Post on 26-Jul-2020
Integrating Energy Efficiency and Renewables in Home Retrofits
Pacific Energy Center Energy Training Center 851 Howard St. 1129 Enterprise St.
San Francisco, CA 94103 Stockton, CA 95204
Courtesy of DOE/NREL
Integrating Energy Efficiency and Renewables in Home Retrofits
Material in this presentation is protected by Copyright law. Reproduction,display, or distribution in print or electronic formats without writtenpermission of rights holders is prohibited.
Disclaimer: The information in this document is believed to accurately describe the technologies described herein and are meant to clarify and illustrate typicalsituations, which must be appropriately adapted to individual circumstances.These materials were prepared to be used in conjunction with a free,educational program and are not intended to provide legal advice or establishlegal standards of reasonable behavior. Neither Pacific Gas and Electric Company (PG&E) nor any of its employees and agents: (1) makes any written ororal warranty, expressed or implied, including, but not limited to, those concerning merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose; (2) assumes anylegal liability or responsibility for the accuracy or completeness of anyinformation, apparatus, product, process, method, or policy contained herein; or(3) represents that its use would not infringe any privately owned rights,including, but not limited to, patents, trademarks, or copyrights.
Note: Some images displayed in class may not be printed in the booklet because of copyright restrictions.
Instructors
Pete Shoemaker Bill Holloway PG&E Pacific Energy Center PG&E Energy Training Center
(415) 973-8850 bmh5@pge.com pjsy@pge.com
Trey Muffet Recurve
trey.muffet@recurve.com
Overview / California Energy Picture
The California Regulated Utility Financial Structure
How PG&E makes money,
and why it can support energy efficiency and conservation.
California’s regulated utilities cover most of the state.
PG&E Southern California
Edison (SCE)
San Diego Gas & Electric (SDG&E)
Southern California Gas (SoCalGas)
They are essentially monopolies in their respective territories, and so need to be regulated.
CPUC
The California Public Utilities Commission is the regulatory body.
30 years ago, the utilities made money like most businesses: on profits from sales.
Energy Sales Profits
The more energy they sold, the more profit they made.
Also 30 years ago, California’s power consumption was rising rapidly, along with the rest of the country.
U.S. Per-capita power California consumption.
Projecting this into the future made people realize that it was not sustainable, and that something needed to be done.
Very high utility bills
Many more new power plants
Serious environmental consequences
We needed to lower people’s energy usage, but how? The utility companies had to be involved, but how could you require them to encourage less energy usage, since their profits and business model depended on more sales?
Conclusion: The utility financial structure must change.
DECOUPLING Separating profits from sales.
Energy Sales Profits
Energy Sales Profits
Since 1978 (gas) and 1982 (electricity) California’s regulated utilities have made profits on INVESTMENTS, not SALES.
These investments are directed by the CPUC and include energy efficiency and conservation.
Example of EE investment and target:
1.The CPUC authorizes PG&E to spend the money to give away 1,000,000 CFLs.
2.The target over 3 years is to reduce electric consumption [xx] mWh.
3. If PG&E makes the target they can set rates so that they earn [x]% for their shareholders.
4. If they exceed the target they can earn more, if they miss the target they earn less or even get penalized.
California utilities have NO incentive to increase energy usage. They DO have mandates and incentives for energy efficiency, conservation, and renewables.
The result? California, and PG&E, is the leader in energy efficiency and renewable generation.
8.5¢ 9 .5¢ 10.0¢ 10.5¢ 10.6¢11.7¢ 11.8¢
13.3¢14.9¢ 15.1¢
17.9¢
31.4¢Residential Average Electric Rate
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
West NorthCe ntral
East SouthCentral
Mountain East NorthCentral
SouthAtlantic
USA West SouthCentral
Pacific MiddleAtlantic
PG&E NewEngland
Alaska andHaw aii
(¢/k
Wh
8.5¢ 9 .5¢ 10.0¢ 10.5¢ 10.6¢ 11.7¢ 11.8¢
13.3¢ 14.9¢ 15.1¢
17.9¢
31.4¢
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
West North Ce ntral
East South Central
Mountain East North Central
South Atlantic
USA West South Central
Pacific Middle Atlantic
PG&E New England
Alaska and Haw aii
(¢/k
Wh
Residential Average Electric Rate
PG&E has one of the highest electric rates in the country.
$76.49$82.64 $83.84 $86.04 $87.75
$101.44 $105.14$112.95 $115.84 $118.00
$134.74
Residential Average Electric Monthly Bill
$199.$199.7474
WWestest NN oorrtthh EEastast NN oorr tthh PGPG&&EE MM oouunnttaainin PaPacciiffiicc UUSASA MMiiddddllee NeNeww EaEasstt SoSo uutthh SSoutouthh WWestest SS oouutthh AAllaaskaska anan dd CeCennttrraall CeCennttrraall AAttlalanntticic EEnglnglaanndd CeCennttrraall AAttlalanntticic CeCennttrraall HaHawwaaiiii
$0
$25
$50
$75
$100
$125
$150
$175
$200
$76.49 $82.64 $83.84 $86.04 $87.75
$101.44 $105.14 $112.95 $115.84 $118.00
$134.74
$0
$25
$50
$75
$100
$125
$150
$175
$200 Residential Average Electric Monthly Bill
But because of efficiency and conservation, PG&E customers have among the lowest bills in the country.
PG&E as a Partner and Solutions Provider
PG&E Portfolio Solution
Reduce Energy
Use
Renewable Power Supply
ClimateSmart
Partnership
Education
Outreach
1) Reduce consumption as much as possible.
2) Get the “greenest” power you can.3) Offset any
remaining carbon emissions.
The Big Picture
California Public Utilities Commission (CPUC) “Loading Order” How we fill in new supply in California 1. Energy Efficiency/Demand response
2. Renewables 3. Distributed Generation (such as CHP)
4. Conventional efficient fossil generation
U.S. Electricity Generation 2008
Source: Energy Information Administration / Annual Energy Rev iew 2008
Total energy consumed = 40.67 Delivered for end use = 13.21 (32%)
Over 2/3 of the energy is wasted.
Big Picture: past & current
Courtesy of DOE/NREL
Cool roof rebates PV rebates
Weatherization Solar Hot Water rebates rebates
Energy Star Lighting rebates
Etc.
Big Picture: future trend
Energy footprint Energy footprint before after
Lowest cost
Best ROI
?
Courtesy of DOE/NREL
REDUCE IT! You figure out how, and the more you do, the more rebate money you’ll get.
Incentives for Renewables CSI (California Solar Initiative) For PV (solar electric) : SB1 • Extremely successful • Already in step 8 • PV prices dropping
For Solar Thermal (Water Heating): AB 1470 • Began May 1, 2010 • Hope to increase sales by factor of 5 to 10
PACE programs (Property Assessed Clean Energy) Helps with easier, lower-cost financing Current problems with home mortgages
National To be determined
25
Class Design
Target student: Solar electric / solar thermal salesperson
Target scenario: Presenting bid to client that contains both EE and solar components. Most cost-effective, most GHG reductions.
Wind, geothermal technologies are not prominent now on the home scale, but may become so.
26
Learning Objectives
• Principles of building performance science • Understanding of energy usage, patterns • Basics of usage components:
1. Air conditioning (cooling) 2. Space heating 3. Lighting 4. Refrigeration 5. Electronics 6. Pool pumping 7. Water heating
• Comparative costs and ROI calculations • Total package including renewable energy system
Your Course Tracker DIRECTIONS: Use this Course Tracker to record how well you understand the key information presented during class. After class, use the Course Tracker and book as a study reference for areas that need more review.
Mark your “Level of Understanding” in column 1-3 according to the following scale range: 1. Need review, more study (Concept Not Understood) 2. Have some questions, need to revisit material (Concept Moderately Understood) 3. Ready to Apply (Concept Understood)
SAMPLE Section Key Points to
Remember
Level of Understanding Notes 1 2 3
Look up the definition of decoupling.
How do I reduce my energy footprint?
Look up my informationon incentives for renewables.
Overview / California
Energy Picture
Regulated utilities X
Decoupling X
Energy mix / load order X
Electrical generation losses, overall efficiency
X
Resources/links:
Building Performance
29
US Carbon Footprint
20%10% HOMES CARS
30
Car performance
Products ? 1
Performance
2 M iles Per Gallon
60
31
Home Performance
Products ? 1
Performance
Home EnergyRating System
2
85
32
Driving Concerns
ENVIRONMENT
Reduce 30‐100% of home’s CO2 emissions by
eliminating waste
FINANCIAL
Save 30‐100% on energy bills while
improving comfort
Products
COMFORT
Eliminate drafts and keep constant temperature year‐
round
HEALTH
Eliminate allergens,
pollutants and sources of respiratory disease
Performance
33
Foundations of Home Performance
• Focus on performance rather than products – “when all you have is a hammer…”
• Holistic approach to analyzing systems – “when we try to pick out anything by itself, we find it
hitched to everything else in the Universe.” • John Muir
• Solution based approach • Building science
34
Building Science Basics
The driving forces behind building problems
1. Heat Flow 2. Pressures 3. Moisture 4. Dew Point
35
Nature Out of Balance
Natures forces are always trying to reach equilibrium insides and out while we are trying to maintain consistent temperature, humidity, etc on the INSIDE only.
36
Heat Flow
• Heat travels from hot to cold. • No absence of heat
• Heat does not rise! • Hot Air rises. • Heat can only be slowed, it cannot be stopped
37
Heat Flow
• Forms of Heat Transfer – Conduction is the transfer of heat energy between objects that are in
contact • touching a hot iron is one form of conduction
– Convection is a mechanism for heat transfer in gases and liquids; it requires air or liquid movement to transfer heat
• a hair dryer moves heat this way
– Radiation is the transfer of heat in the infrared spectrum, and will occur even in the vacuum of space
• how the sun's warmth reaches us
38
Pressure
• We study and track the transport of Air, Heat and Moisture with these principles – Hot moves to cold – High pressure moves to low pressure
39
Pressures
Driving Forces: • Stack Effect – the taller the building, the
more pronounced the stack effect.
• Wind Effect – wind creates a positive pressure on the windward side of the building and a negative pressure on the leeward side of the building.
• Mechanical Systems – Fans, HVAC
40
Stack Effect
High Pressure Pushes Plastic
Out…
Low Pressure Sucks Plastic
in…
41
Moisture
• We study and track the transport of Air, Heat and Moisture with these principles – Hot moves to cold – High pressure move to low pressure – Wet moves to dry
42
Dewpoint and Temperature
Temp 85º F
Temp 72º F
Water Vapor
Temp 65º F Water
Vapor Temp 60º F
Water Vapor
Ability of Air to Carry Moisture
Condensation
Water Vapor Temp
55º F Water Vapor
RH: RH: RH: RH: RH:
35% 50% 75% 100% 100%
43
Relative Humidity
44
The Shell – Building Envelope
Natures forces are always trying to reach equilibrium insides and out while we are trying to maintain consistent temperature, humidity, etc on the INSIDE only.
45
House as a System
It All Works Together!
– Insulation – Ducts – HVAC Equipment – Building Shell – Windows & Doors – Combustion Safety – Water Heating – Appliances & Lighting
46
Four Step Audit Process
Solutions Data Collection Safety Inspection Client Interview
47
The Client Interview
Solutions Data Collection Safety Inspection Client Interaction
48
Increasing energy bills Too cold in the
winter
Environmental concern
Too hot in the summer
Allergies
Mold or Moisture
Common Symptoms
Comfort Health Efficiency
Increasing energy bills
Too cold in the winter
Environmental concern
Too hot in the summer
Allergies
Mold or Moisture
Interrelated
49
Comfort Problems
X
X
X
X
X
X
Some rooms too hot, other too cold? Different temperatures upstairs and down? Cold drafts? Furnace turns on and off every few minutes? Cold at the Floor hot at the Ceiling? Stays hot into the night
50
Air Quality Issues
X
X
X
X
Asthma or Allergies worse indoors? Musty odors or Mold? Children seem to always have sniffles? Headaches and chemical smells?
51
Financial Drivers
X
X
X
X
Bills spike in the Summer or Winter? Spending more then your friend or neighbors? Conserve but can’t seem to make a real impact? Less comfort to try and save money?
52
The Safety Inspection
Client Interview Solutions Data Collection Safety Inspection
53
Furnace Inspection
54
Combustion Testing
• Test Combustion Efficiency • Test Flue Systems • Check Carbon Monoxide
55
Combustion Issues
56
Asbestos
57
Knob and Tube
58
Data Collection
Safety Inspection Client Interaction Solutions Data Collection
59
Home Performance Testing
60
Blower Door
• Measure Air Leakage • Find Infiltration Points
61
Air Leakage Points
62
Attic Inspection
63
Insulation Types
• Cellulose – Netted – Blown-in
• Fiberglass – Batts – Blown-in
64
Insulation Quality
65
Infrared Analysis
66
Duct Inspection
67
Duct Blaster
• Measure Duct Leakage • California Average 30%
Leakage!
68
Studio
DS Bath
Living
Room / K
itchen
Bath
1Stu
dy Gue
stBed
room
Hall (mast
er)
Master
Bedroo
m Mas
ter Bath
Air Flows A
ir Fl
ow V
olum
e(C
F
Room-By-RoomAir Flow
0 50
100 150 200 250 300 350 400
Current Correct Post Improvement
69
Presentation Creation and Delivery
Data Collection Safety Inspection Client Interview Solutions
Create Solutions that Solve Problems!!
70
Energy Modeling
• Know what you will save
71
Home Efficiency Roadmap
1. Building Fundamentals – Insulation, Ducts, Air Leakage, Water Conservation, Moisture
Management, Lighting, Appliances, Plug Loads
2. Major Systems – Heating, Cooling, Ventilation, Water Heating
3. Renewable Resources – Solar PV, Solar Thermal, Wind, Water Catchment
72
Create Solutions that Solve Problems
•Every homeowner has different pain points
•Tailor solutions to clients’ pain points
73
FACT or MYTH ? Read the following statements below. Mark in the
column if you think they are Fact or Myth.
MYTH FACT STATEMENT
Heat rises.
Insulation can never be 100% effective.
Cold air holds more water vapor than warm air.
Double-paned windows help prevent mold.
Wood is a good insulator.
Insulating the attic is a good idea.
Wind can cause pressure changes in a house.
There are alligators in New York sewers.
X X
X X
X X X X
Your Course Tracker Mark your “Level of Understanding” in column 1-3, using the following scale range:
1. Need Review 2. Have Some Questions 3. Ready to Apply
Section Key Points to Remember
Level of Understanding Notes 1 2 3
Home Performance
Home rating systems
Heat flow / stack effect
Humidity / dew point
Home inspection basics
Resources/Links:
Understanding Energy Usage
76
Energy Metrics
Gas Electricity
BTU: British Thermal Unit Energy required to raise 1 lb. of water 1 degree F. Therm = 100,000 BTUs
Watt Energy of 1 amp current flowing across 1 ohm resistance Kilowatt = x 1000 Megawatt = x 1,000,000
= Watt-hour = 3.4 BTU BTU = .29 Watt-hours Kilowatt-hour = 3,413 BTU
kWh = .03413 Therms Therm = 29.3 Kilowatt-hours
No time factor Usage is total embodied heat
Time factor Usage is power over time (kWh)
77
Building Energy Usage
Gas Electricity
Space heating Lights Water heating Appliances Cooking Cooling
Some heating
Two utility energy sources
78
Tariffs
Rate Schedules – “Tariffs” Price lists for energy
Constantly changing
Residential Commercial Electric: E-1, E-6, E-8, etc. Electric: A-1, A-6, A-10, etc. Gas: G-1, GL-1, GM, etc. Gas: G-NR1, G-NR2, etc.
80
Types of Tariffs: Electric
Tiered (Residential) • The more you use, the
more you pay • Starting point is “Baseline”
amount • Approximates climate
zones.
81
PG&E E-1 Residential Rate 6/1/10
11.9 13.5
29.1
40.0 40.0
E-1 / PG&E Standard Rate Schedule (Residential)
Cen
ts p
er k
Wh
As of 1/1/12
45.0 40.0
35.0
30.0
25.0
20.0
15.0 10.0
5.0 0.0
12.8 14.6
29.9
33.9 33.9
Less than 101% - 131% - 201% - Over 300% 100% 130% 200% 300%
Percentage of baseline allocation
82
Types of Tariffs: Electric
Seasonal (Commercial) • Different costs in summer and winter • Depends on seasonal demand • Gas and electric opposite cycles
$0.12845
$0.14602
$0.29940
$0.33940
$0.33940
EL-1 As of 3/1/2012 E-1 As of 3/1/2012 CARE (Low Income)
Tier 5 301%+
201 –Tier 4 300%
130%+ 131 –Tier 3 200%
Baseline to Tier 2 Baseline 130% to 130%
Tier 1 0 -Baseline 0 - Baseline $0.08316
$0.09563
$0.12474
84
Types of Tariffs: Gas
Gas tariffs updated monthly • Reflects market price for natural gas • 2-tiered for residential (baseline + above) • Some seasonal charges for commercial
85
Bill Analysis
Get historical usage—two years if possible. Best way is to establish online account with PG&E
PG&E website: www.pge.com
87
Smart Meter Data: Daily for gas and hourly for electric
Gas usage March 2011
PG&E website: www.pge.com
88
Bill Analysis
Use to determine baseload and seasonal variations Can often infer specific appliance usage.
Baseload is usage that is always there year-round. • Gas baseload can include: water heating, cooking,
clothes drying • Electric baseload can include: lights, appliances,
water heating, pools, ponds
Typical seasonal variations • Gas: space heating • Electric: air conditioning
89Source: PG&E
Gas baseline
Elec. baseline
Elec. seasonal (summer)
Gas seasonal (winter)
November April
October June
90
Baseline Analysis: Gas
1. Pick sample year (12 months) 2. Take 3 lowest months [31, 24, 30] 3. Toss out the lowest [24] 4. Average the other two [30.5]
24 3031
Sample year
91
Specific Appliances
Can use PG&E Smart Energy Analyzer.
92
Average Usage: Gas
93
858 kWh
1097 kWh
1572 kWh
2189 kWh
1276 kWh
Average Usage: Electrical Typical home: 6,992 kWh per year
Source: PG&E survey 2009
Interior/Exterior Lighting 22.5% 1572Central Air / Ventilation 18.2% 1276Misc. 12.3% 858Refrigerator 11.8% 824
94
Typical Single Family California Home* 6,992 total kWh/year
Device % of home electricity Annual kWh for each device
Clothes Dryer 10.2% 713 Computer 8.3% 578 TV 7.4% 519 Range Oven 4.3% 301 Microwave 2.0% 140 Clothes Washer 1.8% 127 Dish Washer 1.2% 84
*RASS, PG&E, and DEER
Source: PG&E survey 2009
95
987 kWh
2959 kWh
1808 kWh
1931 kWh
3434 kWh
1097 kWh
Source: PG&E survey 2009
Average Usage: Electrical Large home: 12,216 kWh per year
96
Large Single Family California Home with Pool Pump 12,216 total kWh/year
Device % of home electricity Annual kWh for each device
Pool Pump Central Air / Ventilation Interior/ Exterior Lighting 2nd Refrigerator Miscellaneous Main Refrigerator Clothes Dryer Computer T V Range Oven Microwave Clothes Washer Dish Washer
24.2% 15.8%
14.8%
10.2% 8.1% 6.7% 5.8% 4.7% 4.2% 2.5% 1.1% 1.0% 0.7%
2959 1931
1808
1245 987 824 713 578 519 301 140 127 84
Source: PG&E survey 2009
Your Course Tracker Mark your “Level of Understanding” in column 1-3, using the following scale range:
1. Need Review 2. Have Some Questions 3. Ready to Apply
Section Key Points to Remember
Level of Understanding Notes 1 2 3
Understanding Energy Usage
Basic terms, conversion factors
Baseline and tiered rates
Bill analysis
How to get general usage information, analysis
Resources/Links: http://www.pge.com/myhome/saveenergymoney/analyzer/
Smart Meters, Time-of-Use Rates,
and “Personal Energy Management”
Peak Demand
PG&E 2006 Annual Usage
Highest demand occurs on only a few hours in the year
20000 The top “50 Hours” 18000 represent 0.6% of the
total hours in a year16000
14000
12000
10000
8000
6000
4000 LoaLoad Dd Duurraattiion Con Cuurrvvee 2000
0 1 501 1001 1501 2001 2501 3001 3501 4001 4501 5001 5501 6001 6501 7001 7501 8001 8501
Tim e
MW
s
Demand Management Strategies
1. Reduce overall load. -- Energy efficiency, conservation
2. Inform people so they can cooperate voluntarily. -- Publicity, “Flex Your Power” alerts
3. Create the ability to remotely turn off certain appliances. -- Smart AC
4. Monitor energy usage in real time. -- Smart Meters
5. Charge more for peak usage. -- Time-of-Use rates, Peak-Time pricing
108
Time of Use Rates
109
Time of Use Rates
Sunday Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday Midnight - 6am Off-Peak Off-Peak Off-Peak Off-Peak Off-Peak Off-Peak Off-Peak
6am - 10am Off-Peak Off-Peak Off-Peak Off-Peak Off-Peak Off-Peak Off-Peak 10am - 1pm Off-Peak Part-Peak Part-Peak Part-Peak Part-Peak Part-Peak Off-Peak 1pm - 7pm Off-Peak Peak Peak Peak Peak Peak Off-Peak 7pm - 9pm Part-Peak Part-Peak Part-Peak Part-Peak Part-Peak Part-Peak Part-Peak
9pm - Midnight Off-Peak Off-Peak Off-Peak Off-Peak Off-Peak Off-Peak Off-Peak
Residential "E6" Time-of-Use Pricing Periods
• Peak rates in Summer Afternoons 31¢/kWh + tier surcharges • Part-Peak rates: 15¢/kWh + tiers • Off-Peak rates (Nights & Weekends) 9-10¢/kWh + tiers
110
Time-of-Use Rates
Time of Use (TOU) • Both residential and commercial • Depends on when energy is used • Peak, part-peak, and off-peak times
Commercial A-6 rate
111
$.27883 - .17017 - .09781
$.29640 - .18775- .11538
$.45032 - .34167 - .26930
$.49032 - .38167 - .30930
$.49032 - .38167 - .30930
SUMMER E-1 E-6 As of 3/1/2012
$0.33940 Tier 5 301%+
201 –$0.33940 Tier 4 300%
$0.29940 Tier 3 131 – 200%
Tier 2 Baseline $0.14602 to 130%
$0.12845 Tier 1 0 - Baseline
PEAK 1pm – 7pm M - F
PARTIAL PEAK 10am – 1pm & 7pm – 9pm M-F + 5pm – 8pm S/S
OFF PEAK All other times including Holidays.
WINTER E-1 E6 as of 3/1/2012
$0.33940 Tier 5
$0.33940 Tier 4
$0.29940 Tier 3
$0.14602 Tier 2
$0.12845 Tier 1
PEAK None PARTIAL PEAK 5pm – 8pm M - F
OFF PEAK All other times including Holidays.
$.11776 - .10189
$.13533 - .11947
$.28925 - .27339
$.32925 - .31339
301%+
201 – 300%
131 – 200%
Baseline to 130%
0 - Baseline
$.32925 - .31339
Smart Meter
9/7/2012 113©2010 Pacific Gas and Electric Company. All rights reserv ed
Electric Network Components
Meters Relays Access 3G Cellular Head Points Network End
Utility IQ
1141149/9/7/7/20122012 ©2010 Pacific Gas and Electric Company. All rights reserv ed
Gas Meter with SmartMeter™ Module
Gas Meter Module
Attaches to existing gas meters
Measures 5.5 x 6.5 inches
Transmits wireless signals to the Data Collector Unit
20 year life span
A.k.a. Meter Transmission Unit (MTU)
9/9/7/7/20122012 115115©2010 Pacific Gas and Electric Company. All rights reserv ed
116
Smart Meter Data
117
Smart Meter Data • Hourly for electric • Daily for gas
A Platform for Innovation Customer Energy Management
From meter to the home Near-time electric usage
information
Timely price signals
Appliance / energy management control signals
From meter to utility
Customer electric use
Customer energy generation (e.g. solar)
Appliance response to energy management control signals
Internet
PG&E Premise
CEM network communication
SmartMeter™ communication
©2010 Pacific Gas and Electric Company. All rights 118 reserv ed
9/7/2012
Your Course Tracker Mark your “Level of Understanding” in column 1-3, using the following scale range:
1. Need Review 2. Have Some Questions 3. Ready to Apply
Section Key Points to Remember
Level of Understanding Notes 1 2 3
Smart Meters and Time-of-Use Rates
Peak demand
Time-of-use principles, rates
Smart meters: structure, capabilities
Home area networks (HAN)
Resources/Links:
Electric Energy Guzzlers Rank the appliances you think consume the most energy: 1=high, 7=low,
Instantaneous Yearly kW kWh
Rank the following
#1-7 in the boxes
Appliances Refrigerator
Hair Dryer
Computer Air Conditioner
55”LED Flat Screen TV
Space Heater Pool Pump
120
Air Conditioning
Air Conditioning
• Large home electric user
• Can be whole-house (central) or individual units
• Big advances in efficiency over the years
Courtesy AJ Madison
Air Conditioning
Window unit: Evaporator and condenser in same location.
Mini-split: One compressor, multiple small coils in house, no ducting.
Courtesy AJ Madison
Air Conditioning: Mini-Split
Connected by refrigerant lines—
no ducting
Multiple evaporator-fan One compressor outside units inside
Pictures Courtesy AJ Madison
Air Conditioning: Mini-Split
Mini-Splits • Can be high efficiency • Allow for individual room control • Are expensive • Need to do research since they are
fairly new in this country
Pictures Courtesy AJ Madison
Air Conditioning: Central
Central Air Conditioning: Compressor outside, one big coil (evaporator) inside with ducting.
Compressor
Courtesy Kool Koncepts
Air Conditioning: Specs
Cooling Capacity • Rated in TONS • Equivalent to cooling capacity of a ton of ice • 1 ton = 12,000 BTU/hr removed
Typical sizes • Window: under 1 Ton (<12,000 BTU/hr) • Central (home) : 1.5 - 5 Tons (18,000 – 60,000 BTU/hr) • Commercial: over 5 Tons (> 60,000 BTU/hr)
Air Conditioning: Specs
Efficiency • EER / SEER rating • (Seasonal) Energy Efficiency Ratio • BTU of cooling / watt-hour of electricity • Higher SEER = more efficiency
• Old systems typically around 7 - 10, newer ones up to 18 and above
Do the Math 3 ton AC uses 2.7 kW/hr 36,000 / 2,700 = 13.3 = 13 SEER
Assessing Existing AC System
• Primary goal to find SEER • Look for nameplate on compressor • Check model number • Check manufacturing date • Possibly call distributors in the area • Get electrical usage (draw)
Online resources not very helpful, usually only listing newer equipment. The best is AHRI:
http://www.ahridirectory.org/ahridirectory/pages/ac/defaultSearch.aspx
Manufacture date
CAPACITY IN BTU REMOVED/HR 036 = 36k BTU/HR (3 TON SYSTEM)
SEER 12 SYSTEM (NOT ALWAYS THIS EASY TO FIND)
Compressor nameplate (outdoor
unit)
Determining SEER Minimum SEER ratings by mfr. date • Pre 1960: 6.1 • 1961 – 1974: 6.7 • 1975 – 1983: 7.2 • 1984 – 1991: 8.0 • 1992 – 2005: 10 • 2006 – present: 13
A reasonable guess, but they may have purchased a higher-efficiency unit
Indoor Unit
• Contains evaporator and fan • Can also be a furnace • Look for refrigerant lines for AC • Look for gas line for furnace • Thermostat is also part of package
AIR FLOW
REFRIGERANT LINES
GAS LINE
AC COIL CONNECTIONS
EVAPORATOR
Combination evaporator and furnace (indoor unit)
Air Conditioning: Upgrade
• SEER ratings depend on combination of outdoor and indoor units, plus thermostat.
• To get full SEER must replace condenser, coil (evaporator), refrigerant and thermostat.
• Must have “communicating equipment”.
• In combo furnace unit, can replace coil separately or go with full unit, also giving high-efficiency heater.
• ALWAYS check/upgrade ductwork as well.
Air Conditioning: Case Study
Target building type: Large home in Central Valley 3500 square feet (10 rooms) 4 people Central AC No pool or hot tub
Air Conditioning: Case Study
Estimated energy usage from PG&E Analyzer.
AC = $530/yr
= 3,000 kWh/yr
New 5 Ton A/C and Duct Sealing
A/C and Duct Sealing: Effect on Solar
137
1223
708 Energy Savings New Consumption
4.8 Panel Reduction (210 watt)
$ 8,000 = cost to implement measure
1,870 kWh/yr. saved =1,000 Watt reduction on PV system size
($3,400) reduction in upfront PV system cost
Benefit to Cost ratio: 0.42 : 1
Other Intangible Benefits: •Peak load reduction •Smart A/C program
Source: PG&E survey 2009
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Air Conditioning
Basic principles / components
M ini-splits
EER / SEER ratings
Resources/Links:
Space Heating
140
Space Heating
Furnaces • Rated in BTU (heat generating capacity) • Small 50K • Typical home 80 – 100K • Commercial 100K and above
Courtesy of DOE/NREL
141
Space Heating
Efficiency • AFUE rating • Annual Fuel Utilization Efficiency • Percent of total heat generated that enters
ducts, or water • Higher AFUE = more efficiency • Old systems typically around 60 - 65, newer
ones up to 95 • Current minimum 78 (most sold are 80)
No Fan 60% eff
Fan = 78%+ eff
Recognizing furnace efficiencies
Plastic vent pipe = 90%+
eff
Recognizing furnace efficiencies
What efficiency is
this?
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Space Heating
Types and ratings
Condensing heaters
Combustion safety
Resources/Links:
Lighting
Electromagnetic Spectrum
Luminous Flux
• Total amount of light emitted
• All directions • Unit is lumen (lm) • Used to rate the output of lamps
Examples: a wax candle generates 13 lumens; a 100 watt bulb generates 1,200 lumens.
Chromaticity (Color Temperature)
• Expression of “coolness” or “warmness” of light source appearance
• Measured in Kelvin (K) • The higher the chromaticity, the cooler the source appears
Cooler
Hotter
10000K
7500K
5000K
3500K
3000K
2500K
Color Rendering Index (CRI)
• Measure of how well a light source renders colors when compared to a reference source
• Reference source depends on chromaticity < 5000K: Incandescent > 5000K: Daylight
• 0-100 point scale • The higher the better
Types of light measurements
• Total amount (lumens) • “Warmness” or “Coolness”
(Chromaticity) • Color Rendering Index – CRI
All three need to be considered in any lighting upgrade.
Lighting Equipment
• Lamp: produces light
Courtesy USA.gov
• Ballast: supplies electrical input to certain lamps
• Control: controls when and how lamps operate
Measuring Lamp Performance
• Light Output • Power • Efficacy • Lamp Life
(lumens) (Watts) (lumens/Watt) (hours)
Luminous Efficacy • A measure of a lamp’s effectiveness in converting electrical energy into light
• A lamp’s luminous efficacy is measured in lumens per Watt – An automobile’s efficacy is measured miles per gallon
Lumens Efficacy = Watt
Energy efficiency measurement of lighting
Lamps
• Incandescent • Fluorescent • High Intensity Discharge (HID) • Light Emitting Diode (LED)
Incandescent – Operation
• Tungsten filament heated to incandescence
• Significant amount of infrared (heat) is produced along with visible light
• Output is about 90% heat, only 10% light
Envelope
Inert Gas
Tungsten Filament
Supports
Fuse
Base
Incandescent – Summary • Advantages:
– High color performance – Immediate “on” – Easy/inexpensive to dim – Point source – Low initial cost
• Best Uses – Glitter, sparkle effects – Accent or focal lighting – Creation of warm ambiance
• Design Issues: – Lowest efficacy
(10-20 lm/W) – Short lamp life
(750 - 2,000 h) – Heat – High operating cost – High maintenance costs – High long-term costs
Incansescent: Tungsten Halogen • Premium incandescent source • Line voltage or low voltage • Advantages:
– Higher efficacy (15-25 lm/W) – Whiter light – Longer lamp life
(2,000 – 4,000 h) – Compact size
• Disadvantages: – More costly
Envelope
Tungsten Filament
Halogen Gas, Inert Gas
Supports
Fuse, Lead in Wires
Base
Fluorescent - Operation • Mercury vapor arc
Base Pinsstream emits UV energy Glass Tube• Phosphors convert UV Electrodeenergy into visible light
Mercury Vapor, Rare Gas
Phosphor Coating (inside tube)
Electrode
Fluorescent – Summary • Advantages: • Design Issues:
– High efficacy (up to 100 lm/W) – Thermally sensitive – Long life (up to 30,000 h) – Requires ballast – Low initial cost – Special ballast required – High CRI for dimming – High frequency operation – Not a point source – Excellent lumen maintenance
• Best Uses – Workhorse for general lighting
•Commercial, Residential, Industrial – Creating uniform wash of light across an architectural
surface
Compact Fluorescent - Operation
• Operate like fluorescent lamps
• Have curved tubes, curved arc streams, which are inherently less efficient that straight arc lamps
Curved Glass Tube
Phosphor Coating
Mercury Vapor, Rare Gas
Base Pins
Compact Fluorescent – Summary • Advantages:
– Compact size – High efficacy
(up to 60 lm/W) – High CRI – Long life (up to 12,000 h) – High frequency operation – Excellent lumen maintenance
• Best Uses – Workhorse for general lighting
–Residential, Commercial
• Design Issues: – Position sensitive – Thermally sensitive – Requires ballast – Special ballast required to
dim – Higher initial cost than
incandescent
– Sconces, pendant, or ceiling mounted decorative luminaires
High Intensity Discharge (HID)
• Electric arc between electrodes • Tube filled with both gas and salts • Heats materials to form a plasma • Like fluorescents, requires ballast
Courtesy NREL
High Pressure Sodium – Operation
• Pressure builds Baseinside arc tube
• Sodium vapor inside arc tube emits visible light Arc Tube Mount
Structure
Electrode
Ceramic Arc Tube
Xenon Fill Gas, Sodium, Mercury Vapor
Outer Bulb
High Pressure Sodium - Summary • Advantages:
– High efficacy (>140 lm/W) – Long life (24,000 h) – Universal burning position – Wide range of wattages – Good lumen maintenance – Good restrike time (among HIDs)
• Design Issues: – Warm/restrike up time – Poor color – Cycling – Expensive to dim, with limited
performance – Strobe effects
• Best uses – Street lighting – Applications where color is not important
Light Emitting Diode (LED) - Operation
Hard Plastic
Phosphor coating (optional)
Semi-Conductor
Anvil
Base Pins
• Produce light by electroluminescence • Solid state light source • Semiconductor chip
Image license: GNU Free Documentation License.
LED - Summary • Advantages:
– Long lamp life (up to 50,000 h)
– Color efficient – Dimmable – Instant on – Many colors, including white
• Design Issues: – Low efficacy white light
source (60 - 90 lm/W)
– Expensive first cost – Heat dissipation – Low lumens per lamp – Lamp lumen
depreciation
Best Uses: – Colored light and special effects lighting – Situations where maintenance is difficult or costly – Signage
Lamps: Efficacy
• Incandescent: 15 – 25 lumens/watt • Fluorescent: 70 – 100 lm/w • HID: 80 – 140 lm/w • LED: 60 – 90 lm/w
Lamp Matrix Fill in the boxes with one of three choices: Y (yes), N (no), S (sometimes)
Incandescent Fluorescent HID LED High Efficacy (>50 lm/w) Instant on/off
High first cost
Good CRI (>85)
Wide range of colors
Performs well in hot/cold Dimmable
Long lamp life (< 10,000 hrs) Produces heat
Lamp Matrix Fill in the boxes with one of three choices: Y (yes), N (no), S (sometimes)
Incandescent Fluorescent HID LED High Efficacy (>50 lm/w) N Y Y Y Instant on/off Y Y N Y High first cost N S S Y Good CRI (>85) Y Y N Y Wide range of colors Y Y N S Performs well in hot/cold Y S Y S Dimmable Y S N Y Long lamp life (> 10,000 hrs) N Y Y Y Produces heat Y N S Y
Lamp Comparison Matrix
Lamp Family Source Type
Efficacy (lm/W)
Lamp Life (rated hours) LLD Color
Temp.1 CRI Dimmable2 Voltage Sensitive2
Temperature Sensitive2
Incandescent Point 15 1,000 95% W 100 Y Y N
Halogen Incandescent Point 20 3,000 100% W 100 Y Y N
Fluorescent Linear 95 25,000 95% WMC 86 Y N Y
Compact Fluorescent Area 70 12,000 86% WMC 86 S N Y
Pulse Start Metal Halide Point 100 20,000 85% WM 70 S N N
Ceramic Metal Halide Point 90 20,000 85% WM 92 S N N
High Pressure Sodium Point 110 24,000 90% W 21 N N N
Induction Lamps Area 80 100,000 75% WM 80 N N N
White LEDs Projection 60 50,000 70% MC 80 Y N Y
1 - W (Warm), M (Mid-range), C (Cool) Note: Values are representative of lamp family performance
2 - Y (Yes), S (Special Cases), N (No)
Ballasts
• Required for all discharge lamps – Fluorescent – High Intensity Discharge
• What does a ballast do? – Supplies sufficient voltage to start the lamp – Regulates (limits) the arc current – Heats lamp electrodes, in some cases
Ballasts: Magnetic vs. Electronic
Magnetic • 120 switches per second • Audible hum • Visible flicker • Inefficient • Heavy
Electronic • 10,000+ switches per second • No hum • Invisible flicker • 20%+ more efficient • Light
Courtesy USA.gov
Lighting: Case Study What have they got now? Ballasts: Magnetic or Electronic? Flicker checker will tell you.
Electronic Magnetic
Courtesy USA.gov
A Control System Overview
Input
Receiver
Processor
Actuator
Output
Operator
People, Schedule, Daylight
Wall Stations, Occupancy Sensors, Time Clock, Photocell
Computer, Processor, Logic Controller
Dimmers, Relays/Breakers
Ballasts, Transformers
Lamps
Component Examples
Lighting Control Hardware - Receivers • Wall Stations
– Switch – Multi-scene dimmers
• Occupancy Sensors – Infrared (eyes) – Ultra sonic (ears) – Dual technology (eyes and ears)
• Time Clock – Astronomical – Standard
• Photocell – Open loop – Closed loop
PG&E Pacific Energy Center 2007
Lighting: Effect on Solar Replacing 60% of CFL applicable screw-base sockets in PG&E homes with CFLs
Large Home Lighting (kWh) $91 = cost to implement measure
691 kWh/yr. saved = 433 Watt reduction on PV system size 691 Energy
Savings
New ($1,500) reduction in upfront PV Consumption
system cost
Benefit/Cost Ratio 16 : 1
2.1 Panel Reduction (210 watt)
177
1117
Source: PG&E survey 2009
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Lighting
Basic measurements: output, chromaticity, color rendering Efficacy
Different types of lamps
Ballasts
Controls
Resources/Links:
Refrigeration
180
Refrigeration
Residential: Large efficiency gains over the years. Simple replacement of old model Rebates often available.
Courtesy NREL
181
Refrigeration
Efficiency Standards: Automatic defrost, freezer top, 18 cubic foot unit. Ice makers and other features such as ice and water through the door were
not part of the modeling.
1990 minimum efficiency 965 kWh/yr 1993 minimum efficiency 691 kWh/yr 2001 minimum efficiency 482 kWh/yr 2004 Energy Star efficiency 410 kWh/yr
Could save >500 kWh/yr per refrigerator.
182
Refrigerator Dating Website http://www.kouba-cavallo.com/refmods.htm
183
Refrigerator Dating Website http://www.kouba-cavallo.com/refmods.htm
184
Good Investment to Replace? http://www.kouba-cavallo.com/rsearch.htm
1205
185
Refrigeration: Effect on Solar
Replacing an existing refrigerator with a new EnergyStar® unit
Main and 2nd Refrigerator (kWh)
864
Energy Savings
New Consumption
$1,145 = cost to implement measure
864 kWh/yr. saved = 542 Watt reduction on PV system size
($1,900) reduction in upfront PV system cost
2.6 Panels (210 watt) Benefit to Cost ratio 1.6 : 1
Source: PG&E survey 2009
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Refrigeration
Basic principles
Efficiency history, measurements
Usage estimates
Resources/Links: http://www.kouba-cavallo.com/refmods.htm
Plug Loads
188
Plug Loads
Appliances that draw power 24/7 Never off even when they’re “off” Large increase—growing problem
189
Plug Loads
190
Plug Loads
• TV <1 to 50+ w) Cable Box (20+ w) • ANYTHING WITH A REMOTE (1 to 5 w) • BATTERY CHARGERS (1 or 2 watts) • MODEM (5+ w) • ROUTER (5+ w) (2+ INTERNET CONNECTIONS)
• FISH TANK PUMP (2 to 3 w 10 gal tank) • HANDS FREE PHONE BASE (3+ w) • PLUGGED IN CLOCKS (<1 to 5 watts)
(MICROWAVE/STOVE/CLOCK RADIOS/VCR/ETC)
According to some estimates, between 8 to 15% of a home’s usage can be plug loads.
191
Plug Loads
• TV: 30w X 2 = 60w • Cable Box: 20w X 2 = 40w • Remotes: 3w x 5 = 15w • Modem: 7w • Router: 7w • Fish Tank Pump: 3w • Phone: 3w • Clocks: 3w X 5 = 15w
Total = 150 watts x 8760 hrs/yr = 1,300 kWh/yr At $.18/kwh (avg.) = $234/yr.
192
Plug Loads
Solutions: • Power strips • “Smart” strips (master/slave) • Timers, occupancy sensors • Turn things off when not in use
193
Conservation and Reducing Plug Loads: Effect on Solar
Utilizing power strips and unplugging electronics/small appliances not in use
Home Electronic Consumption after EE (kWh)
230
Energy Savings New Consumption
1854
$68 = cost to implement measure
300 kWh/yr. saved = 188 Watt reduction on PV system size
($700) reduction in upfront system cost
Benefit to Cost ratio: 10 : 1
0.9 Panel Reduction (210 watt) Source: PG&E survey 2009
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Plug Loads
Basic principles
Ballpark estimates for components
Smart strips
Resources/Links:
Pool Pumps
196
Pool Pumps
From single-speed to two-speed or variable-speed.
Courtesy of DOE/NREL
Multi-Speed Pool Pump or Motor
A single speed pool pump and motor can account for up to 20% of your home’s total electrical costs!
By switching from a single-speed pump to a multi-speed pump you may save up to $477 per year
That's up to $4,770 over the 10 year estimated product lifetime!
Pool Pump and Motor Rebate Program
In ground pool pumps and motors
Must be for pool filtration
Pool owner must receive electric service from PG&E
Pool Pump and Motor Rebate Program
Two-speed pool pump and motor
Two-speed pool motor only
Variable speed pool pump and motor
All must have a qualifying controller
For More Information Pacific Gas & Electric Company
Smarter Energy Line (800) 933-9555
Joanne Panchana Program Manager
Pool Programs (415) 973-9989 J3P8@pge.com
California Energy Commission www.energy.ca.gov/appliances
201
Pool Pump: Effect on Solar
Replacing a single speed pump with a variable speed pump
Pool Pump (kWh)
539
Energy Savings New Consumption
2420
7.2 Panel Reduction (210 watt)
$1,457 = cost to implement measure
1736 kWh/yr. saved = 1,517 Watt reduction on PV size
($5,400reduction in up front system cost
Benefit to Cost ratio: 3.7 : 1
Source: PG&E survey 2009
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Pool Pumps
Principles: single & multi-speed
Usage and savings estimates
Resources/Links:
Water Heating
204
Solar Water Heating
SWH always has backup heater, either gas or electric.
Efficiency of backup heater and entire system is crucial to economics, even more so than with PV.
Courtesy Heliodyne
205
Standard Water Heaters
Typical gas heater:
Direct flue.
Much heat loss “up the chimney”.
Low efficiency. (50 – 70%)
Courtesy PG&E
206
Standard Water Heaters
More improved model:
Condensing heater.
Extended flue which releases much of its heat to the water before venting.
Vent gases are cool enough to condense.
Efficiency around 80 – 90+%
Source: Energy Star
207
Standard Water Heaters
New model:
Heat pump.
Like refrigerator in reverse.
Electric powered, no gas burning.
Best to replace electric water heater.
Source: Energy Star
208
Standard Water Heaters
Tankless:
Gas or electric.
Can require special hookup service.
Effectiveness related to usage patterns.
Source: Energy Star
209
Standard Water Heaters
• Rated in gallons of tank size • Home 40 – 80 gal. • Commercial 100 gal. and above • Tankless rated in BTU, typically
<200K Btu for residential
210
Standard Water Heaters
Efficiency • AFUE rating • Annual Fuel Utilization Efficiency • Percent of total heat generated that enters
ducts, or water • Higher AFUE = more efficiency • Old systems typically around 60 - 65, newer
ones up to 95 • Current minimum 78 (most sold are 80)
211
Water Quality and Scaling
Sacrificial anodes in heaters reduce effect of scaling.
Should be replaced but rarely are.
212
Water Quality and Scaling
Water quality can have big effect on solar thermal system and backup heater.
Can shorten lifetime of system and lower efficiency.
Can justify higher-priced heat exchange system.
213
Water Conservation / General
• Usage patterns and habits • Better landscaping, plants • Low-flow toilets • Etc.
214
Water Conservation / Hot Water
Faucet aerators
- Should be less than 2.75 gpm
Energy efficient showerheads
- Should be 1.0 – 2.5 gpm
Pipe insulation
- Especially pre-1978 (Title 24)
216
Demand System
Recirculation loops (automatic)
Metlund® system (on demand)
Source: www.chilipepperapp.com
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Water Heating
Basic solar water heating principles Different types of gas & electric heaters Efficiency ratings
Scaling and maintenance, anodes Water conservation measures Recirculation loops
Resources/Links:
Quick and Simple Smart Meter Audit
219
Basic Principles
• Focus on main power users.
• Turn off and on and check load on Smart Meter.
Appliance off Appliance on
221
Audit: Air Conditioner
222
Audit: Air Conditioner
• Could not access nameplate of compressor
• Can find seer by determining load, estimating AC tonnage (BTUs removed), and dividing
• Use thermostat to stop/start AC
Do the Math 3 ton AC uses 2.57 kW/hr 36,000 / 2,570 = 14 SEER
2.69 - .093 = 2.57 kW air conditioner load
225
Audit: Refrigerator
• Could see nameplate
• Determined load was 180 watts
• Load info not as useful • Refrigerator dating method best
226
Audit: Plug Loads
• Find power strip and turn off / on
• Load was 12 watts • Information is useful since load is 24/7
Class Quiz
The Big Picture
About how much energy is wasted in the conventional generation and delivery of electricity to the home?
1. 1/2 2. 3/4
3. 2/3 4. 1/3
The Big Picture
What is “decoupling”? 1. The process of unlinking fossil fuels from
electricity generation. 2. The separation of profits from sales.
3. The separation of church and state. 4. Separating utilities and regulation
5. An early form of birth control.
The Big Picture
What is a major result of the decoupling of California utilities?
1. Californians use more electricity than people in any other state.
2. California has less power plants than any other state.
3. California is the most energy efficient state in the country.
4. Californians have smaller homes than the national averge.
5. Californians have fewer children than the national average.
The Big Picture
What is the ratio of total GHG emissions between cars and buildings?
1. Cars emit twice as much.
2. Buildings emit twice as much. 3. They are about the same. 4. Neither have significant emissions.
5. Both emit less than politicians.
Home Performance
What is a good analogy for the HERS rating?
1. ERA for baseball pitchers.
2. PSI for pumps. 3. MPG for cars. 4. YELP for restaurants.
Home Performance
What is “stack effect”?
1. Increased pressure in the lower part of the house.
2. Decreased pressure in the upper part of the house.
3. Increased pressure in the upper part of the house.
4. Increased pressure to improve home performance.
Air Conditioning
What is a “mini-split”?
1. Unit that is installed in a window.
2. Appliance that cools without ducting. 3. Small AC unit that fits in the attic. 4. A unit with a SEER greater than 16.
Air Conditioning
What does SEER measure?
1. Size of the fan unit.
2. Number of kilowatt hours that the condenser uses per year.
3. BTUs of heat removed per watt of energy used.
4. Relative efficiency between summer and winter
Air Conditioning
In which home is it most likely that an AC upgrade will make economic sense?
1. Split-level home in Santa Cruz.
2. Vacation home in Tahoe. 3. Ranch-style home in Stockton. 4. Yurt in Eureka.
Lighting
What percentage of an incandescent bulb’s output is heat?
1. 50%
2. 75% 3. 90% 4. 98%
5. I don’t have any incandescent bulbs.
Lighting
What is “efficacy”?
1. A measure of lumens per watt.
2. A degree of color rendering. 3. A measure of total light output. 4. The “coolness” of the light.
Lighting
What does a ballast do?
1. Supplies sufficient voltage to start the lamp.
2. Regulates the arc current. 3. Heats lamp electrodes, in some cases. 4. All of the above.
Refrigeration
About how much energy does a current refrigerator use as compared to a pre-1990 model?
1. 90%
2. 50% 3. 20%. 4. 75%
Refrigeration
If a pre-1990 fridge used 1000 kWh per year, and the cost per kWh is $.20, how much would a current fridge save per year?
1. $50
2. $100 3. $500 4. $750
5. A whole lot of beer.
Pool Pumps
Rank the efficiency of the of the following means of powering a pool pump.
• Single-speed motor
• Dual-speed motor. • Variable-speed motor. • Hamster on steroids in a wheel.
Heating
What is a “condensing heater”?
1. One in which the flue gases are cooled to the point of moisture.
2. One which causes water droplets on the windows of the room.
3. One that has no pilot light. 4. One that uses refrigeration in reverse.
Water Heating
In the following example, a home with four people paid an average of $20 per month to heat hot water. They installed energy efficiency measures that cost $40 and reduced their hot water usage by 25%.
1. What is the payback for this investment?
2. Two months The savings is $20 x .25 = $5 3. Eight months per month.
4. One year 8 months x $5/month = $40 5. Two years
6. Two and a half years
Water Heating
Where is the greatest heat loss in a standard gas water heater?
1. Through the insulation. 2. In combustion. 3. Up the flue.
4. In the pilot light.
Water Heating
What is a “sacrificial anode”?
1. A coupling between the solar tank and the backup tank.
2. A rod in the backup tank that gives itself up to scaling.
3. A fuse-like valve that breaks if overheated. 4. A high-efficiency electric heating element. 5. An ancient Mayan fertility ritual.
Electric Energy Guzzlers Rank the appliances you think consume the most energy: 1=high, 7=low,
Instantaneous kW Appliances
Refrigerator
Hair Dryer
Computer Air Conditioner ‐ 10 yr. old, 3 ton
55”LED Flat Screen TV
Space Heater Pool Pump
Yearly Actual Rank kWh
247
Energy Efficiency with Renewables: Modeling using spreadsheet
EE + RE Combinations
Process: 1. Size PV system with no EE 2. Estimate EE measures in priority
order 3. Track reductions in PV system size 4. Compare costs, paybacks 5. Similar for solar thermal
PV Panel Production
Average size 200 watts
About 5 hours of full sun per day per year.
5 x 200 = 1000 watts = 1 kilowatt per panel per day.
About 350 kWh per panel per year.
858 kWh
1097 kWh
1572 kWh
2189 kWh
1276 kWh
3
6
4
3
4
20 panel system
Source: PG&E survey 2009
20 panel system
Misc Elec HVAC
Appliances Lighting
987 kWh
2959 kWh
1808 kWh
1931 kWh
3434 kWh
1097 kWh
Source: PG&E survey 2009
9
3
6 3
6
38 panel system
11
38 panel system
Lighting Misc
Elec HVAC
Appliances
Pool
EE + RE Combinations
Using multiple-page spreadsheet. Will be emailed to you.
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Section Key Points to Remember
Level of Understanding Notes 1 2 3
Spreadsheet
PV panels assigned to appliances PV system design principles Basic economic terms and principles Spreadsheet layout, format
EE only calculation
EE + PV calculations
Solar water heating component
Resources/Links:
Instructors
Pete Shoemaker Bill Holloway PG&E Pacific Energy Center PG&E Energy Training Center
(415) 973-8850 bmh5@pge.com pjsy@pge.com
Trey Muffet Alex Georgiou