.W

    )NANEMERGENCYEVACUATIONTHEREDEPARTMENTCOULDORDERACTIVATIONOFTHESMOKEPURGESYSTEM4HISSYSTEMDRAWSSMOKEANDFUMESFROMTENANTAREASANDSIMULTANEOUSLYPUMPSFRESHAIRINTOCORRIDORSENABLINGOCCUPANTSTOTRAVELTOTHESTAIRWAY3OURCEHTTPWWWYOUTUBECOMWATCHVLA9.M9.

    PAGE 137CORRIDOR

    Space Syntax!BSENCEOFnPLACEo.ETWORKDIAGRAMSREPRESENTTHEEGRESSANDACCESSCAPABILITYOFACOMPARTMENTALISEDOORPLANS4OPOLOGICALgraphs model depth and relative asymmetry tocalculate the egress complexity of corridor types.The corridor is reduced to a set of nodes andlinks.

    Mathematical translation: Seeding arrangementsOFOORPLANCOMPARTMENTS-ATRICESOFinterconnected rooms, single-loaded corridorsANDDOUBLELOADEDCORRIDORSHAVEVARYINGquantities of depth (of exit nodes) and choice. Bysimulating and assessing the route complexity,researchers compare the required evacuationTIMESFOREACHOORPLAN

    Gillian E. Livesey and Anthony Donegan,Addressing Normalisation in the Pursuit of#OMPARABLE)NTEGRATIONoIN0ROCEEDINGSOFTHETH)NTERNATIONAL3PACE3YNTAX3YMPOSIUM

    Analysis: Simulations of egress complexity and congestion in hospital corridors.

    Alper Unlu, Gokhan Ulken and Erincik Edgu, A Space Syntax Based Model in Evacuation ofHospitals, in Proceedings of the 5th International Space Syntax Symposium (2005)

    2004 Passenger Boarding Bridge with Laterally !DJUSTABLE#AB0ORTIONBY.EIL(UTTONUnited States Patent

    PAGE 136 CORRIDOR

    #ORRIDOR4HE)NSCRIBED0ATHOFA3OLDIER

    -ILITARYTRACES4HERSTCORRIDORSOFTHETHCENTURYWEREPATHWAYSALONGFORTIEDwalls. Designers dimensioned the passageaccommodate the moving path of a militarymessenger. The present day egress-corridor ISBASEDONAINCHUNITAMEASUREMENTOFSOLDIERSSTANDINGINALINEFROM"OTHTHEcorridor device and the original corridore trace theMOVEMENTSOFASOLDIERmSBODY

    )NSCRIPTIONOFTHEBODY%GRESSANDRESAFETYcodes use a 22 inch unit to accommodate theSHOULDERWIDTHOFOCCUPANTS4HESTANDARDinch corridor is intended to accommodate two lines of occupants.

    2ESPONSETO&IREThe corridor device is rooted indisaster, and the emergence of BUILDINGREGULATIONSCANBETRACEDTOTHERSTRECODES4HEINVENTIONOFTHEELEVATORSAFETYBREAKWHICHENABLEDTHEWIDESPREADimplementation of the elevator, BROUGHTABOUTTHERSTSKYSCRAPERSIN#HICAGO3IMULTANEOUSLY.EW9ORKCity witnessed a proliferation oftenements, which eventually grew tallerTHANREDEPARTMENTLADDERS!FTERAREINTRAPPEDANDKILLEDTENPEOPLEONTHEUPPEROORSOFABUILDING.EW9ORKmSARCHITECTSCREATEDTHERSTCOMPREHENSIVEBUILDINGCODEBYCOMPOSITEDVARIOUSEXISTINGRULESWITHNEWBUILDINGREGULATIONS4HECITYmSRSTEXITLAWSAPPLIEDONLYTOTENEMENTHOUSINGPRESCRIBINGEITHERone protected egress stairway or two EXITPOINTS)NAREDESTROYEDTHE7INDSOR(OTELIN.EW9ORK$ESPITEAVAILABLEESCAPEROUTESTHEWIDECORRIDORSLLEDWITHSMOKETRAPPINGguests in their hotel rooms. Fearingthat primary circulation corridors could endanger occupants in disastersituations, legislators encouraged the isolation and specialization of egresssystems.

    Sara Wermiel, No Exit - The Rise and Demise ofthe Outside Fire Escape, Technology and Culture

    VOLNO

    The 44-inch CorridorCoded corridor dimensions are derivedFROMEXITSTAIRWIDTHS)NTHENational Fire Protection Associations(NFPA) Committee on Fireproof #ONSTRUCTIONRECOMMENDTHEINCHexit stair. The committee referencedTHE.EW9ORK3TATE$EPARTMENTOF,ABORmSLAWWHICHPRESCRIBEDAminimum stair width of 22 inches.

    4HEEGRESSCORRIDORBORROWSITSWIDTHdimension from the Life Safety Code, WHICHCODIEDTHE.&0!mSRECOMMENDATIONS4HEINCH

    standard supports two lines of people

    APATHOFEEINGOCCUPANTSANDTHECOUNTEROWOFREGHTERS4HEstandard corridor unit is a 22-inch shoulder width derived from queueing soldiers. Before the coded corridorBECAMEASSOCIATEDWITHSPEEDANDEGRESSTIMESITWASBOUNDTOTHEanthropometric dimensions of a human BODY,IKETHECORRIDRETHECOVEREDWAYATOPFORTIEDWALLSTHEEGRESScorridor traced the movement of a soldier. The archetypal element and the LATERDEVICEAREBOTHINSCRIBEDWITHmilitary dimensions.

    Richard W. Bukowski, NIST Technical Note%MERGENCY%GRESSFROM"UILDINGS0ART1: History and Current Regulations for EgressSystems Design (Maryland: NIST Building and Fire

    2ESEARCH,ABORATORY

    1899 Pre-code: smokey grand corridors endangerOCCUPANTSIN.9#mS7INDSOR(OTELANDALLOTHERBURNINGBUILDINGSPRIORTOTHEINVENTIONOFspecialized life safety code and egress devices.

    !REDESTROYED.EW9ORK#ITYmS7INDSOR(OTELIN4HEBUILDINGmSWIDECORRIDORSANDSTAIRCASESLLEDWITHSMOKETRAPPINGGUESTSINTHEIRHOTELrooms. Without any alternate escape route,FOURTEENPEOPLEDIEDINTHEREANDFTYTWOSUFFEREDINJURIES0RESENT.9#BUILDINGCODErequires a separate, specialized evacuation route. Coded egress corridors cannot supply, return,exhaust, or ventilate air.

    Sara Wermiel, No Exit - The Rise and Demise of the Outside Fire Escape, Technology and CultureVOLNO

    CODED IN THE CODECODES AND BUILDING FORM

    PAGE 139CORRIDOR

    0OSSIBLE-AXIMUM,ENGTH-INIMUM7IDTHOFCORRIDORSBYBUILDINGCODE

    IBC 2000

    NFPA 101 Life Safety Code - 1999

    IBC 2012

    NFPA 101 Life Safety Code - 2006

    Hong Kong 1996

    Hong Kong 2011

    India 1986

    South Africa 1990

    Corridor

    Dead-End Corridor

    Stair Location

    66.1m / 15.2m / 1.58m

    65.3m / 6.2m / 1.58m

    65.3m / 6.2m / 1.58m

    64.3m / 6.3m / 1.58m

    59.5m / 15.2m / 1.43m56.1m / 10.2m / 1.58m

    51.3m / 14.7m / 3.0m

    51.3m / 14.7m / 3.0m

    49.6m / 10.3m / 1.69m

    49.6m / 10.3m / 1.69m

    44.5m / 11.5m / 1.43m41.9m / 6.3m / 1.15m

    31.3m / 6.1m / 1.43m29.9m / 5.8m / 2.58m

    Australia 1988

    South Africa 2011

    Australia 2007Sort by ranking of length

    Sort by ranking country & year

    Criteria10th floor of a hotel building with maximum occupancy of 100 peopleRoom size = 5.6m x 5.6m & 5.5m x 6.5m

    India 2005

    Saudi Arabia 2007

    Guyana 2005

    IBC 2000

    NFPA 101 Life Safety Code - 2006

    IBC 2012

    NFPA 101 Life Safety Code - 1999

    Hong Kong 2011

    Hong Kong 1996

    India 1986

    South Africa 199066.1m / 15.2m / 1.58m

    65.3m / 6.2m / 1.58m

    65.3m / 6.2m / 1.58m

    64.3m / 6.3m / 1.58m

    59.5m / 15.2m / 1.43m

    56.1m / 10.2m / 1.58m

    51.3m / 14.7m / 3.0m

    51.3m / 14.7m / 3.0m

    49.6m / 10.3m / 1.69m

    49.6m / 10.3m / 1.69m

    44.5m / 11.5m / 1.43m

    41.9m / 6.3m / 1.15m

    31.3m / 6.1m / 1.43m

    29.9m / 5.8m / 2.58m

    Australia 1988

    South Africa 2011

    Australia 2007

    India 2005

    Saudi Arabia 2007

    Guyana 2005

    PAGE 138 CORRIDOR

    CODED IN THE CODECODES AND BUILDING FORM)NTERNATIONAL$ENITIONOF#ORRIDOR

    Corridor: An enclosed exit access component THATDENESANDPROVIDESAPATHOFEGRESSTRAVELMeans of Egress: A continuous and UNOBSTRUCTEDPATHOFVERTICALANDHORIZONTALegress travel from any occupied portion of a BUILDINGORSTRUCTURETOAPUBLICWAY!MEANSOFegress consists of three separate and distinct parts: the exit access, the exit and the exit discharge.- IBC (International Building Code), International Code Council, 2012

    0OSSIBLEEGRESSCORRIDORVARIATIONDRAWINGS: Following IBC

    variation 01

    variation 02

    VARIATION

    VARIATION

    Egress Width Timeline

    1913 the National Fire Protection Associations(NFPA) Committee on Fireproof Construction RECOMMENDSTHEINCHEXITSTAIR

    1913 .EW9ORK3TATE$EPARTMENTOF,ABORmSLAWPRESCRIBESAMINIMUMSTAIRWIDTHOFINCHESANDAMAXIMUMOCCUPANTLOADOFPEOPLEPEROOR

    1927 THESEnRECOMMENDATIONSoBECOMEregulations under the NFPA Building Exits Code (NFPA 101-T), later known as the Life SafetyCode.

    1935 the National Bureau of Standards (NBS, the present National Institute of Standards and4ECHNOLOGY.)3#PUBLISHESTHEINCHEGRESSsystem in Design and Construction of Building%XITSCORRELATINGEGRESSWIDTHWITHOWRATES

    mS US model codes adopt the NBSreport and NFPA 101 until the mode 1980s.

    MIDmSTHEINCHUNITWASABANDONEDBUTTHEINCHSTANDARDWASRETAINED0RESENTDAYEGRESSnDESIGNoCORRELATESWIDTHDETERMINEDBYoccupant loads) with discharge rates.

    1997 the International Code Council (ICC) PUBLISHESTHE)NTERNATIONAL"UILDING#ODE)"#WITHAINCHMINIMUMCORRIDORWIDTH

    Building code drives the form of the corridor. To accommodate two queues of occupants, codePRESCRIBESAMINIMUMWIDTHOFINCHESANDa minimum height of 7.5 feet. The passage is CONTINUOUSANDUNOBSTRUCTEDFROMTHEPOINTOFENTRYTOTHEPOINTOFDISCHARGE3PANNINGBETWEENTWOEXITSTHECORRIDORMUSTBEATLEASTONHALFTHElength of the overall diagonal dimension of theBUILDING#ODERESTRICTSDEADENDSTOFEETANDprevents intervening rooms from disrupting thecontinuity of the corridor.The egress corridor is a continuous, extruded DOORWAYWHEREnEXITINGoBECOMESTHEPRIMARYfunction. Omnipresent signs, spaced every 100FEETGUARANTEETHEVISIBILITYANDLEGIBILITYOFEXITPOINTS"UILDINGCODEREDENESTHECORRIDORASANattenuated escape device. MW

    4" 4"

    3'8"

    6'8"

    2'3"

    exit sign

    obstruction zone

    slip resistant surface

    fire rated material

    3'8"

    3'0"

    3'8"

    4"4"

    0333 0"3'03'0"3'03

    88"3333'8"3'833'83'3

    4" 4"

    3'8"

    3'0"

    3'8"

    0"0"'03'033'3

    8'8"8"3'83'833

    2012).4m,"5),$).'#/$%).4m,#/$%#/5.#),Chapter 10 - Means of Egress, SECTION 1018 CORRIDORS

    2012).4m,"5),$).'#/$%).4m,#/$%#/5.#),Chapter 10 - Means of Egress,SECTION 1018 CORRIDORS

    )MAGINARYFORMOFCORRIDORACCORDINGTOTHE)"#

    section

    plan

    3'8"

    20'0"

    [OVERALL DIAGONAL DIMENSION OF BUILDING] / 2

    100 BETWEEN EXIT SIGNSNS

    1010

    20'0"

    [OVERALL DIAGONAL DIMENSION OF BUILDING]GG / 2/

    1011 0 BETWEEN EXIT SIGNSSS

    3'8"

    [OVERALL DIAGONAL DIMENSION OF BUILDING] / 2

    100 BETWEEN EXIT SIGNSS

    3'8"

    20'0"

    20'0"

    3'8"

    [OVERALL DIAGONAL DIMENSION OF BUILDING] / 2

    100 BETWEEN EXIT SIGNSNS

    10

    PAGE 153CORRIDOR

    Exit Sign

    x 21

    x 10 X

    x 96

    x 52

    x 260

    x 10X

    x 12

    x 56

    x 10

    x 6 x 56

    x 5

    X

    x 8

    x 105 x 26

    x 5

    x 5

    X

    X

    x 10

    x 16

    x 10

    x 28

    x 10

    x 8

    Elements of Corridor %QUIPMENTS%LEMENTSOF!RCHITECTURE

    Smoke Detector

    Fire Alarm

    Fire Hose

    Speaker

    7I-ODEM

    Glass

    Steel

    Brick

    Wall

    Glass Panel

    Wood Panel

    Glass

    Glass

    Ceiling

    Gypsum

    Column

    Concrete

    Door

    Wood

    Floor

    Vinyl Roll

    Stair

    Elevator

    #ABLE4RAY

    Camera

    Halogen Light

    Fluorescent Light

    Fire Resistance Door

    Fire Extinguisher

    Emergency Light

    Emergency Light Evacuation Map

    PAGE 152 CORRIDOR

    Speaker

    ENCODING: DEVICES OF THE CORRIDOR!.!4/-9/&!#/22)$/2Generic corridor: "UILDING$ELFT5NIVERSITYOF4ECHNOLOGY$ELFT.ETHERLANDS

    %LEMENTSOF#ORRIDOR%XPLODEDPERMANENTCOMPONENTSTHATMAKEAMLONGDOUBLELOADED CORRIDOR

    Exit Sign

    Evacuation Map

    Fire Hose

    Fire Resistance Door

    Fire Extinguisher

    !NATOMYOFAMLONGDOUBLELOADEDCORRIDORINAUNIVERSITYBUILDINGCLEARLYREVEALSITScontemporary character in architecture: a safetydevice. !SETOFSAFETYDEVICESSMOKEDETECTORREEXTINGUISHERREALARMREHOSEETCAREONLYelements in architecture that are enforced toHAVESPECICCOLORDIMENSIONMATERIALANDNUMBERBYLAW4HESESAFETYDEVICESAREELEMENTSwithin element (= corridor), which maintainits independent position and determines thecharacter of the corridor. KJ

    Smoke Detector

    Fire Alarm

    Emergency Light

    200m

    9.2m

    PAGE 149CORRIDOR

    1913 7OOLWORTH"UILDING.9#53!

    1930-ANHATTAN#OMPNAY.9#53! 1930#HRYSLER"UILDING.9#53!

    d!IRPLANE#RASHBETWEENTHETHANDTHOORDEATHSANDINJURIES

    1908-19683INGER"UILDING.9#53! 1909 Metropolitan Life Tower (Clock Tower),.9#53!

    1931 %MPIRE3TATE"UILDING.9#53!

    d&IRESTTHOORSREGHTERSTOOKELEVATORSTOTHETHOORANDWALKEDOORSUPWORKERSONTHETHTHROUGHTHESTOORSwere evacuated as a precaution.

    2009 "URJ+HALIFA$UBAI5!%2004 Taipei 101, Taipei, Taiwan

    d"OMB4HREAT%VACUATION

    1998 Petronas Twin Tower, Kuala Lumpur,Malaysia

    d"OMB4HREAT%VACUATION 2005 Power Blackout Evacuation

    1974 Willis (Sears) Tower, Chicago, IL, USA

    2001 Evacuation - Pre-emptive Evacuation on 3EPTEMBER

    1973-20017ORLD4RADE#ENTER.9#53!

    2001 Airplane Crash - designed to withstand THEIMPACTOFA"OEINGAIRCRAFTBUTNOTTHE767s and 20000 gallons of jet fuel of the plans that hit them. 5000+ deaths.

    4HEWORLDmSTALLESTBUILDINGSPRESENT

    4HEFREEPLANSKYSCRAPERrSEEMINGLYANONCORRIDORTYPOLOGYrINEVITABLYREQUIRESTHEUSEOFCORRIDORSFOREVACUATION4HETYPICALPLANENABLESTHEFREEPLAN

    PAGE 148 CORRIDOR

    CODED IN THE CODETOWER CORRIDORS

    1965 Fire-rated corridors74#THOORPLANWITHFOOTHRERATEDCORRIDORS


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Transmedia JI

Transmedia JI

bwbw Twkur isMG jI dy jIvn dIAW JlkIAW - Akaal Publishers · dy jIvn dIAW JlkIAW ieh bwbw Twkur isMG jI dw sMKyp sic`qr jIvn, bwbw jI ... isMG jI Aqy mwqw pRym kOr jI dI ku`KoN hoieAw[

bwbw Twkur isMG jI dy jIvn dIAW JlkIAW - Akaal Publishers · dy jIvn dIAW JlkIAW ieh bwbw Twkur isMG jI dw sMKyp sic`qr jIvn, bwbw jI ... isMG jI Aqy mwqw pRym kOr jI dI ku`KoN hoieAw[

Reporters: JI Tabajonda, Jennifer M. JI Vio, Rachel Louise S.

Reporters: JI Tabajonda, Jennifer M. JI Vio, Rachel Louise S.

Waheguru Ji Ka Khalsa Waheguru Ji Ki Fateh!

Waheguru Ji Ka Khalsa Waheguru Ji Ki Fateh!

March - April 2020 - RajRAS · covering Ekling Ji, Shrinath Ji, Dwarakadhish ji and Charbhuja Ji as Char Dham of Mewar. Banasthali Vidyapith: Banasthali Vidyapith has become Rajasthan’s

March - April 2020 - RajRAS · covering Ekling Ji, Shrinath Ji, Dwarakadhish ji and Charbhuja Ji as Char Dham of Mewar. Banasthali Vidyapith: Banasthali Vidyapith has become Rajasthan’s

@let@token Franz Halter-Koch's contributions to ideal ... › ideals2014 › slides › fontana.pdf · I x0 JI x1 JI x2 JI x3 JI x4 J x0. Introduction What is now called Multiplicative

@let@token Franz Halter-Koch's contributions to ideal ... › ideals2014 › slides › fontana.pdf · I x0 JI x1 JI x2 JI x3 JI x4 J x0. Introduction What is now called Multiplicative

JI ROOF PIR - Joris Ide · The JI Roof PIR can be produced in a multitude of lengths. JI Roof PIR in agricultural projects. JI Roof PIR used in a renovation project. JI Roof PIR Insulated

JI ROOF PIR - Joris Ide · The JI Roof PIR can be produced in a multitude of lengths. JI Roof PIR in agricultural projects. JI Roof PIR used in a renovation project. JI Roof PIR Insulated

CO2place - CDM/JI Management & Carbon Credit Portfolio Analysis Software

CO2place - CDM/JI Management & Carbon Credit Portfolio Analysis Software

Unit 3 By Ji Hongjuan By Ji Hongjuan What’s for breakfast?

Unit 3 By Ji Hongjuan By Ji Hongjuan What’s for breakfast?

vwihgurU jI kw Kwlsw vwihgurU jI kI Piqh ]

vwihgurU jI kw Kwlsw vwihgurU jI kI Piqh ]

Urinary System Ji-Cheng Li Urinary System Ji-Cheng Li.

Urinary System Ji-Cheng Li Urinary System Ji-Cheng Li.

Hikone - Japan National Tourism Organization · Saikaku-ji Temple Daishi-dera Temple Honchi-ji Temple Daishin-ji Temple Junsho-ji Temple Joun-ji Temple Zenkyo-ji Temple Gantsu-ji

Hikone - Japan National Tourism Organization · Saikaku-ji Temple Daishi-dera Temple Honchi-ji Temple Daishin-ji Temple Junsho-ji Temple Joun-ji Temple Zenkyo-ji Temple Gantsu-ji