Post on 02-Jan-2016
description
Institutional and Legal Plan Institutional and Legal Plan for Wastewater Reuse in Palestinefor Wastewater Reuse in Palestine
1
Technical Assistance on Reuse of Wastewater and Storm Water Harvesting in the Gaza Strip
Present Water Situation in Palestine
• Water resources in the region are extremely scarce and disputable.
• Water demand is continuously growing.
• Water supply and sanitation services are inefficiently delivered and inadequate.
• Tariffs are generally inadequate.
• Consumption and water losses are excessive.
• Insufficient water harvest activities.
• Specifically, In Gaza Strip:• The total abstraction of groundwater in Gaza Governorates exceeds 180 MCM/year. • The agriculture consumes around 85MCM of pumped through more than 10,000 wells
located overall Gaza Strip. • The reminder (95 MCM) is used for industrial and domestic water supplies. The aquifer is
being over-exploited. • The gap between water demand and water supply increases with time. A deficit of about 80
MCM/year. • Reconciliation relies in the strategy of ensuring additional water supply and wastewater reuse
schemes. The reuse of treated wastewater effluents represents a national interest and it is considered an important component of the overall maximization of water resources.
2
Govern. PopulationCapita
Connect. to Sewage
network%
Sewage Production
M3/day
Treatment Availability
Final Distention
Northern 300,000 80% 23,000 Available
Partially Treatment
100% Infiltration basins East & North of Gaza Strip
Gaza 650,000 90% 76,000 Available
80% Partially Treatment & 20% Raw
100% to sea
50,000 partially
10,000 Raw
Middle 250,000 55% 10,000 Not Available 100 % Wadi Gaza and to the Sea
10,000 Raw
Khan Younis
290,000 40% 12,000 Available
Partially Treatment
100 % to sea
(30,000 cesspit)
9,000 Partially
Rafah 200,000 65% 10,000 Available
Partially Treatment
100% to Sea
10,000 Partially
Total 1,725,000 48 MCm/yr 40 Mcm/Yr
To Sea
4
NEW WWTP’S
North Beit Lahia WWTPFinal design capacity: 60,000 m3/dRealised in: ± 2013
Central Gaza WWTPFinal design capacity: 200,000 m3/dRealised in: ± 2017
South Khan Younis WWTPFinal design capacity: 44,000 m3/dRealised in: ± 2015
Beit Lahia WWTP
23,000 m3/d
Gaza WWTP
60,000 m3/d
Khan Younis WWTP
7,000 - 8,000 m3/d
Rafah WWTP
10,000 m3/d
Wastewater Reuse Pilot Projects in Gaza Strip
7
Major Wastewater Reuse System Failures
• low levels of wastewater reuse• Diffuse responsibilities of involved authorities, operators and end users• Lack of sufficient WWT and reuse infrastructure facilities• Unreliable flows and quality of treated wastewater• Inefficient WW reuse practices by farmers• health risks related to current reuse practices• environmental risks related to current reuse practices• Insufficient standards, monitoring and enforcement• Inefficient tariff system, lack of financial means and incentives• Low organization rate among end users• Limited access to (external) agricultural markets• Required capacity building and training
Gab in mandate for effluent reuse in the followings:
• Construction, operation and maintenance of the effluent conveyance system between the WWTP and the off-take points at the farm level;
• Management of contractual relations with farmers for the supply of effluent;
• Effluent tariff collection, including recovery of operation and maintenance costs of the effluent conveyance system as well as for additional effluent treatment for compliance with the standards for reuse; and
• Construction, operation and maintenance of recharge facilities
8
Technical Assistance on Reuse of Wastewater and Storm Water Harvesting in the Gaza Strip (Austrian Project)
Project Objectives
1. The main objective of the Austrian Fund Project is :“ To develop institutional and legal frameworks for the
optimized development and management of wastewater reuse and storm water harvesting in the Palestine,
2. Proposals for legal reforms3. Development of regulations and guidelines4. Development of a tariff structure5. Pilot projects for testing institutional and legal proposals
9
Current Institutional and legal Setup in Palestine
10
Level of Intervention Relevant Institutions
Policy Cabinet of Ministries, National water Council
Regulatory Palestinian Water Authority(PWA)
Service Delivery Level
Bulk Water UtilityRegional water UtilityWater Users Associations
Dynamic Water Governance• Strong institutional arrangements include the necessity that the delegated
tasks will be implemented and reported according to the agreed mandates which eventually will lead to efficient plans and regulations in terms of setting standards, and performance of monitoring and enforcement.
• Required capacity building and training .• It will be required to invest adequate wastewater collection, treatment,
storage, distribution and irrigation schemes, and develop a sustainable operational and financial management system for them.
• These three components (institutional / legal, technical and economic) will directly lead to effective and maximised reuse of wastewater, that benefits the farmers, and provides good environmental and public health protection
11
Dynamic Water Governance
12
13
Efficient institutional arrangements are part of the total solution…
Efficient Institutional and legal
Arrangements
Efficient Institutional and legal
Arrangements
Adequate WW collection and
treatment infrastructure
Adequate WW collection and
treatment infrastructure
Good standard, effective monitoring
and enforcement
Good standard, effective monitoring
and enforcement
Effective water pricing and tariff
system
Effective water pricing and tariff
system
Reliable WW supply and quality
Reliable WW supply and quality
Capacity Building and TrainingCapacity Building and Training
Effective Wastewater Reuse
Effective Wastewater Reuse
Good environmental and public health
protection
Good environmental and public health
protection
Good agricultural market conditions
Good agricultural market conditions
Maximization of wastewater reuse
Maximization of wastewater reuse
Efficient plans and regulations
Efficient plans and regulations
Efficient wastewater collection and
treatment
Efficient wastewater collection and
treatment
Reuse management Options
• The roles and responsibilities for wastewater sector activities are not currently within the mandate of any authority but are necessary for implementation and operation of WW reuse schemes:
• MoA• PWA• EQA• Municipalities• Independent Utility
14
Alternatives of Treated Wastewater Distribution Utility (WWTDU)Alternatives of Treated Wastewater Distribution Utility (WWTDU)
• TWWDU being part of the Governmental Structure (PWA or MoA)
• TWWDU being part of the (Coastal Municipal) Water Utility
• TWWDU being organized by the end users (Farmers / Water Use Organizations)
• TWWDU as independent utility
15
Suggested Institutional Framework TWWDRU
16
TWWDRUTWWDRU
PWA regulator
PWA regulator
MoA/EQA MoA/EQA Board of DirectorBoard of Director
Water Utilities
Water Utilities
Farmers / WUA
Farmers / WUA
Supervising Council
PWA/ MoH / EQA,
monitoring
and control
Supervising Council
PWA/ MoH / EQA,
monitoring
and control
Water flow
Regulation
Monitoring and Control
Supervision
Supervising CouncilThe WWDU will be regulated by:
1. the Palestinian Water Authority (PWA) in terms of water management (quantity and quality) and related standards2. the Environmental Quality Authority (EQA) in terms of environmental protection and related standards3. the Ministry of Health (MoH) in terms of protection of the occupational health issues for (farmers) as well as the public health (consumers of products irrigated with treated wastewater) and related standards
17
Duties: Board of Directors -1• Directing the TWWDU to accomplish it’s best interests, objectives and goals.
• Laying down general policies and identifying the means to implement those policies after their
endorsement by the Stakeholder Supervising Board (SSB)
• Electing a new Chairman and / or Director General
• Drafting regulations and instructions governing the work of the TWWDRU and submitting them to the SSB
for approval, as well as taking any decisions needed to ensure smooth work process.
• Issuing and ratifying any regulations in connection with wastewater post treatment, storage and
distribution
• Fixing fees for wastewater reuse and putting them into effect after obtaining the approval of the related
authorities and the SSB
• Drafting and issuance of regulations on the price and cost of wastewater reuse by cubic meter and putting
them into effect after obtaining the approval
• Directing the TWWDRU operations in consistence with technical specifications and water quality
standards.
• Managing the TWWDRU ’s administrative, financial, technical and legal affairs.
• Managing the TWWDRU ’s marketing and customer satisfaction management activities18
Duties: Board of Directors -2• Calling the SSB to convene for both regular and emergency sessions; looking
into its recommendations and implementing its decisions.• Approving appointment of new employees, technicians and workers and fixing
their salaries and looking into any matters in concern with them.• Fixing and endorsement of Director General and Members of the Board of
Directors remunerations• Approving investment plans and O&M programs• Discussion and preparation of the annual budget of the TWWDRU for its
submission to the SSB for approval.• Preparation of the annual reports• Hiring an audit office to audit the TWWDRU ’s accounts.• The Board of Directors may authorize any of its members to accomplish
specific tasks.• Any other matters necessary to ensure smooth process of work or deemed
necessary by the TWWDRU .
19
Proposed Duties and Goals – WWDU
• Receiving (treated) wastewater from Water Utilities or others, performing adequate post-treatment, and supply and distribution of treated wastewater to farmers and to any other party.
• Taking all actions needed to treat, store and distribute treated wastewater according to the standards set by the competent parties and pursuant to effective laws.
• Ensuring that the distribution of treated wastewater will at all times abide the quality standards set by the competent authorities in the wastewater and sewage sectors
• Management and promotion of post treatment, storage and distribution in accordance with technical standards and with available resources.
• Owning and operation of wastewater post treatment, storage and distribution utilities and establishment of any other facilities necessary to accomplish the Council's goals.
• Making appropriate plans and putting into use any means to protect public health, and to reduce water and environmental pollution hazards.
• Importing all equipment and machinery needed for post treatment, storage and distribution of treated wastewater
• Entering into agreements with national, international and regional parties as a means of accomplishing set objectives as well as attaining any rights, concessions and licenses it deems necessary; as well as executing such agreements and making use of rights, concessions and licenses in conformity with the law.
• Investing surplus proceeds from the water and sewage sector in the manner it sees fit and in consistence with the goals of the Council subject to applicable laws.
• Engaging in any other acts decided by the Council towards accomplishing its objectives and best interests.
20
Legal Structure• Depends on stakeholder’s structure (Public Utility versus PPP)
• The TWWDU shall prepare and distribute treated wastewater and shall act under Law
No. 1 of the Year 1997 and in consistence with effective water, agriculture and other
relevant laws in the PNA territories.
• The Legal Mandate of the TWWDU shall be arranged by a Bi-Law (similar to Basic Law
for the Coastal Municipal Water Utility) to be published in the Palestinian Official
Gazette.
• The TWWDU shall enjoy legal personality status and shall be entitled to acquire rights
and bear responsibilities.
• The TWWDU shall be operative within the administrative and territorial mandate of the
PNA in the West Bank and Gaza Strip governorates.
21
Schematic Depiction of Legally Defined Roles and Responsibilities for Effluent Reuse
22
Some Financial Considerations
23
TWWDRUTWWDRUFarmers /
WUA
Farmers / WUA
Grants for capital investment Financial Operational Support
WW Reuse subsidies
WW Reuse Fees
Water Utility
Water Utility
WW Fees
Crops revenuesOperational
costsOperational
costs
Interim solution
Profits
To Stakeholders
Financial Considerations
•Financially, the TWWDU will depend on wastewater fees from the farmers, as well as grants to pay for its infrastructure. •Meanwhile the current economic situation of the farmers is insufficient to pay for the actual cost of management and distribution of treated wastewater. If also the TWWDU would have to pay for the received wastewater from the water utilities, then the financial imbalance would become even greater.• It suggested that this could be overcome through provision of subsidies directly to the end users (farmers), who in turn will have to pay a market confirm fee to the TWWDU using this subsidy. •This will motivate the TWWDU to develop a realistic business approach right from the start. If eventually, the agricultural and economic market conditions for the end users would improve, the system of subsidies can be gradually downsized until an open and effective financial market system develops for optimized and maximized reuse of treated wastewater.
24
Public or Private • Remaining question is to what extend the independent organization should be
publically owned, or that the private sector would be invited to participate in the activity as well.
• Some considerations for engaging the private sector in wastewater distribution are: inviting the private sector to participate will enables generation of private investments in the wastewater reuse sector; it will also enable to mobilize experience and expertise that has been built up elsewhere in the private sector.
• Inviting the private sector requires that the wastewater distribution can be developed as a profitable business. On the other hand, this provides an opportunity for introducing market discipline into the wastewater sector.
• It requires that risks are properly defined, whereas the commercial risks should be then born by private partner.
• One private involvement option is the introduction of a Public Private Partnership (PPP). This can be efficient, if the public and the private responsibilities are clearly formulated, and both are committed to their responsibilities, in an agreed formula for resolution of disputed, might these arise.
25
Thank you…
26