Intro. To GISLecture 10

Model BuilderMay 6th, 2013

Reminders

• Please turn in your homework

• The final lab is on Wednesday (5/8/2013).

• For those of you interested, an optional (bonus) lab (Model builder + Spatial autocorrelation) will be assigned on Monday 13th . This is due on Monday 20th (final test).

REVIEW: How to represent the real world in 3D?

• Data points are used to generate a continuous surface. In the below example, a color coded surface is generated from sample values

REVIEW: How to represent the real world in 3D?

• Two ways to generate real world surfaces from point data (sample values)– Vector– raster

• Whatever the method, what kind of data are available to represent the world?

REVIEW: Samples could represent any quantity (value)

• Elevation• Climate data

– Temperature– Precipitation– Wind– CO2 flux

• Others– Ice thickness– Spatial samples (of some quantity) in a city– Gold concentrations– LiDAR data points

Vector representation (of surfaces)

• Triangular Irregular Network (TIN)

• TIN can be used to– Generate contour lines– Slope– Aspect

Triangular Irregular Network• Way of representing

surfaces (vector)

• Elevation points connected by lines to form triangles

• Size of triangles may vary

• Each face created by a triangle is called a facet

REVIEW: Delaunay triangulation

Delaunay triangles: all satisfy the condition Delaunay NOT satisfied

09_03_Figure

Raster Representation (of surfaces)

• The most commonly used term for raster representation is Digital Elevation Model (DEM)

• Any digital model for any other variable could be generated

• For DEM, each cell has an elevation (z-value)• To generate DEM from sample points, interpolation is

used to fill in between surveyed elevations – several methods to choose from

REVIEW: Spatial Interpolation

• Generating surface from points (samples) based upon: – Nearest Neighbor– Inverse Distance Weighted (IDW)– Kriging– Splining

REVIEW: Nearest-Neighbor

• Uses elevations (or another quantity) from a specified number of nearby control points

Sample with Known value

Pixel (grid cell) with unknown value

REVIEW: Nearest-Neighbor

REVIEW: Inverse Distance Weighted (IDW)

• Spatial Autocorrelation– Near objects are

more similar than far objects

• IDW weights point values based on distance

REVIEW: Inverse Distance Weighted (IDW)

• Estimating an unknown value for a pixel (p) by weighting the sample values based on their distance to (p)

i=8 in this example

j

• In the above equation, n is the power. It is usually equals to 2, i.e., n=2. But you can pick n=1, n=1.5, etc.

REVIEW: IDW – Choosing the Power

• Power setting influences interpolation results• Lower power results in smoother surfaces• Higher power results in rugged surface (it

become more like ….?)

Inverse Distance Weighted

REVIEW: Kriging

• Statistical regression method, whose process consists of two main components– Spatial autocorrelation

(semivariance)– Some weighting scheme

• Advanced interpolation function, can adapt to trends in elevation data

REVIEW: Kriging and Semivariogram

• Semivarigram is a graph describing the semivariance (or simply variance) between pairs of samples at different distances (lags)

• The idea comes from intuition:– Things that are spatially close are more

correlated than those are far way (similar to IDW)

REVIEW: Generating Semivariogram

• To generate a semivariogram, semivariance between pairs of points (for various distances/lags) are to be calculated

REVIEW: Semivariance: Example

REVIEW: Kriging and Semivariogram

• The first step in the kriging algorithm is to compute an average semivariogram for the entire dataset. This is done by going through each single point in the dataset and calculate semivariogram. Then the semivariogram are averaged.

• The second step is to calculate the weights associated with each point

REVIEW: Kriging

REVIEW: Spline Interpolation

• Curves fit through control points

• Interpolated values may exceed actual elevation values

• Regularized vs. Tension options

Spline Interpolation

Evaluation of the generated surface

• Independent samples must be preserved for accuracy assessment of the predicted (generated) surface. These points are called check points.

• In other words, if you have 100 samples in the area, you’d use 90 to create the surface and 10 of them to evaluate how accurately the surface represents the actual world

Evaluation • Using check points

PredictionObservation

# of check points

04_03_Figure

Measurement Errors

04_02_Figure

Accuracy Vs. Precision

08_07_Figure

Model Builder

• Credit– Rowan University

Model Builder

Geoprocessing• When we perform geoprocessing tasks on

our data, we are developing the components of a GIS model.

• We perform geoprocessing every time we:– Use a tool interactively in ArcMap– Use tools from ArcToolbox– Execute commands using the command line– Connect tools in ModelBuilder– Use functions in a script (like Python)

Static and Dynamic• Static modeling is the series of steps required to

achieve some final result.– Available land for development of a nursery– Siting of cell towers

• Dynamic modeling is performed in a similar fashion, but has additional parameters requiring several iterations of the model.– Disease outbreak modeling– Real-time traffic analysis– Spread of wildfires, heavy rain, etc.

• Developing a model for a GIS analysis allows for repeat testing of a hypothesis using different data.

• The model can be coded into a GIS application, so that the steps are performed automatically.

• Allows experimentation with model parameters – particularly for “weighting and rating”

• Easier reproduction of results.

• Simplification of workflow.

• Informs the computer how to conduct a series of steps that would be impractical for you to do manually.

Why Use ModelBuilder?

Why Use ModelBuilder?• An automation tool…

• Common Types of Models– Spatial analysis – Example: suitability – building

attractiveness maps

Model Builder

Reproducibility• In performing an analysis, you must have

your workflow clearly defined.• This ensures that you are performing the

steps in the correct order using the appropriate tools.

• Missteps are easy, especially when there can be hours of computer processing between steps.

• The GIS model can be exported as a graphic flowchart or a modeling data structure.

Workflow Efficiency• There are many repetitive steps you

will take in your daily workflow.• Streamlining the process saves you

time.• If you always start working in a File

Geodatabase with specific resolution and projection information, a model for generating your specialized GDB can be created.

Human Inefficiency• You physically cannot perform the steps as fast

as GIS can produce the results.• Certain steps, such as iteration through a

feature set would be prohibitively time consuming.– You must perform the same steps 21 times to clip

data to each individual NJ county.– Rail use analysis: 200+ stations

• Minimize the amount of time spent “babysitting” GIS to perform complex analyses.

How do we model?• ArcGIS has a drag-and-drop interface to

ArcToolbox called ModelBuilder allowing you to develop a flow chart of your GIS workflow.– This flowchart is then run step by step to perform

your analysis.• ArcGIS allows for custom scripting that can be

added to ArcToolbox, introducing greater functionality.– Custom export scripts, specialized versions of

existing tools, develop tools not available in ArcToolbox.

Introduction to ModelBuilder

• Over the past semester, we've performed several geoprocessing tasks

• We have used geoprocessing tools in sequence to analyze GIS data

• ArcGIS allows you to link tools together to create a workflow

How ModelBuilder Works• Drag layers you want

to participate into the model

• Drag tools you want to use into the model

• Output layers, tables, objects shown in green

• Connect the features using arrows

• Order matters to certain tools (Clip)

• Project elements (blue ovals) exist prior to model• Tool to be executed (yellow rectangle)• Derived data (green ovals) produced by tool• Connector (arrow) showing sequence of processing• Value or variable (light blue oval)…such as numbers, strings, spatial references, and geographic extents. • Derived value (light green oval)

Model Builder Elements

Model Builder Elements

Model Builder Elements

Model Builder Elements

Model Builder Toolbar

Single Input Model:

Area Within 100 meters of Streams?

Multiple Input Model

Parcels Within Flood Zone

Multiple Outputs…

Parcels that are:

On The Market Near A School In Low Crime Area

Create A New Model

Drag Tool Into Model Builder Window

Drag and Drop Interface

Open Tool And Specify Input/Output/Query Expression

Validate, Then Run The Simple Model

Connect Output To Next Process

Example

Example: Multiple workflows in one Model

reclassed road

distance

non-floodprone layer

residential and wetlands plus buffer

Homework & Lab• No HW for next week. Keep working on

your project. Begin studying for the final test.

• Your graded HWs will be handed back to you next week.

• Lab on Wednesday (8th): Model builder