Post on 07-May-2017
NUTRITION AND IMMUNE
Diah Krisnansari
IMMUNE SYSTEM Immune = ‘immunis’ (Latin) = exempt from
duties or taxes Immune system = comprised of cells and
proteins, and tissues that support them, that react with molecular structures that pose a threat to the integrity of the host
Immunity = a defense system Protects body from infectious agents and toxins Enables the body to repair damaged cells Rids the body of worn-out cells
IMMUNE SYSTEM
Humans: > 1560 genes (= 7% of the genome) contribute to the immune defense Barrier functions of the epithelia, innate andadaptive immune responses, ontological development of the immune system
Immune system is part of the host sensory capabilities = specialized in sensing noxious threats from foreign molecular structures
NUTRITION AND THE IMMUNESYSTEM • Malnutrition weakens immune system • First line of defense (skin, mucous, cells of
GItract) break-down allowing more antigens toinvade inside the body
• Insufficient protein intake decreases immune cell number
• When T-cell number decreases regulatory Tcells
Nutrition interact with animal immune system (Pring and Ahmed,1993)Micronutrients (Minerals and Vitamins)
Minerals Zn, Cu,Cr.Se,Mn, Fe,CoVitamins like E,beta carotene and vitamin A,Vitamin C
Stress conditionThe requirement of micronutrient for optimal immune response is greater than the amount required for growth and reproduction (Harmon,1994; Scaletti,1992)
Nutrition and the Immune System
IMMUNITY
Immunity refers to,reactions by an animal body to foreign substances such as microbes and various macro molecules ( Abbas et al.,1991)
Immune system
A collection of cells and molecules that protect the body against infection, malignancy and damaged cells ( Abbas et al., 1991)
IMMUNITY
INNATE•Physical and chemical barriers•Phagocytes (Neutrophils & Macrophages) -Inflammatory process.Non spesific
ACQUIRED
Specific towards particular antigen and enhanced with repeated exposure
ACQUIRED IMMUNNE RESPONSE
•Mediated by
B lymphocytes.•Mediated by T lymphocytes
HUMORAL CELL MEDIATED
(Galyean et al.,1999)
B lymphocytes
• Mature in bone marrow
•Antigen binding receptor in their membrane
B cells
Memory cells Plasma cells
(Chew,1996)
T lymphocytes
•Mature in thymus gland
•Function to;
Killing infected cells.
Stimulate microbial and cytotoxic activity of immune effecter cells
•T cell membrane receptor.
• Membrane protein Major Histo Compatibility (MHC) molecule.
•Three types of subpopulation
T helper cells (Th cells)
T cyto toxic cells (Tc)
T suppressor cells (Ts)
•T helper cells
Secrete growth factor –cytokines.
Having membrane glycoprotein CD4 (Chew, 1996)
CENTRAL ORGANS OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM Skin • Physical barrier • Glands secrete chemicals that can destroy microbes Mucous Membranes • Mucous contains chemicals and enzymes that
destroy invading organisms • Traps microbes GI Tract • Stomach acid destroys microbes • Villi along lining keep invaders out Lymph Tissue (bone marrow, thymus, lymph
nodes, spleen, tonsils, adenoids, appendix) • Houses lymphocytes (cells of immune system)
• B cells
• T cells
• NK cells
• Monocytes/macrophages
• Neutrophils
• Eosinophils
• Basophils
Cells of the immune system
(Chew,1996)
FUNGSI IMUN
1. Pertahanan infeksi 2. Homeostasis dead cells 3. Monitoring mutagenic cells
PARAMETER IMUNOLOGI
1. Serum albumin 2. Serum transferin 3. Nitrogen balance
DISFUNGSI SISTEM IMUN
1. Re Infeksi 2. Autoimun, penyakit degeneratif 3. Keganasan 4. Alergi
IMUNOSUPRESAN 1. Steroid 2. Cyclosporin 3. Azathioprine 4. Globulin antilimfosit 5. Biological imuno supp 6. Other imun suppresant
Nutrisi (makro & mikro nutrien) merupakan faktor utama sistem imun
KARBOHIDRAT CHO : jika berlebih akan mempengaruhi
kemotaksis, phagositosis, gangguan komplemen
LEMAK PUFA : phagositosis, survival bakteri gram
negatif MCT : antioksidan Omega 3, omega 6
PROTEIN
- Imuni competent - Integritas organ - Penyembuhan luka
MODULASI IMUN 1. Arginin :
- T Helper > (CD 4)- T Lymphocyte activation- Nitrogen balance- 1,5 – 6 gr/hr- Lysisne defisiensi, diare- Azotermia (renal dysfunction)- Wound healing
ARGININ Selama stress, arginin dapat menekan
metabolisme protein dan pelepasan hormon Norepinefrin dan Epinefrin
Kontra indikasi :- Hipoperfusi spchlanicus- Sepsis- Systemic Inflamatory sistem
GLUTAMIN Macrofage & mukosa 12 – 18 gr/hr, ICU : 18 – 24 gr/hr Meningkatkan glutathione synthesis Antioksidan Bersama Se dan Cystein
PURINES & PYRIMIDINE 1. Sintesis DNA & RNA (limfosit, makrofage
dll) 2. Mediator cyclic adenosine mono
phosphate (cAMP) 3. Coenzim sintesis glikogen dan glikoprotein
(NAD, FAD, Coenzym A
MINERAL 1. Zinc
Zinc is component of numerous enzymes- Super oxide dismutase (SOD)- RNA Polymerase- DNA polymerase - Ribonulease- Thymidine kinase
- Meningkatkan penggunaan asam amino dan jumlah sel imun- Replikasi sel- Aktivasi limfosit- Antioksidan- 220 mg ZnSO4
Zinc influences host defence mechanisam via:
• Phagocytic activity
• Cell mediated immunity
• Humoral immunityPhagocytic activityZinc enhances phagocytic activity of macrophages and neutrophils (Babior, 1978)
Phagocytic activity through respiratory burst ( McCord & Fridovich,1969 ; Chew, 1996)
Increase release of vasoactive amines by basophils
Zinc..
Cell mediated immunity;Enhances T cell mediated immunity
Zinc is a cofactor for thymic hormone thymulin
Thymulin deficiency
Impaired T lymphocyte proliferation
Impaired T lymphocyte function
Zinc..
(Bach,1983)
Humoral immunity:Increases antibody production
Copper immune mechanism
Phagocytic activity NeutrophilsMonocyte
Copper..
Copper is component of
•Superoxide dismutase (SOD)
•Ceruloplasmin.
•Modulate inflammatory response by phagocytosis
Cell mediated immunity
•Mainly through T-lymphocytes (Th,Tc) by cytokine production
• inhibit viral replication
•Interlukin productionB cell maturationNK cell activityChemo tactic attraction
Tumour necrosis factor
•Act on tumor cell-kill it.
Copper..
CHROMIUM
Component of Glucose Tolerance Factor (GTF).
* Potenciate the insulin activity (Cheng and Mowat,1999)
* Facilitate interaction between insulin and insulin receptor in
target tissue.
* Reduces cortisol level in stress.
Increased cortisol in blood
Antagonist theinsulin action
Prevents glucose uptake by insulin receptor
Prevent entry of glucose to vital tissue
Immune system under stress.
In stress
(Orth,1992)
Cont..
SELENIUM
AntioksidanMembunuh mikroba respiratoryModulasi limfosit, sel K, metabolisme eicosapentanoid
CUPRUM
Maturasi kolagen
Humoral Response:
•Increases antibody production
•Ab production decreased in Cu deficient diet (Gengelbech and spears, 1998)
IRON
NKDef : menurunkan fungsi sel T, sel B.
monosit.macrofageneutropil
Vitamins
•Act as natural antioxidant
•Includes Beta carotene and vitamin A, Vitamin E, Vitamin C
•Protect tissue against damage caused by free radicals.
•Free radicals are,
- Generated in normal cellular metabolism
- React with enzymes, DNA and damage the tissue
- Common free radicals are super oxide, hydrogen peroxide, hydroxyl radical, fatty acid radical
Component location Nutrient involved
function
Superoxide dismutase
cytosol Cu,Zn,Mn An enzyme that converts super oxide to hydrogen peroxide
Glutathione peroxidase
cytosol Se An enzyme that converts hydrogen peroxide to water
Catalase cytosol Fe An enzyme that converts Hydrogen peroxide to water
Alpha tocopherol membrane Vitamin E Break fatty acid peroxidation chain reaction
Carotene membrane Carotene Prevents initiation of fatty acid peroxidation chain reactions
Antioxidant system of mammalian cells
Smith et al.,1984
Role of antioxidant on immunity
Miller and Slebodzinska,1993
VITAMIN 1. Vit A, B6, C dan E imun sistem
Vit A : NK cells, Neutropils, mucosal imunity, T limfosit, monosit, macrofage, B limfosit, haemopesis
2. Thiamin, pyridoksin, asam folat, B12 dan C sintesis protein & penyembuhan luka
Beta carotene
•Act as an antioxidant
Beta carotene:
•Enhances phagocytic activity of neutrophils- myloperoxidase enzyme
•Enhances phagocytic activity of macrophages – peroxidase.
•Increases lymphocyte toxicity
• Vit E reduces harmful lipid free radicals.• Enhances phagocytic activity of neutrophils, macrophages and NK cells. (Miller,1993)
• It is major antioxidant in the blood.
Vitamin E
Vitamin E and Selenium
Selenium•Biochemical role through glutathione peroxide
•Enhance neutrophil function
CONCLITIONImunitas
reaksi tubuh thd masuknya substansi asingRespon imun
kumpulan respon thd substansi asing yg terkoordinasiSistem imun
sel & molekul yg bertanggung jawab dlm imunitasImunologi : ( modern )
experimental science
Vitamin E and Selenium
• Both vitamin E and Se influences the function of immune cells especially in mammary gland immunity
•Cows are immuno suppressed when plasma concentration of vitamin E and Se is low (Grasso et al., 1990)
Cont…
CONCLUSION
•Zinc and copper enhances cell & humoral mediated immunity
•Chromium stimulate immune response in stress conditions
•Vitamin E and Se stimulate immunity against intra mammary infection
•Beta carotene enhances both cell mediated and humoral response
CONCLUTION Nutrients • Vitamin A – needed to make healthy skin, mucous &
lymphocytes; deficiency can alter response of antibodies to antigens and cytokine responses
• Vitamin E – needed for phagocytosis, antibody production, lymphocyte responses
• Vitamin C – may decrease duration of virus symptoms • Vitamin B6 – antibody production, lymphocyte responses • Zinc – T-cell production, lymphocyte responses,
resistance to infection