JDS_Research2

8/8/2019 JDS_Research2

1/20

MicroClimates of San Francisco

Neural Stemcell MicroEnvironments

http://www.nc

bi.nlm.n

ih.gov/bookshelf/br.fcgi?book=stembook&p

art=theneuralstemcell

http://heyneighborhood.b

logspot.com/

MicroClimates

Definition // Context

A microclimate is a local atmospheric zone

where the climate differs from the surrounding area.

The term may refer to areas as small as a few square

feet or as large as many square miles. Microclimates

are frequently created by such phenomena as bodies

of water, ora, tall builings, urban heat islands with

high thermal mass, and slopes (south vs. north facing

slopes for example).

The term microenvironment is often used in-

terchangeably with microclimate. However, it is also

used to describe cellular environments and specic

biological processes, whereas microclimate is most

commonly used to describe weather in particular geo-graphic areas. Microclimates can be described by the

ora and fauna they support as well as the environ-

mental variables. Interior microclimates have been

most thoroughly egineered in museum and preserva-

tion capacities.


2/20

Emo Labs - Transparent, Flat speaker

Flat Speaker Diagram

http://www.en

gadget.com/2005/05/31/korean-startup-to-produce-thin-

transparent-s

peakers/

http://www.w

ired.com/gadgetlab/2009/05/0501piezo/

http://www.emolabs.com/emoproducts/index.h

tml

Environmental Controls

Flat Panel speakers

Traditional speakers have three fundamen-

tal components: a cone that pushes the air, a voice

coil that is an electromagnet and a permanent mag-

net that can attract or repel the voice coil. When the

coil moves, it pushes and pulls on the cone. This, in

turn, vibrates the air in front, creating sound waves.The cone is typically made of high density paper and

is a shallow cone-shape. In limited sapces, smaller

speakers have a tinny or weak sound quality.

Emo Labs is developing a transparent speaker

system to be used in front of at screen tvs. It uses

a thin membrane made of polyethylene terephthalate

(or PET, a plastic used in bottles) and two piezoelectricactuators. The actuators vibrate the membrane along

the side, creating a force that is perpendicular to the

motion. Emo Labs says it is negotiating with display

manufacturers to embed its technology that users can

see in TVs in the next nine months to a year. Warwich

audio is creating a similar, non-transparent version

that can be used in public address systems, etc.Another version of this technology is being de-

veloped by the Plasma and Ion Beam Corp. They are

proposing a version that can be rolled, cut and bent

for use in everything from computer displays to ban-

ners and ags while maintaining a delity on par with

conventional 300Hz speakers.

These speakers create very different shaped

waves than point sourced traditional speakers, they

have a more diffused effect.


3/20


4/20

triad Mini Ceiling Speakers

Aimable Ceiling speakers

http://thestereoshopinc.com/main/index.ph

p?main_

page=product_

info&cPath=40_

82&products_

id=623

http://www.triadspeakers.com/products/icm8lcr.html#


Micro-Speakers

Triad produces a series of Mini theater speak-

ers designed for ceiling placement. At the smallest,

these are about 12 x 10.5 x 7.5deep. These direct

sound at a 45degree angle towards the listener.

SpeakerCraft offers an aimable in-ceiling

speaker that includes dual tweeters and a 7radiuswoofer. This unit is 4.5deep, powered by 60Watts

and directionally aims the sound at the listener.

Polk Audio is also a top in-ceiling speaker pro-

ducer. They make a wide variety of speakers, most

popular is the 9 diameter RC60i series. the appear-

ance mimics recessed ceiling lights to blend-in. All of

these options are expensive: over $200 for a set.


5/20

Holosonic Speakers

Sound Aiming with Ultrasound waves

Relevantwebsiteoftheprovider

Relevantyou

tubevideowebaddress

http://www.holosonics.co

m/technology.html


Sound Spotlights

The source of sound is not the physical device

you see, but the invisible beam of ultrasound, which

can be many meters long. This new sound source,

while invisible, is very large compared to the audio

wavelengths its generating. So the resulting audio is

now extremely directional, just like a beam of light.Of course, the ultrasound, which contains fre-

quencies far outside our range of hearing, is com-

pletely inaudible. But as the ultrasonic beam travels

through the air, the inherent properties of the air cause

the ultrasound to change shape in a predictable way.

This gives rise to frequency components in the audible

band, which can be accurately predicted, and there-fore precisely controlled. By generating the correct

ultrasonic signal, we can create, within the air itself,

essentially any sound desired.

Essentially, to overcome the inherent limita-

tions of sound wave generation and speaker cone

-size,Holosonic has made a narrow beam of sound

from a small acoustic source by generating only ul-trasound.

the speakers are sold commerically as either

16 or 24 squares at 1/2 deep and are accompanied

by a processor/amplier, cables and an audio source.


6/20

Active Noise Control // Headphones

Toyota Noise Cancelling Technology

http://www.chrisruckman.com/ancfaq.h

tm

http://www.s

ignalsystemscorp.com/anc_

status.h

tm


Noise Cancellation

Active Noise Control (ANC) quiets offensive

noise by using cancellation techniques, or anti-sound.

There is an incredible amount of speculation about

the applications of ANC, from a military to a domestic

scale use.

Active noise control is sound eld modication,particularly sound eld cancellation, by electro-acous-

tical means. In its simplest form, a control system

drives a speaker to produce a sound eld that is an

exact mirror-image the offending sound (the distur-

bance). The speaker thus cancels the disturbance,

and the net result is no sound at all. In practice, of

course, active control is somewhat more complicated.At this point, such technology is available com-

mercially only as headphones for personal use. Some

websites are working on military applications that

would mask the sound of a traveling vehicle, create

habitable spaces below deck on aircraft carriers, etc.

Active control here is different from traditional

passive methods for controlling unwanted sound andvibration. Passive noise control treatments include in-

sulation, silencers, vibration mounts, damping treat-

ments, absorptive treatments such as ceiling tiles,

and conventional mufers. Passive techniques work

best at middle and high frequencies, but can be bulky

and heavy when used for low frequencies. The light

weight and small size of active systems, as well as

their noise-specication, can be a critically important

benet.


7/20

NewLand Design Atomizer

Mist Atomizer - micro unit

http://electronicaircleaners.com/trion-50.as

px

http://electr

onicaircleaners.com/707u.aspx

http://www.newlanddesig

n.com/

http://www.newlandde

sign.com/index.p

hp?page=

ndl-logoEnvironmental Controls

Atomizers

Basically, an atomizer breaks molecules into

their individual atoms and releases them in a ne mist.

Often, this is done with no motors or digital enhance-

ments but using pressurized liquid/gas lines.

A motorized atomizer has the capacity to oper-

ate independently and be controlled by Arduino. Inthe Newland Design Model, the spray head spins, and

the shearing action of the air stranforms the liquid into

almost identically shaped droplets. Water is emitted

centrifugally in a doughnut shape of up to 1meter in

diameter. It uses very little power (less than 50Watts)

but does require periodic changing of the spray head.

It can be used to dispense multiple liquids such as:water, fuel, or paint. It is commonly used as a deodor-

izer, humidier, dust suppression, spray coating, and

even anti-static agent. It can dispense up to 20liters

per hour if it is xed to a water source.

Industrial rotary atomizers are used in commer-

cial food production.

One option for small, embedable atomization isthe Mist Atomizer from Electronic Air Cleaners. The

unit is 6 x 6 x 3 deep. It can be installed into existing

ductwork to infuse your HVAC system with humidity. It

consumes low power and need to be attached to a wa-

ter source. It diffuses .75gallons per hour maximum.

All of these atomizers require clean, ltered wa-

ter only. Otherwise, their mechanisms become quick-

ly clogged or corroded.


8/20

Commercial Vaporizer Unit

liquid vaporizer Diagram

http://www.fa

o.org/docrep/007/y4353e/y43

53e0c.h

tm

http://www.metropolitanm

ed.com/


Vaporizers

Essentially, vaporizers are a smokeless extrac-

tion method. They make the active compounds in a

material (generally an organic material) boil off into

vapor with no smoke, as there is no combustion. Ex-

tracted vapor can be collected, commonly into a bag

or jar, or it can be dispersed into the atmosphere asa smell effect or ambiance actuator. They generally

consist of a precise heating element, some type of

access for putting organic material into the chanber,

and access to remove the remnants once it has been

vaporized.

Generaly, vaporizers employ thermal conduc-

tion, convectoin or thermal radiation and can be usedin conjunction with fans or pumps for dispersion. Va-

porizers can also work with solid or liquid material.

Vaporizers are commonly used for surgical an-

aesthesia. These industrial, commercial vaporizers

are quite large machines that are very preceisely cali-

brated for medicine dosages.


9/20


10/20

4 forms of silica Gel

SuperAbsorbent Polymers

http://en.w

ikipedia.org/wiki/Superabsorben

t_polymer

http://diaperreports.b

logspot.com/2007/12/pampers-diapers-diaperre-

ports.h

tml

http://www.t

heruststore.c

om/Silica-Gel-FAQ-W40C2.aspx

http://www.dehumidify.co

m/accounts/94/homepage/


Superabsorbent DeHumidifiers

Silica gel is a desiccant, or drying agent, that

was patented in 1919. Despite its name, it is not a gel.

Silica gel is a porous, granular form of silica, syntheti-

cally manufactured from sodium silicate. Silica gel is

the highest capacity adsorbent available today. Com-

prised of tiny inter-connecting pores, silica gel attractsand holds moisture by adsorption and capillary con-

densation. Silica gel is inert, non-toxic, non-ammable

and safe to use to protect foods, medicines, sensitive

materials and much more. Even when saturated with

adsorbed moisture, silica gel looks and feels dry to

the touch. Once the gel becomes saturated, it must

be reactivated to continue absorbing moisture, this iscommonly done by heating it.

Commercially, silica gel is used in conned

areas with limited airow and is used displosably in

small packets (most commonly to keep rust out of ar-

eas or package food).

Superabsorbent polymers (SAP) (also called

slush powder) are polymers that can absorb and re-tain extremely large amounts of a liquid relative to

their own mass. An SAP may absorb 500 times its

weight (from 3060 times its own volume). The larg-

est use of SAP is found in personal disposable hy-

giene products, such as baby diapers, adult protective

underwear and sanitary napkins. SAP is also used

for blocking water penetration in underground power

or communications cable, horticultural water retention

agents, control of spill and waste aqueous uid, arti-

cial snow for motion picture and stage production.


11/20

Sea Swarm Prototype

Sea Swarm Render

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vruZVg6j9-I&feature=player_embed-

ded

http://www.gaffta.org/tag

/senseable-city-lab/

http://senseable.m

it.ed

u/seaswarm/


Conceptual Absorbers

By autonomously navigating the waters sur-

face, Seaswarm proposes a new system for ocean-

skimming and oil removal.

Seaswarm uses a photovoltaic powered con-

veyor belt made of a thin nanowire mesh to propel it-

self and collect oil. The nanomaterial, patented at MIT,can absorb up to 20 times its weight in oil. The exible

conveyor belt softly rolls over the oceans surface, ab-

sorbing oil while deecting water because of its hydro-

phobic properties.

Seaswarm is intended to work as a eet, or

swarm of vehicles, which communicate their location

through GPS and WiFi in order to create an organizedsystem for collection that can work continuously with-

out human support. Because they are smaller than

commercial skimmers attached to large shing ves-

sels, they are able to navigate hard to reach places

like estuaries and coast lines. Seaswarm works by

detecting the edge of a spill and moving inward until

it has removed the oil from a single site before joiningother vehicles that are still cleaning. Oil is digested

locally so that Seaswarm does not need to make re-

peated trips back to shore, which would dramatically

slow collection time.

The eet uses cutting edge nanotechnology

to solve current environmental problems while envi-

sioning long-term solutions for the future. With a new

design strategy we can revive and preserve the quality

of our oceans.


12/20

Ultrasonic Humidifier Components

Ultrasonic Humidifier

http://www.d

inodirect.com/air-humidier-ultrasonic-personal.html

http://skyjuiceiswater.blo

gspot.com/2008/09/cut-your-cooling-bills-by-

50-to-90.h

tml


Humidifiers

An Ultrasonic humifdier is micro-computer

controlled, so it suggests great possibilities for con-

trol with Arduino. the average unit has a 3.5L water

reservoir, 3-speed levels, and can run for 12 hours

per lling. Essentially, it has three components: an

ultrasonic vibration unit to generate ne mists, a fanto distribute the mist, and a water reservoir. Often,

the vibration unit will be apiezo-electric transducer that

vibrates. When it contacts the water, it breaks down

into a ne mist. Unlike boiling, no heating is required

and little energy is used in the operation.

The most compact version of this technology

is the Individual Humidier. It is a small device thatattaches to the top of a water bottle and also uses

ultrasonic misting.

Humidiers also provide the opportunity to in-

fuse the water with oils and create a smell dispersing

element.


13/20

SubFloor with Hydronic Radiant Heat

Typical Installation Layers

http://www.a

2energy.com/pages/radiant.php

http://www.radiant-oor-heating.com/hydronic/


Radiant Heating

Hydronic radiant oor heating systems use a

boiler to heat up hot water and a pump to circulate the

hot water in plastic pipes installed in a concrete slab.

The pipes, embedded in the oor, carry heated water

that conduct warmth to the surface of the oor where

it broadcasts energy to the room.Separated radiant heat zones are typically con-

trolled by one thermostat and served by a manifold

which distributes the ow of warm water to the indi-

vidual circuits of tubing within each zone.

Hydronic heating offers heat that does not make

noise or give off uneven heat, as a forced air system

would. Again unlike forced air systems, the hydronicsystem warms people and objects rather than just air

so one can leave the door ajar without worrying about

losing heat or becoming cold. On the downside, it is

not recommended the radiant system double-up for

cooling or cleaning the air the way a forced-air sys-

tem can. Although it depends on the application, is

it usually admitted that radiant heating systems are

20 to 40% more energy efcient than other heating

systems. Almost any typr of ooring can be installed

ontop of this system.

The main drawback is that this heating system

is not instantaneous.


14/20


Heating Films

Flexible heating lms are used for under-oor

installation to provide radiant heat. No electromagnet-

ic waves are emitted. It is extremely energy efcient

and can be set to specic temperatures. It comes in

long rolls of specied widths and can be used partially

or fully.This same technology is being applied to tow-

el warmers, and mirror de-foggers and other simple

home applications.

Roll of Heating Film

Layers of a typical heating film

http://www.c

ablewarm.com/

http://www

.youtube.com/watch?v=40umuEbiHEU

http://www.calorique.com

/

http://www.a

libaba.co

m/product-tp/111580082/L

eeil_

Electric_

Heating_

Film.h

tml


15/20

kaptons Heat Film

Silicone/Rubber/Fiberglass Heaters

http://www.o

mega.com/pptst/SRFR_

SRFG

.html

http://www.omega.com/ppt/pptsc.asp?ref=KHR_

KHLV

_KH


Heat Films

The Kapton Company produces heat lms

(Polyimide Film) insulated heaters that are available

in a variety of shapes, sizes, and wattages. Wattage

ratings are 2.5, 5, or 10W/in2 at 115 or 28 V. Polyimide

Film offers a high degree of resistance to chemicals,

and has excellent outgasing properties in high vacu-um environments.

Typical construction consists of an etched foil

element of 0.0005 or 0.0001 thickness which is en-

capsulated between two layers of 0.002 Polyimide

Film and 0.001 FEP adhesive. they range in price

from about $30-$100 and in size up to 12 x 12.

Silicone rubber berglass insulated exibleheaters can also work as heat lms. They offer im-

proved heat transfer and can speed warm-ups where

controlled heating is required in conned areas. Two

circuit designs are available: etched foil or wire wound.

Heaters with etched foil designed elements are avail-

able where the length or width dimension is less than

12(305 mm). All other heaters where both the length

and the width dimensions exceed 12 (305 mm) use

the wire-wound element design.

Unfortunately, re and electrical shock may re-

sult if products are used improperly or installed incor-

rectly.


16/20

Hand-Held Heating/cooling hack device

typical manufacture of Peltier Device

http://www.tetech.com/Peltier-Thermoelec

tric-Cooler-Modules.h

tml

http://www.synbio.org.u

k/component/content/article/46-instrumenta-

tion-news/1458-hand-he

ld-peltier-device-air-heatercooler.html


Peltier Devices

Thermoelectric cooling uses the Peltier effect to

create a heat ux between the junction of two different

types of materials. A Peltier cooler, heater, or thermo-

electric heat pump is a solid-state active heat pump

which transfers heat from one side of the device to the

other side against the temperature gradient (from coldto hot), with consumption of electrical energy. Such

an instrument is also called a Peltier device, Peltier

heat pump, solid state refrigerator, or thermoelectric

cooler .

Because heating can be achieved more easily

and economically by other methods, Peltier devices

are mostly used for cooling. However, when a singledevice is to be used for both heating and cooling, a

Peltier device may be desirable. Simply connecting it

to a DC voltage will cause one side to cool, while the

other side warms. The effectiveness of the pump at

moving the heat away from the cold side is dependent

upon the amount of current provided and how well the

heat can be removed from the hot side.

Peltier devices are commonly used in camping

and portable coolers and for cooling electronic compo-

nents and small instruments, especially in computers.

The module pictured here is 1 x 1 and sells

for about 9$.


17/20

Ideal Passive House

typical Space Heater - ThermoElectric

Relevantwe

bsiteoftheprovider

Relevantyo

utubevideowebaddress

http://www.passive-house.co.u

k/

http://www.passivehouse.us/passiveHouse/PassiveHouseInfo.h

tml


Electric resistance heaters

This type of heating can be either very appro-

priately used, or very inefcient. In conjunction with

a well insulsated area, or a project such as a passive

house, this type f heater is super efcient because it

does away with an HVAC system and its accompany-

ing inefciencies. It heats small spaces quickly. And,it directly heats people and objects, not the air.

this system can also be used in conjunction

with a raiant heating system. Here, it can ne-tune

the temperature in a local area and the radiant system

can maintain a threshold temperature. Also, this type

of heating can be used to super heat areas of raiant

pipe heating.Ultimately, a thermoelectric heater is making

one more, and therefor inefcient conversion of en-

ergy. PLants generally use natural gas to generate

electricity and this, in turn, is converting that to heat.

Most homes, however, have a natural gas heating

system so this conversion is unnecessary. Coupled

with a pasive house or other super-insulation strategy

it can make sense to employ thermoelectrics as part

of a larger system.


18/20

Micro-Fan options

Alternate Micro-fans

http://www.s

tokes.ie/html/research/microm

echanical/microfans.h

tml

http://www

.eetimes.com/electronics-p

roducts/electro-mechani-

cal/408919

8/Micro-fan-touts-high-air

-ow-fast-speed

http://www.ferret.com.au/c/Switches-Plus-Components/Switches-

Plus-Components-anno

unce-NKWs-new-10mm-micro-axial-fan-

NKW32-n816051


Micro-Fans

On the opposite end of the spectrum from the

Air Curtains, micro-fans offer the possibility of a dif-

fused source of air-circulation and the potential to

evenly circulate radiant heat or cooling.

The micro -axial fan by SwitchesPlus is only

10mmx 10mmx 2mm, inaudible, and has an airowof 1.3l/min.

the even smaller, Axial fan has a 6mm diameter

. these fans are being produced primarily for portable

electronic devices and are paired with heat sink tech-

nologies to transfer approximately 20% more heat.

the Stokes Institute that produced ths fan has investi-

gated both radial and axial ow geometries, aerodyna-ics and fabrication at this micro-scale. Their products

are not simple shrunken versions of larger fans, and

they suggest the potential to have specically micro-

engineered fans embedded into larger systems.


19/20

Air Curtain Principles

Common retail air curtain

http://www.m

arsair.com/industrial.html

http://www.berner.com/


Air Curtains

An air curtain is a device that is mounted above

a doorway and blows air down across the door, sepa-

rating the indoors from the outdoors, or one environ-

ment from another. It is designed to keep an indoor

controlled temperature inside of the building, saving

energy when anything from a customer to a tractortrailer enters and exits the building.

This technology is used on a huge range of

scales, from industrial applications (up to 30ft tall) to

small retail applications such as a food refridgerator/

dispenser.


20/20

Fog Wall as a Barrier

Fog SCreen Displaying high-def images

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iehOzd

f4JPk

http://www.fogscreen.com/en/product/Eng

lish/

http://www

.youtube.com/watch?v=RfmSJQuhlk4&p=2C53790

6E9D6128

4&playnext=1&index=25

http://www.e

ffects.com.ph/cgi-bin/photogallery/display

.asp?cat_id=2

http://rocky-mountain.siggraph.org/sigweb2/pages/%20etech%20

fog%20wall.htm


Fog and Steam Walls

These technologies are primarily being used by

theater and production companies for big performanc-

es. The effects are generally used in combination with

lighting to accentuate the depth or thicknes of the fog.

All of these actuators have proven to be safe enough

for deployment around huge crowds of people.Very thin fog walls or fog screens have recently

been pioneered as projection screens. These screens

have the effect of making images appear to oat in

thin air, as the fog is barely visible where there is no

projection. It requires both electricity and pressurized

water ow to create the screen and a projector for the

images. A person can walk through the screen andtemporarily interrupt the projection, which will reas-

semle once the fog become stable again as a projec-

tion surface.

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