Post on 10-Apr-2018
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MicroClimates of San Francisco
Neural Stemcell MicroEnvironments
http://www.nc
bi.nlm.n
ih.gov/bookshelf/br.fcgi?book=stembook&p
art=theneuralstemcell
http://heyneighborhood.b
logspot.com/
MicroClimates
Definition // Context
A microclimate is a local atmospheric zone
where the climate differs from the surrounding area.
The term may refer to areas as small as a few square
feet or as large as many square miles. Microclimates
are frequently created by such phenomena as bodies
of water, ora, tall builings, urban heat islands with
high thermal mass, and slopes (south vs. north facing
slopes for example).
The term microenvironment is often used in-
terchangeably with microclimate. However, it is also
used to describe cellular environments and specic
biological processes, whereas microclimate is most
commonly used to describe weather in particular geo-graphic areas. Microclimates can be described by the
ora and fauna they support as well as the environ-
mental variables. Interior microclimates have been
most thoroughly egineered in museum and preserva-
tion capacities.
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Emo Labs - Transparent, Flat speaker
Flat Speaker Diagram
http://www.en
gadget.com/2005/05/31/korean-startup-to-produce-thin-
transparent-s
peakers/
http://www.w
ired.com/gadgetlab/2009/05/0501piezo/
http://www.emolabs.com/emoproducts/index.h
tml
Environmental Controls
Flat Panel speakers
Traditional speakers have three fundamen-
tal components: a cone that pushes the air, a voice
coil that is an electromagnet and a permanent mag-
net that can attract or repel the voice coil. When the
coil moves, it pushes and pulls on the cone. This, in
turn, vibrates the air in front, creating sound waves.The cone is typically made of high density paper and
is a shallow cone-shape. In limited sapces, smaller
speakers have a tinny or weak sound quality.
Emo Labs is developing a transparent speaker
system to be used in front of at screen tvs. It uses
a thin membrane made of polyethylene terephthalate
(or PET, a plastic used in bottles) and two piezoelectricactuators. The actuators vibrate the membrane along
the side, creating a force that is perpendicular to the
motion. Emo Labs says it is negotiating with display
manufacturers to embed its technology that users can
see in TVs in the next nine months to a year. Warwich
audio is creating a similar, non-transparent version
that can be used in public address systems, etc.Another version of this technology is being de-
veloped by the Plasma and Ion Beam Corp. They are
proposing a version that can be rolled, cut and bent
for use in everything from computer displays to ban-
ners and ags while maintaining a delity on par with
conventional 300Hz speakers.
These speakers create very different shaped
waves than point sourced traditional speakers, they
have a more diffused effect.
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triad Mini Ceiling Speakers
Aimable Ceiling speakers
http://thestereoshopinc.com/main/index.ph
p?main_
page=product_
info&cPath=40_
82&products_
id=623
http://www.triadspeakers.com/products/icm8lcr.html#
Environmental Controls
Micro-Speakers
Triad produces a series of Mini theater speak-
ers designed for ceiling placement. At the smallest,
these are about 12 x 10.5 x 7.5deep. These direct
sound at a 45degree angle towards the listener.
SpeakerCraft offers an aimable in-ceiling
speaker that includes dual tweeters and a 7radiuswoofer. This unit is 4.5deep, powered by 60Watts
and directionally aims the sound at the listener.
Polk Audio is also a top in-ceiling speaker pro-
ducer. They make a wide variety of speakers, most
popular is the 9 diameter RC60i series. the appear-
ance mimics recessed ceiling lights to blend-in. All of
these options are expensive: over $200 for a set.
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Holosonic Speakers
Sound Aiming with Ultrasound waves
Relevantwebsiteoftheprovider
Relevantyou
tubevideowebaddress
http://www.holosonics.co
m/technology.html
Environmental Controls
Sound Spotlights
The source of sound is not the physical device
you see, but the invisible beam of ultrasound, which
can be many meters long. This new sound source,
while invisible, is very large compared to the audio
wavelengths its generating. So the resulting audio is
now extremely directional, just like a beam of light.Of course, the ultrasound, which contains fre-
quencies far outside our range of hearing, is com-
pletely inaudible. But as the ultrasonic beam travels
through the air, the inherent properties of the air cause
the ultrasound to change shape in a predictable way.
This gives rise to frequency components in the audible
band, which can be accurately predicted, and there-fore precisely controlled. By generating the correct
ultrasonic signal, we can create, within the air itself,
essentially any sound desired.
Essentially, to overcome the inherent limita-
tions of sound wave generation and speaker cone
-size,Holosonic has made a narrow beam of sound
from a small acoustic source by generating only ul-trasound.
the speakers are sold commerically as either
16 or 24 squares at 1/2 deep and are accompanied
by a processor/amplier, cables and an audio source.
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Active Noise Control // Headphones
Toyota Noise Cancelling Technology
http://www.chrisruckman.com/ancfaq.h
tm
http://www.s
ignalsystemscorp.com/anc_
status.h
tm
Environmental Controls
Noise Cancellation
Active Noise Control (ANC) quiets offensive
noise by using cancellation techniques, or anti-sound.
There is an incredible amount of speculation about
the applications of ANC, from a military to a domestic
scale use.
Active noise control is sound eld modication,particularly sound eld cancellation, by electro-acous-
tical means. In its simplest form, a control system
drives a speaker to produce a sound eld that is an
exact mirror-image the offending sound (the distur-
bance). The speaker thus cancels the disturbance,
and the net result is no sound at all. In practice, of
course, active control is somewhat more complicated.At this point, such technology is available com-
mercially only as headphones for personal use. Some
websites are working on military applications that
would mask the sound of a traveling vehicle, create
habitable spaces below deck on aircraft carriers, etc.
Active control here is different from traditional
passive methods for controlling unwanted sound andvibration. Passive noise control treatments include in-
sulation, silencers, vibration mounts, damping treat-
ments, absorptive treatments such as ceiling tiles,
and conventional mufers. Passive techniques work
best at middle and high frequencies, but can be bulky
and heavy when used for low frequencies. The light
weight and small size of active systems, as well as
their noise-specication, can be a critically important
benet.
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NewLand Design Atomizer
Mist Atomizer - micro unit
http://electronicaircleaners.com/trion-50.as
px
http://electr
onicaircleaners.com/707u.aspx
http://www.newlanddesig
n.com/
http://www.newlandde
sign.com/index.p
hp?page=
ndl-logoEnvironmental Controls
Atomizers
Basically, an atomizer breaks molecules into
their individual atoms and releases them in a ne mist.
Often, this is done with no motors or digital enhance-
ments but using pressurized liquid/gas lines.
A motorized atomizer has the capacity to oper-
ate independently and be controlled by Arduino. Inthe Newland Design Model, the spray head spins, and
the shearing action of the air stranforms the liquid into
almost identically shaped droplets. Water is emitted
centrifugally in a doughnut shape of up to 1meter in
diameter. It uses very little power (less than 50Watts)
but does require periodic changing of the spray head.
It can be used to dispense multiple liquids such as:water, fuel, or paint. It is commonly used as a deodor-
izer, humidier, dust suppression, spray coating, and
even anti-static agent. It can dispense up to 20liters
per hour if it is xed to a water source.
Industrial rotary atomizers are used in commer-
cial food production.
One option for small, embedable atomization isthe Mist Atomizer from Electronic Air Cleaners. The
unit is 6 x 6 x 3 deep. It can be installed into existing
ductwork to infuse your HVAC system with humidity. It
consumes low power and need to be attached to a wa-
ter source. It diffuses .75gallons per hour maximum.
All of these atomizers require clean, ltered wa-
ter only. Otherwise, their mechanisms become quick-
ly clogged or corroded.
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Commercial Vaporizer Unit
liquid vaporizer Diagram
http://www.fa
o.org/docrep/007/y4353e/y43
53e0c.h
tm
http://www.metropolitanm
ed.com/
Environmental Controls
Vaporizers
Essentially, vaporizers are a smokeless extrac-
tion method. They make the active compounds in a
material (generally an organic material) boil off into
vapor with no smoke, as there is no combustion. Ex-
tracted vapor can be collected, commonly into a bag
or jar, or it can be dispersed into the atmosphere asa smell effect or ambiance actuator. They generally
consist of a precise heating element, some type of
access for putting organic material into the chanber,
and access to remove the remnants once it has been
vaporized.
Generaly, vaporizers employ thermal conduc-
tion, convectoin or thermal radiation and can be usedin conjunction with fans or pumps for dispersion. Va-
porizers can also work with solid or liquid material.
Vaporizers are commonly used for surgical an-
aesthesia. These industrial, commercial vaporizers
are quite large machines that are very preceisely cali-
brated for medicine dosages.
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4 forms of silica Gel
SuperAbsorbent Polymers
http://en.w
ikipedia.org/wiki/Superabsorben
t_polymer
http://diaperreports.b
logspot.com/2007/12/pampers-diapers-diaperre-
ports.h
tml
http://www.t
heruststore.c
om/Silica-Gel-FAQ-W40C2.aspx
http://www.dehumidify.co
m/accounts/94/homepage/
Environmental Controls
Superabsorbent DeHumidifiers
Silica gel is a desiccant, or drying agent, that
was patented in 1919. Despite its name, it is not a gel.
Silica gel is a porous, granular form of silica, syntheti-
cally manufactured from sodium silicate. Silica gel is
the highest capacity adsorbent available today. Com-
prised of tiny inter-connecting pores, silica gel attractsand holds moisture by adsorption and capillary con-
densation. Silica gel is inert, non-toxic, non-ammable
and safe to use to protect foods, medicines, sensitive
materials and much more. Even when saturated with
adsorbed moisture, silica gel looks and feels dry to
the touch. Once the gel becomes saturated, it must
be reactivated to continue absorbing moisture, this iscommonly done by heating it.
Commercially, silica gel is used in conned
areas with limited airow and is used displosably in
small packets (most commonly to keep rust out of ar-
eas or package food).
Superabsorbent polymers (SAP) (also called
slush powder) are polymers that can absorb and re-tain extremely large amounts of a liquid relative to
their own mass. An SAP may absorb 500 times its
weight (from 3060 times its own volume). The larg-
est use of SAP is found in personal disposable hy-
giene products, such as baby diapers, adult protective
underwear and sanitary napkins. SAP is also used
for blocking water penetration in underground power
or communications cable, horticultural water retention
agents, control of spill and waste aqueous uid, arti-
cial snow for motion picture and stage production.
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Sea Swarm Prototype
Sea Swarm Render
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vruZVg6j9-I&feature=player_embed-
ded
http://www.gaffta.org/tag
/senseable-city-lab/
http://senseable.m
it.ed
u/seaswarm/
Environmental Controls
Conceptual Absorbers
By autonomously navigating the waters sur-
face, Seaswarm proposes a new system for ocean-
skimming and oil removal.
Seaswarm uses a photovoltaic powered con-
veyor belt made of a thin nanowire mesh to propel it-
self and collect oil. The nanomaterial, patented at MIT,can absorb up to 20 times its weight in oil. The exible
conveyor belt softly rolls over the oceans surface, ab-
sorbing oil while deecting water because of its hydro-
phobic properties.
Seaswarm is intended to work as a eet, or
swarm of vehicles, which communicate their location
through GPS and WiFi in order to create an organizedsystem for collection that can work continuously with-
out human support. Because they are smaller than
commercial skimmers attached to large shing ves-
sels, they are able to navigate hard to reach places
like estuaries and coast lines. Seaswarm works by
detecting the edge of a spill and moving inward until
it has removed the oil from a single site before joiningother vehicles that are still cleaning. Oil is digested
locally so that Seaswarm does not need to make re-
peated trips back to shore, which would dramatically
slow collection time.
The eet uses cutting edge nanotechnology
to solve current environmental problems while envi-
sioning long-term solutions for the future. With a new
design strategy we can revive and preserve the quality
of our oceans.
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Ultrasonic Humidifier Components
Ultrasonic Humidifier
http://www.d
inodirect.com/air-humidier-ultrasonic-personal.html
http://skyjuiceiswater.blo
gspot.com/2008/09/cut-your-cooling-bills-by-
50-to-90.h
tml
Environmental Controls
Humidifiers
An Ultrasonic humifdier is micro-computer
controlled, so it suggests great possibilities for con-
trol with Arduino. the average unit has a 3.5L water
reservoir, 3-speed levels, and can run for 12 hours
per lling. Essentially, it has three components: an
ultrasonic vibration unit to generate ne mists, a fanto distribute the mist, and a water reservoir. Often,
the vibration unit will be apiezo-electric transducer that
vibrates. When it contacts the water, it breaks down
into a ne mist. Unlike boiling, no heating is required
and little energy is used in the operation.
The most compact version of this technology
is the Individual Humidier. It is a small device thatattaches to the top of a water bottle and also uses
ultrasonic misting.
Humidiers also provide the opportunity to in-
fuse the water with oils and create a smell dispersing
element.
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SubFloor with Hydronic Radiant Heat
Typical Installation Layers
http://www.a
2energy.com/pages/radiant.php
http://www.radiant-oor-heating.com/hydronic/
Environmental Controls
Radiant Heating
Hydronic radiant oor heating systems use a
boiler to heat up hot water and a pump to circulate the
hot water in plastic pipes installed in a concrete slab.
The pipes, embedded in the oor, carry heated water
that conduct warmth to the surface of the oor where
it broadcasts energy to the room.Separated radiant heat zones are typically con-
trolled by one thermostat and served by a manifold
which distributes the ow of warm water to the indi-
vidual circuits of tubing within each zone.
Hydronic heating offers heat that does not make
noise or give off uneven heat, as a forced air system
would. Again unlike forced air systems, the hydronicsystem warms people and objects rather than just air
so one can leave the door ajar without worrying about
losing heat or becoming cold. On the downside, it is
not recommended the radiant system double-up for
cooling or cleaning the air the way a forced-air sys-
tem can. Although it depends on the application, is
it usually admitted that radiant heating systems are
20 to 40% more energy efcient than other heating
systems. Almost any typr of ooring can be installed
ontop of this system.
The main drawback is that this heating system
is not instantaneous.
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Environmental Controls
Heating Films
Flexible heating lms are used for under-oor
installation to provide radiant heat. No electromagnet-
ic waves are emitted. It is extremely energy efcient
and can be set to specic temperatures. It comes in
long rolls of specied widths and can be used partially
or fully.This same technology is being applied to tow-
el warmers, and mirror de-foggers and other simple
home applications.
Roll of Heating Film
Layers of a typical heating film
http://www.c
ablewarm.com/
http://www
.youtube.com/watch?v=40umuEbiHEU
http://www.calorique.com
/
http://www.a
libaba.co
m/product-tp/111580082/L
eeil_
Electric_
Heating_
Film.h
tml
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kaptons Heat Film
Silicone/Rubber/Fiberglass Heaters
http://www.o
mega.com/pptst/SRFR_
SRFG
.html
http://www.omega.com/ppt/pptsc.asp?ref=KHR_
KHLV
_KH
Environmental Controls
Heat Films
The Kapton Company produces heat lms
(Polyimide Film) insulated heaters that are available
in a variety of shapes, sizes, and wattages. Wattage
ratings are 2.5, 5, or 10W/in2 at 115 or 28 V. Polyimide
Film offers a high degree of resistance to chemicals,
and has excellent outgasing properties in high vacu-um environments.
Typical construction consists of an etched foil
element of 0.0005 or 0.0001 thickness which is en-
capsulated between two layers of 0.002 Polyimide
Film and 0.001 FEP adhesive. they range in price
from about $30-$100 and in size up to 12 x 12.
Silicone rubber berglass insulated exibleheaters can also work as heat lms. They offer im-
proved heat transfer and can speed warm-ups where
controlled heating is required in conned areas. Two
circuit designs are available: etched foil or wire wound.
Heaters with etched foil designed elements are avail-
able where the length or width dimension is less than
12(305 mm). All other heaters where both the length
and the width dimensions exceed 12 (305 mm) use
the wire-wound element design.
Unfortunately, re and electrical shock may re-
sult if products are used improperly or installed incor-
rectly.
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Hand-Held Heating/cooling hack device
typical manufacture of Peltier Device
http://www.tetech.com/Peltier-Thermoelec
tric-Cooler-Modules.h
tml
http://www.synbio.org.u
k/component/content/article/46-instrumenta-
tion-news/1458-hand-he
ld-peltier-device-air-heatercooler.html
Environmental Controls
Peltier Devices
Thermoelectric cooling uses the Peltier effect to
create a heat ux between the junction of two different
types of materials. A Peltier cooler, heater, or thermo-
electric heat pump is a solid-state active heat pump
which transfers heat from one side of the device to the
other side against the temperature gradient (from coldto hot), with consumption of electrical energy. Such
an instrument is also called a Peltier device, Peltier
heat pump, solid state refrigerator, or thermoelectric
cooler .
Because heating can be achieved more easily
and economically by other methods, Peltier devices
are mostly used for cooling. However, when a singledevice is to be used for both heating and cooling, a
Peltier device may be desirable. Simply connecting it
to a DC voltage will cause one side to cool, while the
other side warms. The effectiveness of the pump at
moving the heat away from the cold side is dependent
upon the amount of current provided and how well the
heat can be removed from the hot side.
Peltier devices are commonly used in camping
and portable coolers and for cooling electronic compo-
nents and small instruments, especially in computers.
The module pictured here is 1 x 1 and sells
for about 9$.
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Ideal Passive House
typical Space Heater - ThermoElectric
Relevantwe
bsiteoftheprovider
Relevantyo
utubevideowebaddress
http://www.passive-house.co.u
k/
http://www.passivehouse.us/passiveHouse/PassiveHouseInfo.h
tml
Environmental Controls
Electric resistance heaters
This type of heating can be either very appro-
priately used, or very inefcient. In conjunction with
a well insulsated area, or a project such as a passive
house, this type f heater is super efcient because it
does away with an HVAC system and its accompany-
ing inefciencies. It heats small spaces quickly. And,it directly heats people and objects, not the air.
this system can also be used in conjunction
with a raiant heating system. Here, it can ne-tune
the temperature in a local area and the radiant system
can maintain a threshold temperature. Also, this type
of heating can be used to super heat areas of raiant
pipe heating.Ultimately, a thermoelectric heater is making
one more, and therefor inefcient conversion of en-
ergy. PLants generally use natural gas to generate
electricity and this, in turn, is converting that to heat.
Most homes, however, have a natural gas heating
system so this conversion is unnecessary. Coupled
with a pasive house or other super-insulation strategy
it can make sense to employ thermoelectrics as part
of a larger system.
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Micro-Fan options
Alternate Micro-fans
http://www.s
tokes.ie/html/research/microm
echanical/microfans.h
tml
http://www
.eetimes.com/electronics-p
roducts/electro-mechani-
cal/408919
8/Micro-fan-touts-high-air
-ow-fast-speed
http://www.ferret.com.au/c/Switches-Plus-Components/Switches-
Plus-Components-anno
unce-NKWs-new-10mm-micro-axial-fan-
NKW32-n816051
Environmental Controls
Micro-Fans
On the opposite end of the spectrum from the
Air Curtains, micro-fans offer the possibility of a dif-
fused source of air-circulation and the potential to
evenly circulate radiant heat or cooling.
The micro -axial fan by SwitchesPlus is only
10mmx 10mmx 2mm, inaudible, and has an airowof 1.3l/min.
the even smaller, Axial fan has a 6mm diameter
. these fans are being produced primarily for portable
electronic devices and are paired with heat sink tech-
nologies to transfer approximately 20% more heat.
the Stokes Institute that produced ths fan has investi-
gated both radial and axial ow geometries, aerodyna-ics and fabrication at this micro-scale. Their products
are not simple shrunken versions of larger fans, and
they suggest the potential to have specically micro-
engineered fans embedded into larger systems.
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Air Curtain Principles
Common retail air curtain
http://www.m
arsair.com/industrial.html
http://www.berner.com/
Environmental Controls
Air Curtains
An air curtain is a device that is mounted above
a doorway and blows air down across the door, sepa-
rating the indoors from the outdoors, or one environ-
ment from another. It is designed to keep an indoor
controlled temperature inside of the building, saving
energy when anything from a customer to a tractortrailer enters and exits the building.
This technology is used on a huge range of
scales, from industrial applications (up to 30ft tall) to
small retail applications such as a food refridgerator/
dispenser.
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Fog Wall as a Barrier
Fog SCreen Displaying high-def images
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iehOzd
f4JPk
http://www.fogscreen.com/en/product/Eng
lish/
http://www
.youtube.com/watch?v=RfmSJQuhlk4&p=2C53790
6E9D6128
4&playnext=1&index=25
http://www.e
ffects.com.ph/cgi-bin/photogallery/display
.asp?cat_id=2
http://rocky-mountain.siggraph.org/sigweb2/pages/%20etech%20
fog%20wall.htm
Environmental Controls
Fog and Steam Walls
These technologies are primarily being used by
theater and production companies for big performanc-
es. The effects are generally used in combination with
lighting to accentuate the depth or thicknes of the fog.
All of these actuators have proven to be safe enough
for deployment around huge crowds of people.Very thin fog walls or fog screens have recently
been pioneered as projection screens. These screens
have the effect of making images appear to oat in
thin air, as the fog is barely visible where there is no
projection. It requires both electricity and pressurized
water ow to create the screen and a projector for the
images. A person can walk through the screen andtemporarily interrupt the projection, which will reas-
semle once the fog become stable again as a projec-
tion surface.