Integrating Energy Efficiency and Renewables in Home Retrofits...$0 $25 $50 $75 $100 $125 $150 $175...

Integrating Energy Efficiency and Renewables in Home Retrofits

Pacific Energy Center Energy Training Center 851 Howard St. 1129 Enterprise St.

San Francisco, CA 94103 Stockton, CA 95204

Courtesy of DOE/NREL

Integrating Energy Efficiency and Renewables in Home Retrofits

Material in this presentation is protected by Copyright law. Reproduction,display, or distribution in print or electronic formats without writtenpermission of rights holders is prohibited.

Disclaimer: The information in this document is believed to accurately describe the technologies described herein and are meant to clarify and illustrate typicalsituations, which must be appropriately adapted to individual circumstances.These materials were prepared to be used in conjunction with a free,educational program and are not intended to provide legal advice or establishlegal standards of reasonable behavior. Neither Pacific Gas and Electric Company (PG&E) nor any of its employees and agents: (1) makes any written ororal warranty, expressed or implied, including, but not limited to, those concerning merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose; (2) assumes anylegal liability or responsibility for the accuracy or completeness of anyinformation, apparatus, product, process, method, or policy contained herein; or(3) represents that its use would not infringe any privately owned rights,including, but not limited to, patents, trademarks, or copyrights.

Note: Some images displayed in class may not be printed in the booklet because of copyright restrictions.

Instructors

Pete Shoemaker Bill Holloway PG&E Pacific Energy Center PG&E Energy Training Center

(415) 973-8850 [email protected] [email protected]

Trey Muffet Recurve

[email protected]

mailto:[email protected]



Overview / California Energy Picture

The California Regulated Utility Financial Structure

How PG&E makes money,

and why it can support energy efficiency and conservation.

California’s regulated utilities cover most of the state.

PG&E Southern California

Edison (SCE)

San Diego Gas & Electric (SDG&E)

Southern California Gas (SoCalGas)

They are essentially monopolies in their respective territories, and so need to be regulated.

CPUC

The California Public Utilities Commission is the regulatory body.

30 years ago, the utilities made money like most businesses: on profits from sales.

Energy Sales Profits

The more energy they sold, the more profit they made.

Also 30 years ago, California’s power consumption was rising rapidly, along with the rest of the country.

U.S. Per-capita power California consumption.

Projecting this into the future made people realize that it was not sustainable, and that something needed to be done.

Very high utility bills

Many more new power plants

Serious environmental consequences

We needed to lower people’s energy usage, but how? The utility companies had to be involved, but how could you require them to encourage less energy usage, since their profits and business model depended on more sales?

Conclusion: The utility financial structure must change.

DECOUPLING Separating profits from sales.



Since 1978 (gas) and 1982 (electricity) California’s regulated utilities have made profits on INVESTMENTS, not SALES.

These investments are directed by the CPUC and include energy efficiency and conservation.

Example of EE investment and target:

1.The CPUC authorizes PG&E to spend the money to give away 1,000,000 CFLs.

2.The target over 3 years is to reduce electric consumption [xx] mWh.

3. If PG&E makes the target they can set rates so that they earn [x]% for their shareholders.

4. If they exceed the target they can earn more, if they miss the target they earn less or even get penalized.

California utilities have NO incentive to increase energy usage. They DO have mandates and incentives for energy efficiency, conservation, and renewables.

The result? California, and PG&E, is the leader in energy efficiency and renewable generation.

8.5¢ 9 .5¢ 10.0¢ 10.5¢ 10.6¢11.7¢ 11.8¢

13.3¢14.9¢ 15.1¢

17.9¢

31.4¢Residential Average Electric Rate

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

West NorthCe ntral

East SouthCentral

Mountain East NorthCentral

SouthAtlantic

USA West SouthCentral

Pacific MiddleAtlantic

PG&E NewEngland

Alaska andHaw aii

(¢/k

Wh

8.5¢ 9 .5¢ 10.0¢ 10.5¢ 10.6¢ 11.7¢ 11.8¢

13.3¢ 14.9¢ 15.1¢

17.9¢

31.4¢

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

West North Ce ntral

East South Central

Mountain East North Central

South Atlantic

USA West South Central

Pacific Middle Atlantic

PG&E New England

Alaska and Haw aii

(¢/k

Wh

Residential Average Electric Rate

PG&E has one of the highest electric rates in the country.

$76.49$82.64 $83.84 $86.04 $87.75

$101.44 $105.14$112.95 $115.84 $118.00

$134.74

Residential Average Electric Monthly Bill

$199.$199.7474

WWestest NN oorrtthh EEastast NN oorr tthh PGPG&&EE MM oouunnttaainin PaPacciiffiicc UUSASA MMiiddddllee NeNeww EaEasstt SoSo uutthh SSoutouthh WWestest SS oouutthh AAllaaskaska anan dd CeCennttrraall CeCennttrraall AAttlalanntticic EEnglnglaanndd CeCennttrraall AAttlalanntticic CeCennttrraall HaHawwaaiiii

$0

$25

$50

$75

$100

$125

$150

$175

$200

$76.49 $82.64 $83.84 $86.04 $87.75

$101.44 $105.14 $112.95 $115.84 $118.00

$134.74

$0

$25

$50

$75

$100

$125

$150

$175

$200 Residential Average Electric Monthly Bill

But because of efficiency and conservation, PG&E customers have among the lowest bills in the country.

PG&E as a Partner and Solutions Provider

PG&E Portfolio Solution

Reduce Energy

Use

Renewable Power Supply

ClimateSmart

Partnership

Education

Outreach

1) Reduce consumption as much as possible.

2) Get the “greenest” power you can.3) Offset any

remaining carbon emissions.

The Big Picture

California Public Utilities Commission (CPUC) “Loading Order” How we fill in new supply in California 1. Energy Efficiency/Demand response

2. Renewables 3. Distributed Generation (such as CHP)

4. Conventional efficient fossil generation

U.S. Electricity Generation 2008

Source: Energy Information Administration / Annual Energy Rev iew 2008

Total energy consumed = 40.67 Delivered for end use = 13.21 (32%)

Over 2/3 of the energy is wasted.

Big Picture: past & current


Cool roof rebates PV rebates

Weatherization Solar Hot Water rebates rebates

Energy Star Lighting rebates

Etc.

Big Picture: future trend

Energy footprint Energy footprint before after

Lowest cost

Best ROI

?


REDUCE IT! You figure out how, and the more you do, the more rebate money you’ll get.

Incentives for Renewables CSI (California Solar Initiative) For PV (solar electric) : SB1 • Extremely successful • Already in step 8 • PV prices dropping

For Solar Thermal (Water Heating): AB 1470 • Began May 1, 2010 • Hope to increase sales by factor of 5 to 10

PACE programs (Property Assessed Clean Energy) Helps with easier, lower-cost financing Current problems with home mortgages

National To be determined

25

Class Design

Target student: Solar electric / solar thermal salesperson

Target scenario: Presenting bid to client that contains both EE and solar components. Most cost-effective, most GHG reductions.

Wind, geothermal technologies are not prominent now on the home scale, but may become so.

26

Learning Objectives

• Principles of building performance science • Understanding of energy usage, patterns • Basics of usage components:

1. Air conditioning (cooling) 2. Space heating 3. Lighting 4. Refrigeration 5. Electronics 6. Pool pumping 7. Water heating

• Comparative costs and ROI calculations • Total package including renewable energy system

Your Course Tracker DIRECTIONS: Use this Course Tracker to record how well you understand the key information presented during class. After class, use the Course Tracker and book as a study reference for areas that need more review.

Mark your “Level of Understanding” in column 1-3 according to the following scale range: 1. Need review, more study (Concept Not Understood) 2. Have some questions, need to revisit material (Concept Moderately Understood) 3. Ready to Apply (Concept Understood)

SAMPLE Section Key Points to

Remember

Level of Understanding Notes 1 2 3

Look up the definition of decoupling.

How do I reduce my energy footprint?

Look up my informationon incentives for renewables.

Overview / California

Energy Picture

Regulated utilities X

Decoupling X

Energy mix / load order X

Electrical generation losses, overall efficiency

X

Resources/links:

Building Performance

29

US Carbon Footprint

20%10% HOMES CARS

30

Car performance

Products ? 1

Performance

2 M iles Per Gallon

60

31

Home Performance

Products ? 1

Performance

Home EnergyRating System

2

85

32

Driving Concerns

ENVIRONMENT

Reduce 30‐100% of home’s CO2 emissions by

eliminating waste

FINANCIAL

Save 30‐100% on energy bills while

improving comfort

Products

COMFORT

Eliminate drafts and keep constant temperature year‐

round

HEALTH

Eliminate allergens,

pollutants and sources of respiratory disease

Performance

33

Foundations of Home Performance

• Focus on performance rather than products – “when all you have is a hammer…”

• Holistic approach to analyzing systems – “when we try to pick out anything by itself, we find it

hitched to everything else in the Universe.” • John Muir

• Solution based approach • Building science

34

Building Science Basics

The driving forces behind building problems

1. Heat Flow 2. Pressures 3. Moisture 4. Dew Point

35

Nature Out of Balance

Natures forces are always trying to reach equilibrium insides and out while we are trying to maintain consistent temperature, humidity, etc on the INSIDE only.

36

Heat Flow

• Heat travels from hot to cold. • No absence of heat

• Heat does not rise! • Hot Air rises. • Heat can only be slowed, it cannot be stopped

37

Heat Flow

• Forms of Heat Transfer – Conduction is the transfer of heat energy between objects that are in

contact • touching a hot iron is one form of conduction

– Convection is a mechanism for heat transfer in gases and liquids; it requires air or liquid movement to transfer heat

• a hair dryer moves heat this way

– Radiation is the transfer of heat in the infrared spectrum, and will occur even in the vacuum of space

• how the sun's warmth reaches us

38

Pressure

• We study and track the transport of Air, Heat and Moisture with these principles – Hot moves to cold – High pressure moves to low pressure

39

Pressures

Driving Forces: • Stack Effect – the taller the building, the

more pronounced the stack effect.

• Wind Effect – wind creates a positive pressure on the windward side of the building and a negative pressure on the leeward side of the building.

• Mechanical Systems – Fans, HVAC

40

Stack Effect

High Pressure Pushes Plastic

Out…

Low Pressure Sucks Plastic

in…

41

Moisture

• We study and track the transport of Air, Heat and Moisture with these principles – Hot moves to cold – High pressure move to low pressure – Wet moves to dry

42

Dewpoint and Temperature

Temp 85º F

Temp 72º F

Water Vapor

Temp 65º F Water

Vapor Temp 60º F

Water Vapor

Ability of Air to Carry Moisture

Condensation

Water Vapor Temp

55º F Water Vapor

RH: RH: RH: RH: RH:

35% 50% 75% 100% 100%

43

Relative Humidity

44

The Shell – Building Envelope

Natures forces are always trying to reach equilibrium insides and out while we are trying to maintain consistent temperature, humidity, etc on the INSIDE only.

45

House as a System

It All Works Together!

– Insulation – Ducts – HVAC Equipment – Building Shell – Windows & Doors – Combustion Safety – Water Heating – Appliances & Lighting

46

Four Step Audit Process

Solutions Data Collection Safety Inspection Client Interview

47

The Client Interview

Solutions Data Collection Safety Inspection Client Interaction

48

Increasing energy bills Too cold in the

winter

Environmental concern

Too hot in the summer

Allergies

Mold or Moisture

Common Symptoms

Comfort Health Efficiency

Increasing energy bills

Too cold in the winter

Environmental concern

Too hot in the summer

Allergies

Mold or Moisture

Interrelated

49

Comfort Problems

X

X

X

X

X

X

Some rooms too hot, other too cold? Different temperatures upstairs and down? Cold drafts? Furnace turns on and off every few minutes? Cold at the Floor hot at the Ceiling? Stays hot into the night

50

Air Quality Issues

X

X

X

X

Asthma or Allergies worse indoors? Musty odors or Mold? Children seem to always have sniffles? Headaches and chemical smells?

51

Financial Drivers

X

X

X

X

Bills spike in the Summer or Winter? Spending more then your friend or neighbors? Conserve but can’t seem to make a real impact? Less comfort to try and save money?

52

The Safety Inspection

Client Interview Solutions Data Collection Safety Inspection

53

Furnace Inspection

54

Combustion Testing

• Test Combustion Efficiency • Test Flue Systems • Check Carbon Monoxide

55

Combustion Issues

56

Asbestos

57

Knob and Tube

58

Data Collection

Safety Inspection Client Interaction Solutions Data Collection

59

Home Performance Testing

60

Blower Door

• Measure Air Leakage • Find Infiltration Points

61

Air Leakage Points

62

Attic Inspection

63

Insulation Types

• Cellulose – Netted – Blown-in

• Fiberglass – Batts – Blown-in

64

Insulation Quality

65

Infrared Analysis

66

Duct Inspection

67

Duct Blaster

• Measure Duct Leakage • California Average 30%

Leakage!

68

Studio

DS Bath

Living

Room / K

itchen

Bath

1Stu

dy Gue

stBed

room

Hall (mast

er)

Master

Bedroo

m Mas

ter Bath

Air Flows A

ir Fl

ow V

olum

e(C

F

Room-By-RoomAir Flow

0 50

100 150 200 250 300 350 400

Current Correct Post Improvement

69

Presentation Creation and Delivery

Data Collection Safety Inspection Client Interview Solutions

Create Solutions that Solve Problems!!

70

Energy Modeling

• Know what you will save

71

Home Efficiency Roadmap

1. Building Fundamentals – Insulation, Ducts, Air Leakage, Water Conservation, Moisture

Management, Lighting, Appliances, Plug Loads

2. Major Systems – Heating, Cooling, Ventilation, Water Heating

3. Renewable Resources – Solar PV, Solar Thermal, Wind, Water Catchment

72

Create Solutions that Solve Problems

•Every homeowner has different pain points

•Tailor solutions to clients’ pain points

73

FACT or MYTH ? Read the following statements below. Mark in the

column if you think they are Fact or Myth.

MYTH FACT STATEMENT

Heat rises.

Insulation can never be 100% effective.

Cold air holds more water vapor than warm air.

Double-paned windows help prevent mold.

Wood is a good insulator.

Insulating the attic is a good idea.

Wind can cause pressure changes in a house.

There are alligators in New York sewers.

X X

X X

X X X X

Your Course Tracker Mark your “Level of Understanding” in column 1-3, using the following scale range:

1. Need Review 2. Have Some Questions 3. Ready to Apply

Section Key Points to Remember


Home Performance

Home rating systems

Heat flow / stack effect

Humidity / dew point

Home inspection basics

Resources/Links:

Understanding Energy Usage

76

Energy Metrics

Gas Electricity

BTU: British Thermal Unit Energy required to raise 1 lb. of water 1 degree F. Therm = 100,000 BTUs

Watt Energy of 1 amp current flowing across 1 ohm resistance Kilowatt = x 1000 Megawatt = x 1,000,000

= Watt-hour = 3.4 BTU BTU = .29 Watt-hours Kilowatt-hour = 3,413 BTU

kWh = .03413 Therms Therm = 29.3 Kilowatt-hours

No time factor Usage is total embodied heat

Time factor Usage is power over time (kWh)

77

Building Energy Usage

Gas Electricity

Space heating Lights Water heating Appliances Cooking Cooling

Some heating

Two utility energy sources

78

Tariffs

Rate Schedules – “Tariffs” Price lists for energy

Constantly changing

Residential Commercial Electric: E-1, E-6, E-8, etc. Electric: A-1, A-6, A-10, etc. Gas: G-1, GL-1, GM, etc. Gas: G-NR1, G-NR2, etc.

79

Tariffs

All rate schedules on PG&E website

www.pge.com

http://www.pge.com

80

Types of Tariffs: Electric

Tiered (Residential) • The more you use, the

more you pay • Starting point is “Baseline”

amount • Approximates climate

zones.

81

PG&E E-1 Residential Rate 6/1/10

11.9 13.5

29.1

40.0 40.0

E-1 / PG&E Standard Rate Schedule (Residential)

Cen

ts p

er k

Wh

As of 1/1/12

45.0 40.0

35.0

30.0

25.0

20.0

15.0 10.0

5.0 0.0

12.8 14.6

29.9

33.9 33.9

Less than 101% - 131% - 201% - Over 300% 100% 130% 200% 300%

Percentage of baseline allocation

82

Types of Tariffs: Electric

Seasonal (Commercial) • Different costs in summer and winter • Depends on seasonal demand • Gas and electric opposite cycles

$0.12845

$0.14602

$0.29940

$0.33940

$0.33940

EL-1 As of 3/1/2012 E-1 As of 3/1/2012 CARE (Low Income)

Tier 5 301%+

201 –Tier 4 300%

130%+ 131 –Tier 3 200%

Baseline to Tier 2 Baseline 130% to 130%

Tier 1 0 -Baseline 0 - Baseline $0.08316

$0.09563

$0.12474

84

Types of Tariffs: Gas

Gas tariffs updated monthly • Reflects market price for natural gas • 2-tiered for residential (baseline + above) • Some seasonal charges for commercial

85

Bill Analysis

Get historical usage—two years if possible. Best way is to establish online account with PG&E

PG&E website: www.pge.com

http://www.pge.com

86

Get Usage History


http://www.pge.com

87

Smart Meter Data: Daily for gas and hourly for electric

Gas usage March 2011


http://www.pge.com

88

Bill Analysis

Use to determine baseload and seasonal variations Can often infer specific appliance usage.

Baseload is usage that is always there year-round. • Gas baseload can include: water heating, cooking,

clothes drying • Electric baseload can include: lights, appliances,

water heating, pools, ponds

Typical seasonal variations • Gas: space heating • Electric: air conditioning

89Source: PG&E

Gas baseline

Elec. baseline

Elec. seasonal (summer)

Gas seasonal (winter)

November April

October June

90

Baseline Analysis: Gas

1. Pick sample year (12 months) 2. Take 3 lowest months [31, 24, 30] 3. Toss out the lowest [24] 4. Average the other two [30.5]

24 3031

Sample year

91

Specific Appliances

Can use PG&E Smart Energy Analyzer.

92

Average Usage: Gas

93

858 kWh

1097 kWh

1572 kWh

2189 kWh

1276 kWh

Average Usage: Electrical Typical home: 6,992 kWh per year

Source: PG&E survey 2009

Interior/Exterior Lighting 22.5% 1572Central Air / Ventilation 18.2% 1276Misc. 12.3% 858Refrigerator 11.8% 824

94

Typical Single Family California Home* 6,992 total kWh/year

Device % of home electricity Annual kWh for each device

Clothes Dryer 10.2% 713 Computer 8.3% 578 TV 7.4% 519 Range Oven 4.3% 301 Microwave 2.0% 140 Clothes Washer 1.8% 127 Dish Washer 1.2% 84

*RASS, PG&E, and DEER


95

987 kWh

2959 kWh

1808 kWh

1931 kWh

3434 kWh

1097 kWh


Average Usage: Electrical Large home: 12,216 kWh per year

96

Large Single Family California Home with Pool Pump 12,216 total kWh/year

Device % of home electricity Annual kWh for each device

Pool Pump Central Air / Ventilation Interior/ Exterior Lighting 2nd Refrigerator Miscellaneous Main Refrigerator Clothes Dryer Computer T V Range Oven Microwave Clothes Washer Dish Washer

24.2% 15.8%

14.8%

10.2% 8.1% 6.7% 5.8% 4.7% 4.2% 2.5% 1.1% 1.0% 0.7%

2959 1931

1808

1245 987 824 713 578 519 301 140 127 84


97

Other features of pge.com website

http://www.pge.com

98

Smart Energy Analyzer


http://www.pge.com

99

Energy Saving Tips


http://www.pge.com

100

Rebates


http://www.pge.com

101

Buyer’s Guides


http://www.pge.com

102

Energy Saving Programs


http://www.pge.com





Understanding Energy Usage

Basic terms, conversion factors

Baseline and tiered rates

Bill analysis

How to get general usage information, analysis

Resources/Links: http://www.pge.com/myhome/saveenergymoney/analyzer/

http://www.pge.com/myhome/saveenergymoney/analyzer

Smart Meters, Time-of-Use Rates,

and “Personal Energy Management”

Peak Demand

PG&E 2006 Annual Usage

Highest demand occurs on only a few hours in the year

20000 The top “50 Hours” 18000 represent 0.6% of the

total hours in a year16000

14000

12000

10000

8000

6000

4000 LoaLoad Dd Duurraattiion Con Cuurrvvee 2000

0 1 501 1001 1501 2001 2501 3001 3501 4001 4501 5001 5501 6001 6501 7001 7501 8001 8501

Tim e

MW

s

Demand Management Strategies

1. Reduce overall load. -- Energy efficiency, conservation

2. Inform people so they can cooperate voluntarily. -- Publicity, “Flex Your Power” alerts

3. Create the ability to remotely turn off certain appliances. -- Smart AC

4. Monitor energy usage in real time. -- Smart Meters

5. Charge more for peak usage. -- Time-of-Use rates, Peak-Time pricing

108

Time of Use Rates

109

Time of Use Rates

Sunday Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday Midnight - 6am Off-Peak Off-Peak Off-Peak Off-Peak Off-Peak Off-Peak Off-Peak

6am - 10am Off-Peak Off-Peak Off-Peak Off-Peak Off-Peak Off-Peak Off-Peak 10am - 1pm Off-Peak Part-Peak Part-Peak Part-Peak Part-Peak Part-Peak Off-Peak 1pm - 7pm Off-Peak Peak Peak Peak Peak Peak Off-Peak 7pm - 9pm Part-Peak Part-Peak Part-Peak Part-Peak Part-Peak Part-Peak Part-Peak

9pm - Midnight Off-Peak Off-Peak Off-Peak Off-Peak Off-Peak Off-Peak Off-Peak

Residential "E6" Time-of-Use Pricing Periods

• Peak rates in Summer Afternoons 31¢/kWh + tier surcharges • Part-Peak rates: 15¢/kWh + tiers • Off-Peak rates (Nights & Weekends) 9-10¢/kWh + tiers

110

Time-of-Use Rates

Time of Use (TOU) • Both residential and commercial • Depends on when energy is used • Peak, part-peak, and off-peak times

Commercial A-6 rate

111

$.27883 - .17017 - .09781

$.29640 - .18775- .11538

$.45032 - .34167 - .26930

$.49032 - .38167 - .30930

$.49032 - .38167 - .30930

SUMMER E-1 E-6 As of 3/1/2012

$0.33940 Tier 5 301%+

201 –$0.33940 Tier 4 300%

$0.29940 Tier 3 131 – 200%

Tier 2 Baseline $0.14602 to 130%

$0.12845 Tier 1 0 - Baseline

PEAK 1pm – 7pm M - F

PARTIAL PEAK 10am – 1pm & 7pm – 9pm M-F + 5pm – 8pm S/S

OFF PEAK All other times including Holidays.

WINTER E-1 E6 as of 3/1/2012

$0.33940 Tier 5

$0.33940 Tier 4

$0.29940 Tier 3

$0.14602 Tier 2

$0.12845 Tier 1

PEAK None PARTIAL PEAK 5pm – 8pm M - F

OFF PEAK All other times including Holidays.

$.11776 - .10189

$.13533 - .11947

$.28925 - .27339

$.32925 - .31339

301%+

201 – 300%

131 – 200%

Baseline to 130%

0 - Baseline

$.32925 - .31339

Smart Meter

9/7/2012 113©2010 Pacific Gas and Electric Company. All rights reserv ed

Electric Network Components

Meters Relays Access 3G Cellular Head Points Network End

Utility IQ

1141149/9/7/7/20122012 ©2010 Pacific Gas and Electric Company. All rights reserv ed

Gas Meter with SmartMeter™ Module

Gas Meter Module

Attaches to existing gas meters

Measures 5.5 x 6.5 inches

Transmits wireless signals to the Data Collector Unit

20 year life span

A.k.a. Meter Transmission Unit (MTU)

9/9/7/7/20122012 115115©2010 Pacific Gas and Electric Company. All rights reserv ed

116

Smart Meter Data

117

Smart Meter Data • Hourly for electric • Daily for gas

A Platform for Innovation Customer Energy Management

From meter to the home Near-time electric usage

information

Timely price signals

Appliance / energy management control signals

From meter to utility

Customer electric use

Customer energy generation (e.g. solar)

Appliance response to energy management control signals

Internet

PG&E Premise

CEM network communication

SmartMeter™ communication

©2010 Pacific Gas and Electric Company. All rights 118 reserv ed

9/7/2012





Smart Meters and Time-of-Use Rates

Peak demand

Time-of-use principles, rates

Smart meters: structure, capabilities

Home area networks (HAN)

Resources/Links:

Electric Energy Guzzlers Rank the appliances you think consume the most energy: 1=high, 7=low,

Instantaneous Yearly kW kWh

Rank the following

#1-7 in the boxes

Appliances Refrigerator

Hair Dryer

Computer Air Conditioner

55”LED Flat Screen TV

Space Heater Pool Pump

120

Air Conditioning

Air Conditioning

• Large home electric user

• Can be whole-house (central) or individual units

• Big advances in efficiency over the years

Courtesy AJ Madison

Air Conditioning

Window unit: Evaporator and condenser in same location.

Mini-split: One compressor, multiple small coils in house, no ducting.

Courtesy AJ Madison

Air Conditioning: Mini-Split

Connected by refrigerant lines—

no ducting

Multiple evaporator-fan One compressor outside units inside

Pictures Courtesy AJ Madison

Air Conditioning: Mini-Split

Mini-Splits • Can be high efficiency • Allow for individual room control • Are expensive • Need to do research since they are

fairly new in this country

Pictures Courtesy AJ Madison

Air Conditioning: Central

Central Air Conditioning: Compressor outside, one big coil (evaporator) inside with ducting.

Compressor

Courtesy Kool Koncepts

Air Conditioning: Specs

Cooling Capacity • Rated in TONS • Equivalent to cooling capacity of a ton of ice • 1 ton = 12,000 BTU/hr removed

Typical sizes • Window: under 1 Ton (<12,000 BTU/hr) • Central (home) : 1.5 - 5 Tons (18,000 – 60,000 BTU/hr) • Commercial: over 5 Tons (> 60,000 BTU/hr)

Air Conditioning: Specs

Efficiency • EER / SEER rating • (Seasonal) Energy Efficiency Ratio • BTU of cooling / watt-hour of electricity • Higher SEER = more efficiency

• Old systems typically around 7 - 10, newer ones up to 18 and above

Do the Math 3 ton AC uses 2.7 kW/hr 36,000 / 2,700 = 13.3 = 13 SEER

Assessing Existing AC System

• Primary goal to find SEER • Look for nameplate on compressor • Check model number • Check manufacturing date • Possibly call distributors in the area • Get electrical usage (draw)

Online resources not very helpful, usually only listing newer equipment. The best is AHRI:

http://www.ahridirectory.org/ahridirectory/pages/ac/defaultSearch.aspx

http://www.ahridirectory.org/ahridirectory/pages/ac/defaultSearch.aspx

Manufacture date

CAPACITY IN BTU REMOVED/HR 036 = 36k BTU/HR (3 TON SYSTEM)

SEER 12 SYSTEM (NOT ALWAYS THIS EASY TO FIND)

Compressor nameplate (outdoor

unit)

Determining SEER Minimum SEER ratings by mfr. date • Pre 1960: 6.1 • 1961 – 1974: 6.7 • 1975 – 1983: 7.2 • 1984 – 1991: 8.0 • 1992 – 2005: 10 • 2006 – present: 13

A reasonable guess, but they may have purchased a higher-efficiency unit

Indoor Unit

• Contains evaporator and fan • Can also be a furnace • Look for refrigerant lines for AC • Look for gas line for furnace • Thermostat is also part of package

AIR FLOW

REFRIGERANT LINES

GAS LINE

AC COIL CONNECTIONS

EVAPORATOR

Combination evaporator and furnace (indoor unit)

Air Conditioning: Upgrade

• SEER ratings depend on combination of outdoor and indoor units, plus thermostat.

• To get full SEER must replace condenser, coil (evaporator), refrigerant and thermostat.

• Must have “communicating equipment”.

• In combo furnace unit, can replace coil separately or go with full unit, also giving high-efficiency heater.

• ALWAYS check/upgrade ductwork as well.

Air Conditioning: Case Study

Target building type: Large home in Central Valley 3500 square feet (10 rooms) 4 people Central AC No pool or hot tub

Air Conditioning: Case Study

Estimated energy usage from PG&E Analyzer.

AC = $530/yr

= 3,000 kWh/yr

New 5 Ton A/C and Duct Sealing

A/C and Duct Sealing: Effect on Solar

137

1223

708 Energy Savings New Consumption

4.8 Panel Reduction (210 watt)

$ 8,000 = cost to implement measure

1,870 kWh/yr. saved =1,000 Watt reduction on PV system size

($3,400) reduction in upfront PV system cost

Benefit to Cost ratio: 0.42 : 1

Other Intangible Benefits: •Peak load reduction •Smart A/C program






Air Conditioning

Basic principles / components

M ini-splits

EER / SEER ratings

Resources/Links:

Space Heating

140

Space Heating

Furnaces • Rated in BTU (heat generating capacity) • Small 50K • Typical home 80 – 100K • Commercial 100K and above


141

Space Heating

Efficiency • AFUE rating • Annual Fuel Utilization Efficiency • Percent of total heat generated that enters

ducts, or water • Higher AFUE = more efficiency • Old systems typically around 60 - 65, newer

ones up to 95 • Current minimum 78 (most sold are 80)

No Fan 60% eff

Fan = 78%+ eff

Recognizing furnace efficiencies

Plastic vent pipe = 90%+

eff

Recognizing furnace efficiencies

What efficiency is

this?




Level of Understanding Notes

1 2 3

Space Heating

Types and ratings

Condensing heaters

Combustion safety

Resources/Links:

Lighting

Electromagnetic Spectrum

Luminous Flux

• Total amount of light emitted

• All directions • Unit is lumen (lm) • Used to rate the output of lamps

Examples: a wax candle generates 13 lumens; a 100 watt bulb generates 1,200 lumens.

Chromaticity (Color Temperature)

• Expression of “coolness” or “warmness” of light source appearance

• Measured in Kelvin (K) • The higher the chromaticity, the cooler the source appears

Cooler

Hotter

10000K

7500K

5000K

3500K

3000K

2500K

Color Rendering Index (CRI)

• Measure of how well a light source renders colors when compared to a reference source

• Reference source depends on chromaticity < 5000K: Incandescent > 5000K: Daylight

• 0-100 point scale • The higher the better

Types of light measurements

• Total amount (lumens) • “Warmness” or “Coolness”

(Chromaticity) • Color Rendering Index – CRI

All three need to be considered in any lighting upgrade.

Lighting Equipment

• Lamp: produces light

Courtesy USA.gov

• Ballast: supplies electrical input to certain lamps

• Control: controls when and how lamps operate

Measuring Lamp Performance

• Light Output • Power • Efficacy • Lamp Life

(lumens) (Watts) (lumens/Watt) (hours)

Luminous Efficacy • A measure of a lamp’s effectiveness in converting electrical energy into light

• A lamp’s luminous efficacy is measured in lumens per Watt – An automobile’s efficacy is measured miles per gallon

Lumens Efficacy = Watt

Energy efficiency measurement of lighting

Lamps

• Incandescent • Fluorescent • High Intensity Discharge (HID) • Light Emitting Diode (LED)

Incandescent – Operation

• Tungsten filament heated to incandescence

• Significant amount of infrared (heat) is produced along with visible light

• Output is about 90% heat, only 10% light

Envelope

Inert Gas

Tungsten Filament

Supports

Fuse

Base

Incandescent – Summary • Advantages:

– High color performance – Immediate “on” – Easy/inexpensive to dim – Point source – Low initial cost

• Best Uses – Glitter, sparkle effects – Accent or focal lighting – Creation of warm ambiance

• Design Issues: – Lowest efficacy

(10-20 lm/W) – Short lamp life

(750 - 2,000 h) – Heat – High operating cost – High maintenance costs – High long-term costs

Incansescent: Tungsten Halogen • Premium incandescent source • Line voltage or low voltage • Advantages:

– Higher efficacy (15-25 lm/W) – Whiter light – Longer lamp life

(2,000 – 4,000 h) – Compact size

• Disadvantages: – More costly

Envelope

Tungsten Filament

Halogen Gas, Inert Gas

Supports

Fuse, Lead in Wires

Base

Fluorescent - Operation • Mercury vapor arc

Base Pinsstream emits UV energy Glass Tube• Phosphors convert UV Electrodeenergy into visible light

Mercury Vapor, Rare Gas

Phosphor Coating (inside tube)

Electrode

Fluorescent – Summary • Advantages: • Design Issues:

– High efficacy (up to 100 lm/W) – Thermally sensitive – Long life (up to 30,000 h) – Requires ballast – Low initial cost – Special ballast required – High CRI for dimming – High frequency operation – Not a point source – Excellent lumen maintenance

• Best Uses – Workhorse for general lighting

•Commercial, Residential, Industrial – Creating uniform wash of light across an architectural

surface

Compact Fluorescent - Operation

• Operate like fluorescent lamps

• Have curved tubes, curved arc streams, which are inherently less efficient that straight arc lamps

Curved Glass Tube

Phosphor Coating

Mercury Vapor, Rare Gas

Base Pins

Compact Fluorescent – Summary • Advantages:

– Compact size – High efficacy

(up to 60 lm/W) – High CRI – Long life (up to 12,000 h) – High frequency operation – Excellent lumen maintenance

• Best Uses – Workhorse for general lighting

–Residential, Commercial

• Design Issues: – Position sensitive – Thermally sensitive – Requires ballast – Special ballast required to

dim – Higher initial cost than

incandescent

– Sconces, pendant, or ceiling mounted decorative luminaires

High Intensity Discharge (HID)

• Electric arc between electrodes • Tube filled with both gas and salts • Heats materials to form a plasma • Like fluorescents, requires ballast

Courtesy NREL

High Pressure Sodium – Operation

• Pressure builds Baseinside arc tube

• Sodium vapor inside arc tube emits visible light Arc Tube Mount

Structure

Electrode

Ceramic Arc Tube

Xenon Fill Gas, Sodium, Mercury Vapor

Outer Bulb

High Pressure Sodium - Summary • Advantages:

– High efficacy (>140 lm/W) – Long life (24,000 h) – Universal burning position – Wide range of wattages – Good lumen maintenance – Good restrike time (among HIDs)

• Design Issues: – Warm/restrike up time – Poor color – Cycling – Expensive to dim, with limited

performance – Strobe effects

• Best uses – Street lighting – Applications where color is not important

Light Emitting Diode (LED) - Operation

Hard Plastic

Phosphor coating (optional)

Semi-Conductor

Anvil

Base Pins

• Produce light by electroluminescence • Solid state light source • Semiconductor chip

Image license: GNU Free Documentation License.

LED - Summary • Advantages:

– Long lamp life (up to 50,000 h)

– Color efficient – Dimmable – Instant on – Many colors, including white

• Design Issues: – Low efficacy white light

source (60 - 90 lm/W)

– Expensive first cost – Heat dissipation – Low lumens per lamp – Lamp lumen

depreciation

Best Uses: – Colored light and special effects lighting – Situations where maintenance is difficult or costly – Signage

Lamps: Efficacy

• Incandescent: 15 – 25 lumens/watt • Fluorescent: 70 – 100 lm/w • HID: 80 – 140 lm/w • LED: 60 – 90 lm/w

Lamp Matrix Fill in the boxes with one of three choices: Y (yes), N (no), S (sometimes)

Incandescent Fluorescent HID LED High Efficacy (>50 lm/w) Instant on/off

High first cost

Good CRI (>85)

Wide range of colors

Performs well in hot/cold Dimmable

Long lamp life (< 10,000 hrs) Produces heat

Lamp Matrix Fill in the boxes with one of three choices: Y (yes), N (no), S (sometimes)

Incandescent Fluorescent HID LED High Efficacy (>50 lm/w) N Y Y Y Instant on/off Y Y N Y High first cost N S S Y Good CRI (>85) Y Y N Y Wide range of colors Y Y N S Performs well in hot/cold Y S Y S Dimmable Y S N Y Long lamp life (> 10,000 hrs) N Y Y Y Produces heat Y N S Y

Lamp Comparison Matrix

Lamp Family Source Type

Efficacy (lm/W)

Lamp Life (rated hours) LLD Color

Temp.1 CRI Dimmable2 Voltage Sensitive2

Temperature Sensitive2

Incandescent Point 15 1,000 95% W 100 Y Y N

Halogen Incandescent Point 20 3,000 100% W 100 Y Y N

Fluorescent Linear 95 25,000 95% WMC 86 Y N Y

Compact Fluorescent Area 70 12,000 86% WMC 86 S N Y

Pulse Start Metal Halide Point 100 20,000 85% WM 70 S N N

Ceramic Metal Halide Point 90 20,000 85% WM 92 S N N

High Pressure Sodium Point 110 24,000 90% W 21 N N N

Induction Lamps Area 80 100,000 75% WM 80 N N N

White LEDs Projection 60 50,000 70% MC 80 Y N Y

1 - W (Warm), M (Mid-range), C (Cool) Note: Values are representative of lamp family performance

2 - Y (Yes), S (Special Cases), N (No)

Ballasts

• Required for all discharge lamps – Fluorescent – High Intensity Discharge

• What does a ballast do? – Supplies sufficient voltage to start the lamp – Regulates (limits) the arc current – Heats lamp electrodes, in some cases

Ballasts: Magnetic vs. Electronic

Magnetic • 120 switches per second • Audible hum • Visible flicker • Inefficient • Heavy

Electronic • 10,000+ switches per second • No hum • Invisible flicker • 20%+ more efficient • Light

Courtesy USA.gov

Lighting: Case Study What have they got now? Ballasts: Magnetic or Electronic? Flicker checker will tell you.

Electronic Magnetic

Courtesy USA.gov

A Control System Overview

Input

Receiver

Processor

Actuator

Output

Operator

People, Schedule, Daylight

Wall Stations, Occupancy Sensors, Time Clock, Photocell

Computer, Processor, Logic Controller

Dimmers, Relays/Breakers

Ballasts, Transformers

Lamps

Component Examples

Lighting Control Hardware - Receivers • Wall Stations

– Switch – Multi-scene dimmers

• Occupancy Sensors – Infrared (eyes) – Ultra sonic (ears) – Dual technology (eyes and ears)

• Time Clock – Astronomical – Standard

• Photocell – Open loop – Closed loop

PG&E Pacific Energy Center 2007

Lighting: Effect on Solar Replacing 60% of CFL applicable screw-base sockets in PG&E homes with CFLs

Large Home Lighting (kWh) $91 = cost to implement measure

691 kWh/yr. saved = 433 Watt reduction on PV system size 691 Energy

Savings

New ($1,500) reduction in upfront PV Consumption

system cost

Benefit/Cost Ratio 16 : 1


177

1117






Lighting

Basic measurements: output, chromaticity, color rendering Efficacy

Different types of lamps

Ballasts

Controls

Resources/Links:

Refrigeration

180

Refrigeration

Residential: Large efficiency gains over the years. Simple replacement of old model Rebates often available.

Courtesy NREL

181

Refrigeration

Efficiency Standards: Automatic defrost, freezer top, 18 cubic foot unit. Ice makers and other features such as ice and water through the door were

not part of the modeling.

1990 minimum efficiency 965 kWh/yr 1993 minimum efficiency 691 kWh/yr 2001 minimum efficiency 482 kWh/yr 2004 Energy Star efficiency 410 kWh/yr

Could save >500 kWh/yr per refrigerator.

182

Refrigerator Dating Website http://www.kouba-cavallo.com/refmods.htm

http://www.kouba-cavallo.com/refmods.htm

183

Refrigerator Dating Website http://www.kouba-cavallo.com/refmods.htm

184

Good Investment to Replace? http://www.kouba-cavallo.com/rsearch.htm

http://www.kouba-cavallo.com/rsearch.htm

1205

185

Refrigeration: Effect on Solar

Replacing an existing refrigerator with a new EnergyStar® unit

Main and 2nd Refrigerator (kWh)

864

Energy Savings

New Consumption

$1,145 = cost to implement measure

864 kWh/yr. saved = 542 Watt reduction on PV system size

($1,900) reduction in upfront PV system cost

2.6 Panels (210 watt) Benefit to Cost ratio 1.6 : 1






1 2 3

Refrigeration

Basic principles

Efficiency history, measurements

Usage estimates

Resources/Links: http://www.kouba-cavallo.com/refmods.htm

http://www.kouba-cavallo.com/refmods.htm

Plug Loads

188

Plug Loads

Appliances that draw power 24/7 Never off even when they’re “off” Large increase—growing problem

189

Plug Loads

190

Plug Loads

• TV <1 to 50+ w) Cable Box (20+ w) • ANYTHING WITH A REMOTE (1 to 5 w) • BATTERY CHARGERS (1 or 2 watts) • MODEM (5+ w) • ROUTER (5+ w) (2+ INTERNET CONNECTIONS)

• FISH TANK PUMP (2 to 3 w 10 gal tank) • HANDS FREE PHONE BASE (3+ w) • PLUGGED IN CLOCKS (<1 to 5 watts)

(MICROWAVE/STOVE/CLOCK RADIOS/VCR/ETC)

According to some estimates, between 8 to 15% of a home’s usage can be plug loads.

191

Plug Loads

• TV: 30w X 2 = 60w • Cable Box: 20w X 2 = 40w • Remotes: 3w x 5 = 15w • Modem: 7w • Router: 7w • Fish Tank Pump: 3w • Phone: 3w • Clocks: 3w X 5 = 15w

Total = 150 watts x 8760 hrs/yr = 1,300 kWh/yr At $.18/kwh (avg.) = $234/yr.

192

Plug Loads

Solutions: • Power strips • “Smart” strips (master/slave) • Timers, occupancy sensors • Turn things off when not in use

193

Conservation and Reducing Plug Loads: Effect on Solar

Utilizing power strips and unplugging electronics/small appliances not in use

Home Electronic Consumption after EE (kWh)

230

Energy Savings New Consumption

1854

$68 = cost to implement measure

300 kWh/yr. saved = 188 Watt reduction on PV system size

($700) reduction in upfront system cost

Benefit to Cost ratio: 10 : 1

0.9 Panel Reduction (210 watt) Source: PG&E survey 2009





1 2 3

Plug Loads

Basic principles

Ballpark estimates for components

Smart strips

Resources/Links:

Pool Pumps

196

Pool Pumps

From single-speed to two-speed or variable-speed.


Multi-Speed Pool Pump or Motor

A single speed pool pump and motor can account for up to 20% of your home’s total electrical costs!

By switching from a single-speed pump to a multi-speed pump you may save up to $477 per year

That's up to $4,770 over the 10 year estimated product lifetime!

Pool Pump and Motor Rebate Program

In ground pool pumps and motors

Must be for pool filtration

Pool owner must receive electric service from PG&E

Pool Pump and Motor Rebate Program

Two-speed pool pump and motor

Two-speed pool motor only

Variable speed pool pump and motor

All must have a qualifying controller

For More Information Pacific Gas & Electric Company

Smarter Energy Line (800) 933-9555

Joanne Panchana Program Manager

Pool Programs (415) 973-9989 [email protected]

California Energy Commission www.energy.ca.gov/appliances

http://www.energy.ca.gov/appliances


201

Pool Pump: Effect on Solar

Replacing a single speed pump with a variable speed pump

Pool Pump (kWh)

539

Energy Savings New Consumption

2420


$1,457 = cost to implement measure

1736 kWh/yr. saved = 1,517 Watt reduction on PV size

($5,400reduction in up front system cost

Benefit to Cost ratio: 3.7 : 1






1 2 3

Pool Pumps

Principles: single & multi-speed

Usage and savings estimates

Resources/Links:

Water Heating

204

Solar Water Heating

SWH always has backup heater, either gas or electric.

Efficiency of backup heater and entire system is crucial to economics, even more so than with PV.

Courtesy Heliodyne

205

Standard Water Heaters

Typical gas heater:

Direct flue.

Much heat loss “up the chimney”.

Low efficiency. (50 – 70%)

Courtesy PG&E

206


More improved model:

Condensing heater.

Extended flue which releases much of its heat to the water before venting.

Vent gases are cool enough to condense.

Efficiency around 80 – 90+%

Source: Energy Star

207


New model:

Heat pump.

Like refrigerator in reverse.

Electric powered, no gas burning.

Best to replace electric water heater.

Source: Energy Star

208


Tankless:

Gas or electric.

Can require special hookup service.

Effectiveness related to usage patterns.

Source: Energy Star

209


• Rated in gallons of tank size • Home 40 – 80 gal. • Commercial 100 gal. and above • Tankless rated in BTU, typically

<200K Btu for residential

210


Efficiency • AFUE rating • Annual Fuel Utilization Efficiency • Percent of total heat generated that enters

ducts, or water • Higher AFUE = more efficiency • Old systems typically around 60 - 65, newer

ones up to 95 • Current minimum 78 (most sold are 80)

211

Water Quality and Scaling

Sacrificial anodes in heaters reduce effect of scaling.

Should be replaced but rarely are.

212

Water Quality and Scaling

Water quality can have big effect on solar thermal system and backup heater.

Can shorten lifetime of system and lower efficiency.

Can justify higher-priced heat exchange system.

213

Water Conservation / General

• Usage patterns and habits • Better landscaping, plants • Low-flow toilets • Etc.

214

Water Conservation / Hot Water

Faucet aerators

- Should be less than 2.75 gpm

Energy efficient showerheads

- Should be 1.0 – 2.5 gpm

Pipe insulation

- Especially pre-1978 (Title 24)

215

Recirculation Loop

http://www.tanklesshotwaterguide.ca

http://www.tanklesshotwaterguide.ca

216

Demand System

Recirculation loops (automatic)

Metlund® system (on demand)

Source: www.chilipepperapp.com

http://www.chilipepperapp.com





Water Heating

Basic solar water heating principles Different types of gas & electric heaters Efficiency ratings

Scaling and maintenance, anodes Water conservation measures Recirculation loops

Resources/Links:

Quick and Simple Smart Meter Audit

219

Basic Principles

• Focus on main power users.

• Turn off and on and check load on Smart Meter.

Appliance off Appliance on

221

Audit: Air Conditioner

222

Audit: Air Conditioner

• Could not access nameplate of compressor

• Can find seer by determining load, estimating AC tonnage (BTUs removed), and dividing

• Use thermostat to stop/start AC

Do the Math 3 ton AC uses 2.57 kW/hr 36,000 / 2,570 = 14 SEER

2.69 - .093 = 2.57 kW air conditioner load

225

Audit: Refrigerator

• Could see nameplate

• Determined load was 180 watts

• Load info not as useful • Refrigerator dating method best

226

Audit: Plug Loads

• Find power strip and turn off / on

• Load was 12 watts • Information is useful since load is 24/7

Class Quiz

The Big Picture

About how much energy is wasted in the conventional generation and delivery of electricity to the home?

1. 1/2 2. 3/4

3. 2/3 4. 1/3

The Big Picture

What is “decoupling”? 1. The process of unlinking fossil fuels from

electricity generation. 2. The separation of profits from sales.

3. The separation of church and state. 4. Separating utilities and regulation

5. An early form of birth control.

The Big Picture

What is a major result of the decoupling of California utilities?

1. Californians use more electricity than people in any other state.

2. California has less power plants than any other state.

3. California is the most energy efficient state in the country.

4. Californians have smaller homes than the national averge.

5. Californians have fewer children than the national average.

The Big Picture

What is the ratio of total GHG emissions between cars and buildings?

1. Cars emit twice as much.

2. Buildings emit twice as much. 3. They are about the same. 4. Neither have significant emissions.

5. Both emit less than politicians.

Home Performance

What is a good analogy for the HERS rating?

1. ERA for baseball pitchers.

2. PSI for pumps. 3. MPG for cars. 4. YELP for restaurants.

Home Performance

What is “stack effect”?

1. Increased pressure in the lower part of the house.

2. Decreased pressure in the upper part of the house.

3. Increased pressure in the upper part of the house.

4. Increased pressure to improve home performance.

Air Conditioning

What is a “mini-split”?

1. Unit that is installed in a window.

2. Appliance that cools without ducting. 3. Small AC unit that fits in the attic. 4. A unit with a SEER greater than 16.

Air Conditioning

What does SEER measure?

1. Size of the fan unit.

2. Number of kilowatt hours that the condenser uses per year.

3. BTUs of heat removed per watt of energy used.

4. Relative efficiency between summer and winter

Air Conditioning

In which home is it most likely that an AC upgrade will make economic sense?

1. Split-level home in Santa Cruz.

2. Vacation home in Tahoe. 3. Ranch-style home in Stockton. 4. Yurt in Eureka.

Lighting

What percentage of an incandescent bulb’s output is heat?

1. 50%

2. 75% 3. 90% 4. 98%

5. I don’t have any incandescent bulbs.

Lighting

What is “efficacy”?

1. A measure of lumens per watt.

2. A degree of color rendering. 3. A measure of total light output. 4. The “coolness” of the light.

Lighting

What does a ballast do?

1. Supplies sufficient voltage to start the lamp.

2. Regulates the arc current. 3. Heats lamp electrodes, in some cases. 4. All of the above.

Refrigeration

About how much energy does a current refrigerator use as compared to a pre-1990 model?

1. 90%

2. 50% 3. 20%. 4. 75%

Refrigeration

If a pre-1990 fridge used 1000 kWh per year, and the cost per kWh is $.20, how much would a current fridge save per year?

1. $50

2. $100 3. $500 4. $750

5. A whole lot of beer.

Pool Pumps

Rank the efficiency of the of the following means of powering a pool pump.

• Single-speed motor

• Dual-speed motor. • Variable-speed motor. • Hamster on steroids in a wheel.

Heating

What is a “condensing heater”?

1. One in which the flue gases are cooled to the point of moisture.

2. One which causes water droplets on the windows of the room.

3. One that has no pilot light. 4. One that uses refrigeration in reverse.

Water Heating

In the following example, a home with four people paid an average of $20 per month to heat hot water. They installed energy efficiency measures that cost $40 and reduced their hot water usage by 25%.

1. What is the payback for this investment?

2. Two months The savings is $20 x .25 = $5 3. Eight months per month.

4. One year 8 months x $5/month = $40 5. Two years

6. Two and a half years

Water Heating

Where is the greatest heat loss in a standard gas water heater?

1. Through the insulation. 2. In combustion. 3. Up the flue.

4. In the pilot light.

Water Heating

What is a “sacrificial anode”?

1. A coupling between the solar tank and the backup tank.

2. A rod in the backup tank that gives itself up to scaling.

3. A fuse-like valve that breaks if overheated. 4. A high-efficiency electric heating element. 5. An ancient Mayan fertility ritual.

Electric Energy Guzzlers Rank the appliances you think consume the most energy: 1=high, 7=low,

Instantaneous kW Appliances

Refrigerator

Hair Dryer

Computer Air Conditioner ‐ 10 yr. old, 3 ton

55”LED Flat Screen TV

Space Heater Pool Pump

Yearly Actual Rank kWh

247

Energy Efficiency with Renewables: Modeling using spreadsheet

EE + RE Combinations

Process: 1. Size PV system with no EE 2. Estimate EE measures in priority

order 3. Track reductions in PV system size 4. Compare costs, paybacks 5. Similar for solar thermal

PV Panel Production

Average size 200 watts

About 5 hours of full sun per day per year.

5 x 200 = 1000 watts = 1 kilowatt per panel per day.

About 350 kWh per panel per year.

858 kWh

1097 kWh

1572 kWh

2189 kWh

1276 kWh

3

6

4

3

4

20 panel system


20 panel system

Misc Elec HVAC

Appliances Lighting

987 kWh

2959 kWh

1808 kWh

1931 kWh

3434 kWh

1097 kWh


9

3

6 3

6

38 panel system

11

38 panel system

Lighting Misc

Elec HVAC

Appliances

Pool

EE + RE Combinations

Using multiple-page spreadsheet. Will be emailed to you.





Spreadsheet

PV panels assigned to appliances PV system design principles Basic economic terms and principles Spreadsheet layout, format

EE only calculation

EE + PV calculations

Solar water heating component

Resources/Links:

Instructors

Pete Shoemaker Bill Holloway PG&E Pacific Energy Center PG&E Energy Training Center

(415) 973-8850 [email protected] [email protected]

Trey Muffet Alex Georgiou



Integrating Energy Efficiency and Renewables in Home Retrofits...$0 $25 $50 $75 $100 $125 $150 $175...

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Transcript of Integrating Energy Efficiency and Renewables in Home Retrofits...$0 $25 $50 $75 $100 $125 $150 $175...