Post on 18-Mar-2020
Institutional Approach for Dissemination of Decentralized
Domestic Wastewater Treatment Systems
Dr. Yoshitaka EbieCenter for Material Cycles and Waste Management
Research, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Japan
12th WEPA Annual Meeting28-30 Nov., 2016Hanoi, Vietnam
Contents• What is Johkasou
– Decentralized domestic wastewater treatment facilities
• Importance of performance certification– It’s for compliance to the regulation– A performance testing method
• Sludge management and qualification– Regular desludging and professionals
• A dark past we want to forget (bad practice in Japan)– Domestic wastewater or black water
• Resilience to natural disaster– Detailed survey of damage to Johkasou in the Great
East Japan Earthquake in 2011
Contents• What is Johkasou
– Decentralized domestic wastewater treatment facilities
• Importance of performance certification– It’s for compliance to the regulation– A performance testing method
• Sludge management and qualification– Regular desludging and professionals
• A dark past we want to forget (bad practice in Japan)– Domestic wastewater or black water
• Resilience to natural disaster– Detailed survey of damage to Johkasou in the Great
East Japan Earthquake in 2011
What is Johkasou
Washing machine
Bath KitchenToilet
Johkasou
Not only black water but also gray water
Johkasou has been developed in Japan as a decentralized domestic wastewater treatment facility.
What is Johkasou
WWTP
99,260 thousand people
(77.75%)
Johkasou
11,670 thousand people(9.14%)
Centralized system
Decentralized system
Johkasou for 5 persons which has been operated for almost 20 years
Effluent Effluent
Anaerobic tank 1 Anaerobic tank 2 Aerobic tank and disinfection tankHow can we ensure the
treatment performance of each product?
Contents• What is Johkasou
– Decentralized domestic wastewater treatment facilities
• Importance of performance certification– It’s for compliance to the regulation– A performance testing method
• Sludge management and qualification– Regular desludging and professionals
• A dark past we want to forget (bad practice in Japan)– Domestic wastewater or black water
• Resilience to natural disaster– Detailed survey of damage to Johkasou in the Great
East Japan Earthquake in 2011
Trends in sanitation coverage, 1990–2015
urban rural
Sanitation condition in southeast Asia has been improved.
From sanitary issues to environmental issues
• Open defecation• Bucket/container• Pit latrine without slab• Shared• No tank/sewer pipe
• Primary treatment• Secondary treatment• Tertiary treatment
Unimproved
Treatment
Regulation
• Some developing countries in Asia attempt to develop their wastewater effluent standard.
Items Present futureBOD 100 mg/L 50 mg/LCOD 100 mg/L 50 mg/LNH4-N - 10 mg/LPhosphorus - 3 mg/LE. coli - 3,000 N/ml
<Example>
Next to regulation
• However, compliance to the regulation may not be ensured.
How good?
We need an appropriate evaluation system!
Great! But is it true?
We can achieveBOD: <10 mg/LNH4-N: <1 mg/LE. coli: free
Our new product is very cheap but good!!
Certification system for a new product in Japan
Apply for the test
Evaluation document
Apply with the Test report
Test report
Apply with Evaluation document
Certificate
Step 1: Testing
Testing body
Manufacturer
Factory of A compaySource: A company HP
Step 2: Evaluation
Step 3: CertificationMinister
Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport
Designated performance evaluating organization
Performance testing method and certificate system
Timing to get certificate fora new product in Japan
R&DDevelopment
of new product
Certification by treatment performance
testing method
Manufacture the product
Get certification of products by type test
Sell products in the market
When
[Premise] Japanese manufacturer researches and develops new wastewater treatment facility every few years.
Assume products will follow same design and
manufacturing process from the time of test.
Before start manufacturing product series
Major standards in the world
European Standard (EN)EN12566-3: Small wastewater treatment systems for up to 50 PE
The United StatesNSF/ANSI Standard 40: Residential Wastewater Treatment Systems
AustraliaAS/NZS 1546 Part 3: Aerated wastewater treatment systems
Establishment of the testing methods in Southeast Asia
• Treatment performance (Water quality) of the product
• Strength of the tank itself• Maintenance procedure• Sludge removal frequency
Treatment performance Strength
Influent condition- Concentration and water volume -
Water consumption BOD loads per capita per day
200 L/person/day 40 gBOD/person/day
BOD: 200 mg/L, TN: 45 mg/L, TP: 5 mg/L
Influent control- Inflow pattern -
Washing machine
Bath KitchenToilet
When you use water, influent comes
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
3 5 7 9 11 1 3 5 7 9 11 1
Influe
nt v
olum
e (L
)
Timeam pm
Total 200 L/PE/day
Different inflow pattern for different size of the test body
5-10 PE
Rati
o (%
)
11-30 PE
Rati
o (%
)
31-50 PE
Rati
o (%
)
51-100 PE
Rati
o (%
)
101-500 PE
Rati
o (%
)>501 PE
Rati
o (%
)
Time Time
Max ratio: 6.0
Max ratio: 5.4
Max ratio: 4.2
Max ratio: 3.6
Max ratio: 3.0
Max ratio: 2.5
Estimation of population for wastewater treatment (JIS A 3302-2000)
Testing condition in Southeast Asia
• Inflow water quality
• Daily flow pattern
Concentration readjustment could be done by additives
Its applicability should be verified by the committee or experts
Inflow fluctuation shall be considered in the test for each scale
Testing condition in Southeast Asia
• Loading rate– Not only normal (100%) hydraulic daily flow but
also 50% and 150% of daily flow (short term test)• Water temperature
– Influent water temperature which depends on the countries/regions must be considered. (Ex. 25-32˚C)
– Generally, performance at low temperature would be achieved at higher temperature.
• Acclimation before testing– Seeding agents/sludge could be used for a new
test start-up, and the acclimation method shall be mentioned in Instructions to operator.
– Acclimation period must be restricted. (Ex. 8 weeks)
Testing condition in Southeast Asia
• Sampling– Frequency (ex. every week)– Composite sampling (or grab sampling)
• Testing period– Seasonal change should be considered. (ex. 24
or 48 weeks)• Size of the testing product
– The smallest size of the product series shall normally be selected because it should show the worst treatment performance.
• Operation & maintenance– Follow the instructions to operator
Challenges in Indonesia
2015. 02 1st
Stakeholder’s meeting
2015.092nd
Stakeholder’s meeting
2016.033rd Stakeholder’s meeting
2017.024th Stakeholder’s meeting
Launching BSN TC on decentralized wastewater treatment
Stakeholders• Ministry of Environment and Forestry• Ministry of Public Works• Standardization organization• Local governments• Universities• Private companies
Stakeholders Meeting
1) Better understanding on domestic wastewater treatment in Indonesia
2) Awareness raising for the importance of treatment performance testing method and certification system
3) Initiation of the network building on decentralized wastewater treatment in Indonesia
4) Better understanding on the SNI standardization process5) Better understanding on the PUSKIM inspection system
on the decentralized wastewater treatment system installed by PU
6) Drafting performance testing method in Indonesia7) Identification of role and function of each stakeholders
Testing methods in Asian
countries
Raising awareness Drafting a testing method Considering strategies
Capacity building of a testing body
Qualification system for engineer
Propose testing standard in ASEAN countries
Characteristics of biological wastewater
treatment in each country
Progress of standardization
Nation to region
Regional standard
Malaysia
VietnamThailand
Cambodia
Indonesia
• International WS (MOE)• WEPA (MOE)
Establishment of standardized performance testing method for decentralized wastewater treatment facility in Asian region and network building of its experts
Stakeholder’s meeting
Indonesian test
Contents• What is Johkasou
– Decentralized domestic wastewater treatment facilities
• Importance of performance certification– It’s for compliance to the regulation– A performance testing method
• Sludge management and qualification– Regular desludging and professionals
• A dark past we want to forget (bad practice in Japan)– Domestic wastewater or black water
• Resilience to natural disaster– Detailed survey of damage to Johkasou in the Great
East Japan Earthquake in 2011
Keeping the performance
• Appropriate installation techniques are required.• Appropriate operation and periodic maintenance
are required.• Desludging at a proper timing is required.
Operation and maintenance
DesludgingInstallation
Indispensable parameters for the design of wastewater treatment plants
Keeping the performance
• All the work related to WWTPs should be professionals and regulated by law.
• A license/qualification/certification system for operators and technicians would be helpful to ensure the performance of WWTPs.
Continuous training program authorized by government which would be supported by organization consists of wastewater experts, governments, plant makers and
maintenance companies)
Whole picture of our idea
Before installation
• Effluent standard– Not only sanitation
but also water environment
• Performance test and certification system
– Ministries and organization
– Testing method
• R&D– Microbial activity
– Sludge removal frequency
– Settleability of SS
– Effect of disinfection
In use
• O&M– Frequency and
contents
– Disinfectants
– Fee
• Sludge removal
– Frequency
– Fee
• Sludge treatment
– Including septage
• Inspection (optional)
– Frequency
– Fee
Installation
• Local government initiative
• Construction permission with certificate
• Standard for installation
• Registration of WWTPs
• Qualification system– Construction
technician, operators, and sludge removal technician
Contents• What is Johkasou
– Decentralized domestic wastewater treatment facilities
• Importance of performance certification– It’s for compliance to the regulation– A performance testing method
• Sludge management and qualification– Regular desludging and professionals
• A dark past we want to forget (bad practice in Japan)– Domestic wastewater or black water
• Resilience to natural disaster– Detailed survey of damage to Johkasou in the Great
East Japan Earthquake in 2011
History of Sanitary Treatment of Night Soil in Japan
• Storage of night soil and utilization for agriculture (-1950s)• Night soil turned from fertilizer to waste due to the
urbanization and the spread of chemical fertilizer (1950s-)• Nationwide water pollution caused social problem (the late
1960s-)– Delay in construction of sewerage systems led dissemination of
decentralized facilities treating black water only.– Then untreated gray water has been one of the main sources of
pollutants in water bodies.
• Development of domestic wastewater (black and gray water) treatment systems. (1980s-)
We still have 4.23 million units (FY2014)
Black water and gray water
Water consumption BOD loads per capita per day
50 L/person/day
150 L/person/day
13 gBOD/person/day
27 gBOD/person/day
Black
Gray
History of Sanitary Treatment of Night Soil in Japan
• It is very difficult to promote replacement.– The owner already has flush toilet. There is no
specific incentive.– It is a personal property, and they do not want to
pay more.
• We really hope other countries to focus not only on black water but domestic wastewater (black and gray water) from the beginning.
Contents• What is Johkasou
– Decentralized domestic wastewater treatment facilities
• Importance of performance certification– It’s for compliance to the regulation– A performance testing method
• Sludge management and qualification– Regular desludging and professionals
• A dark past we want to forget (bad practice in Japan)– Domestic wastewater or black water
• Resilience to natural disaster– Detailed survey of damage to Johkasou in the Great
East Japan Earthquake in 2011
3 weeks after the Great East Japan Earthquake (April, 2011)
Only some buildings remained
Centralized WWTPs affected by the Great East Japan Earthquake
in 2011
Just after the earthquake
2 months later
Suspension 46 18Damaged 63 44In operation 48Unknown 11 10Total 120 120
Centralized WWTPs
（MILT）
Centralized WWTPs affected by the Great East Japan Earthquake
in 2011Pump station
• In 132 municipalities, 681 km of sewer pipes and 19,624 manholes were damaged.
• Because sewer piping network is spread to huge area, wastewater services in undamaged area were also limited.
Just after the earthquake
2 months later
Suspension 78 41Damaged 30 31In operation 36Unknown 1 1Total 109 109
Sewer pipes
Some people were going back to their home
Wastewater must be discharged
Johkasou affected by the Great East Japan Earthquake in 2011
Simple repair is required
Total loss Number of investigatedsites
Total 28.4% 3.8% 1,099TSUNAMI affected area
55.4% 2.5% 278
Area with seismic intensity over 6
19.2% 4.3% 821
Damaged Johkasou in heavily affected area (with seismic intensity over 6) in Northeast Japan
Ministry of Environment Japan
Johkasou is strong against earthquake
A very small number of Johkasou was affected by the Great East Japan Earthquake in 2011.
Johkasou must be suitable not only for individual houses but also refuges.
Research topics
• Reuse of wastewater for flashing toilet in refuges
• Optimization of Fecal sludge Transportation in Emergency
• Earthquake-resilient construction and installation techniques for Johkasou
• ....etc
Reuse of wastewater for flashing toilet in refuges
Solar power
Solar power
Water saving devices
Electricity
Heat
Electricity
DSP Screen
Dryer
P
ShelterLPG
Heat
Wastewater treatment and reuse system in refuges that enables using flush toilet
Optimization of Fecal sludge Transportation in Emergency
• Establishment of a network model for human waste and sludge transportation in a certain prefecture
• A mathematical model for optimization of transportation
Earthquake-resilient construction and installation techniques for Johkasou
• Analysis of the stress on Johkasou during earthquakes by use of a finite element model (FEM).
• Establishment of testing method for earthquake-resilience
-2.0-1.8-1.6-1.4-1.2-1.0-0.8-0.6-0.4-0.20.0
-20 0 20 40
Dept
h (m
)
Stress （kN/m2)
①位置
②位置
③位置
①-2位置
①
③②
①-2
9@0.2444=2.2m
Your valuable comments and suggestions will be highly
appreciated.