Institutional Approach for Dissemination of Decentralized Domestic Wastewater ... Ebie... ·...

Institutional Approach for Dissemination of Decentralized

Domestic Wastewater Treatment Systems

Dr. Yoshitaka EbieCenter for Material Cycles and Waste Management

Research, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Japan

12th WEPA Annual Meeting28-30 Nov., 2016Hanoi, Vietnam

Contents• What is Johkasou

– Decentralized domestic wastewater treatment facilities

• Importance of performance certification– It’s for compliance to the regulation– A performance testing method

• Sludge management and qualification– Regular desludging and professionals

• A dark past we want to forget (bad practice in Japan)– Domestic wastewater or black water

• Resilience to natural disaster– Detailed survey of damage to Johkasou in the Great

East Japan Earthquake in 2011

What is Johkasou

Washing machine

Bath KitchenToilet

Johkasou

Not only black water but also gray water

Johkasou has been developed in Japan as a decentralized domestic wastewater treatment facility.

What is Johkasou

WWTP

99,260 thousand people

(77.75%)

Johkasou

11,670 thousand people(9.14%)

Centralized system

Decentralized system

Johkasou for 5 persons which has been operated for almost 20 years

Effluent Effluent

Anaerobic tank 1 Anaerobic tank 2 Aerobic tank and disinfection tankHow can we ensure the

treatment performance of each product?

Trends in sanitation coverage, 1990–2015

urban rural

Sanitation condition in southeast Asia has been improved.

From sanitary issues to environmental issues

• Open defecation• Bucket/container• Pit latrine without slab• Shared• No tank/sewer pipe

• Primary treatment• Secondary treatment• Tertiary treatment

Unimproved

Treatment

Regulation

• Some developing countries in Asia attempt to develop their wastewater effluent standard.

Items Present futureBOD 100 mg/L 50 mg/LCOD 100 mg/L 50 mg/LNH4-N - 10 mg/LPhosphorus - 3 mg/LE. coli - 3,000 N/ml

<Example>

Next to regulation

• However, compliance to the regulation may not be ensured.

How good?

We need an appropriate evaluation system!

Great! But is it true?

We can achieveBOD: <10 mg/LNH4-N: <1 mg/LE. coli: free

Our new product is very cheap but good!!

Certification system for a new product in Japan

Apply for the test

Evaluation document

Apply with the Test report

Test report

Apply with Evaluation document

Certificate

Step 1: Testing

Testing body

Manufacturer

Factory of A compaySource: A company HP

Step 2: Evaluation

Step 3: CertificationMinister

Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport

Designated performance evaluating organization

Performance testing method and certificate system

Timing to get certificate fora new product in Japan

R&DDevelopment

of new product

Certification by treatment performance

testing method

Manufacture the product

Get certification of products by type test

Sell products in the market

When

[Premise] Japanese manufacturer researches and develops new wastewater treatment facility every few years.

Assume products will follow same design and

manufacturing process from the time of test.

Before start manufacturing product series

Major standards in the world

European Standard (EN)EN12566-3: Small wastewater treatment systems for up to 50 PE

The United StatesNSF/ANSI Standard 40: Residential Wastewater Treatment Systems

AustraliaAS/NZS 1546 Part 3: Aerated wastewater treatment systems

Establishment of the testing methods in Southeast Asia

• Treatment performance (Water quality) of the product

• Strength of the tank itself• Maintenance procedure• Sludge removal frequency

Treatment performance Strength

Influent condition- Concentration and water volume -

Water consumption BOD loads per capita per day

200 L/person/day 40 gBOD/person/day

BOD: 200 mg/L, TN: 45 mg/L, TP: 5 mg/L

Influent control- Inflow pattern -

Washing machine

Bath KitchenToilet

When you use water, influent comes

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

3 5 7 9 11 1 3 5 7 9 11 1

Influe

nt v

olum

e (L

)

Timeam pm

Total 200 L/PE/day

Different inflow pattern for different size of the test body

5-10 PE

Rati

o (%

)

11-30 PE

Rati

o (%

)

31-50 PE

Rati

o (%

)

51-100 PE

Rati

o (%

)

101-500 PE

Rati

o (%

)>501 PE

Rati

o (%

)

Time Time

Max ratio: 6.0

Max ratio: 5.4

Max ratio: 4.2

Max ratio: 3.6

Max ratio: 3.0

Max ratio: 2.5

Estimation of population for wastewater treatment (JIS A 3302-2000)

Testing condition in Southeast Asia

• Inflow water quality

• Daily flow pattern

Concentration readjustment could be done by additives

Its applicability should be verified by the committee or experts

Inflow fluctuation shall be considered in the test for each scale


• Loading rate– Not only normal (100%) hydraulic daily flow but

also 50% and 150% of daily flow (short term test)• Water temperature

– Influent water temperature which depends on the countries/regions must be considered. (Ex. 25-32˚C)

– Generally, performance at low temperature would be achieved at higher temperature.

• Acclimation before testing– Seeding agents/sludge could be used for a new

test start-up, and the acclimation method shall be mentioned in Instructions to operator.

– Acclimation period must be restricted. (Ex. 8 weeks)


• Sampling– Frequency (ex. every week)– Composite sampling (or grab sampling)

• Testing period– Seasonal change should be considered. (ex. 24

or 48 weeks)• Size of the testing product

– The smallest size of the product series shall normally be selected because it should show the worst treatment performance.

• Operation & maintenance– Follow the instructions to operator

Challenges in Indonesia

2015. 02 1st

Stakeholder’s meeting

2015.092nd


2016.033rd Stakeholder’s meeting

2017.024th Stakeholder’s meeting

Launching BSN TC on decentralized wastewater treatment

Stakeholders• Ministry of Environment and Forestry• Ministry of Public Works• Standardization organization• Local governments• Universities• Private companies

Stakeholders Meeting

1) Better understanding on domestic wastewater treatment in Indonesia

2) Awareness raising for the importance of treatment performance testing method and certification system

3) Initiation of the network building on decentralized wastewater treatment in Indonesia

4) Better understanding on the SNI standardization process5) Better understanding on the PUSKIM inspection system

on the decentralized wastewater treatment system installed by PU

6) Drafting performance testing method in Indonesia7) Identification of role and function of each stakeholders

Testing methods in Asian

countries

Raising awareness Drafting a testing method Considering strategies

Capacity building of a testing body

Qualification system for engineer

Propose testing standard in ASEAN countries

Characteristics of biological wastewater

treatment in each country

Progress of standardization

Nation to region

Regional standard

Malaysia

VietnamThailand

Cambodia

Indonesia

• International WS (MOE)• WEPA (MOE)

Establishment of standardized performance testing method for decentralized wastewater treatment facility in Asian region and network building of its experts


Indonesian test

Keeping the performance

• Appropriate installation techniques are required.• Appropriate operation and periodic maintenance

are required.• Desludging at a proper timing is required.

Operation and maintenance

DesludgingInstallation

Indispensable parameters for the design of wastewater treatment plants

Keeping the performance

• All the work related to WWTPs should be professionals and regulated by law.

• A license/qualification/certification system for operators and technicians would be helpful to ensure the performance of WWTPs.

Continuous training program authorized by government which would be supported by organization consists of wastewater experts, governments, plant makers and

maintenance companies)

Whole picture of our idea

Before installation

• Effluent standard– Not only sanitation

but also water environment

• Performance test and certification system

– Ministries and organization

– Testing method

• R&D– Microbial activity

– Sludge removal frequency

– Settleability of SS

– Effect of disinfection

In use

• O&M– Frequency and

contents

– Disinfectants

– Fee

• Sludge removal

– Frequency

– Fee

• Sludge treatment

– Including septage

• Inspection (optional)

– Frequency

– Fee

Installation

• Local government initiative

• Construction permission with certificate

• Standard for installation

• Registration of WWTPs

• Qualification system– Construction

technician, operators, and sludge removal technician

History of Sanitary Treatment of Night Soil in Japan

• Storage of night soil and utilization for agriculture (-1950s)• Night soil turned from fertilizer to waste due to the

urbanization and the spread of chemical fertilizer (1950s-)• Nationwide water pollution caused social problem (the late

1960s-)– Delay in construction of sewerage systems led dissemination of

decentralized facilities treating black water only.– Then untreated gray water has been one of the main sources of

pollutants in water bodies.

• Development of domestic wastewater (black and gray water) treatment systems. (1980s-)

We still have 4.23 million units (FY2014)

Black water and gray water

Water consumption BOD loads per capita per day

50 L/person/day

150 L/person/day

13 gBOD/person/day

27 gBOD/person/day

Black

Gray

History of Sanitary Treatment of Night Soil in Japan

• It is very difficult to promote replacement.– The owner already has flush toilet. There is no

specific incentive.– It is a personal property, and they do not want to

pay more.

• We really hope other countries to focus not only on black water but domestic wastewater (black and gray water) from the beginning.

3 weeks after the Great East Japan Earthquake (April, 2011)

Only some buildings remained

Centralized WWTPs affected by the Great East Japan Earthquake

in 2011

Just after the earthquake

2 months later

Suspension 46 18Damaged 63 44In operation 48Unknown 11 10Total 120 120

Centralized WWTPs

（MILT）

Centralized WWTPs affected by the Great East Japan Earthquake

in 2011Pump station

• In 132 municipalities, 681 km of sewer pipes and 19,624 manholes were damaged.

• Because sewer piping network is spread to huge area, wastewater services in undamaged area were also limited.

Just after the earthquake

2 months later

Suspension 78 41Damaged 30 31In operation 36Unknown 1 1Total 109 109

Sewer pipes

Some people were going back to their home

Wastewater must be discharged

Johkasou affected by the Great East Japan Earthquake in 2011

Simple repair is required

Total loss Number of investigatedsites

Total 28.4% 3.8% 1,099TSUNAMI affected area

55.4% 2.5% 278

Area with seismic intensity over 6

19.2% 4.3% 821

Damaged Johkasou in heavily affected area (with seismic intensity over 6) in Northeast Japan

Ministry of Environment Japan

Johkasou is strong against earthquake

A very small number of Johkasou was affected by the Great East Japan Earthquake in 2011.

Johkasou must be suitable not only for individual houses but also refuges.

Research topics

• Reuse of wastewater for flashing toilet in refuges

• Optimization of Fecal sludge Transportation in Emergency

• Earthquake-resilient construction and installation techniques for Johkasou

• ....etc

Reuse of wastewater for flashing toilet in refuges

Solar power

Solar power

Water saving devices

Electricity

Heat

Electricity

DSP Screen

Dryer

P

ShelterLPG

Heat

Wastewater treatment and reuse system in refuges that enables using flush toilet

Optimization of Fecal sludge Transportation in Emergency

• Establishment of a network model for human waste and sludge transportation in a certain prefecture

• A mathematical model for optimization of transportation

Earthquake-resilient construction and installation techniques for Johkasou

• Analysis of the stress on Johkasou during earthquakes by use of a finite element model (FEM).

• Establishment of testing method for earthquake-resilience

-2.0-1.8-1.6-1.4-1.2-1.0-0.8-0.6-0.4-0.20.0

-20 0 20 40

Dept

h (m

)

Stress （kN/m2)

①位置

②位置

③位置

①-2位置

①

③②

①-2

[email protected]=2.2m

Your valuable comments and suggestions will be highly

appreciated.

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