Insects as sustainable feed ingredients - ASPA 2017 Laura_ Insects... · Insects as sustainable...

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Insects as

sustainable feed

ingredients

Laura Gascolaura.gasco@unito.it

Commissione ASPAFonti proteiche innovative

FOOD

Edible species: 2037

2 billion people

Ketchup: 30 uova di insetto ogni 100 g

Mais in scatola: 2 larve di insetto ogni 100 g

Mirtilli:2 vermi ogni 100 bacche

Burro di arachidi: 50 frammenti di insetti ogni 100 g

Polvere di Curry: 100 frammenti di insetti ogni 100 g

Semi di sesamo: 5% di semi infestati

Caffè: 10% di chicchi infestasti

UTILI

“GIANIN”

1/3 produzione alimenti

naturali (impollinazione)

500 g/anno

FEED

Insects as Feed

• Insects = Mini-livestock = rearing animals

• Raw materials for feeds:• Fish• Poultry• Pigs

• Pet-food

EU produce only the 30% of the proteins for animalfeed (70% reliance from Brazil, Argentina, USA)

Animal feeds

2011: The EU Parliament adopted a resolution to address the EU’s protein deficit,stating that urgent action is needed to replace imported protein crops withalternative and additional European sources

26 mt = by-products derived fromvegetable oil production (mainly SBM)

Trend towards an increase of this deficit

The EU Protein Deficit

http://www.wri.org/publication/improving-aquaculture

aquaculture = 44.14% (73,8 mt)

Global production 2014 (capture + aquaculture): 168 mt

Growth aquaculture: increased demand for FM

168 mt

73,8 mt

?? 1

50

mt

Mo

re??

?

FAO (2014): 16,3 mt of wild caught fish processed into FM & FO

Animal feeds(fish – other livestock)

+ SBM and other protein sources

2050: meat (poultry / pork / bovine) and milk products will double while

fish products (aquaculture) will be triplicated

IFIF, 2014. http://www.ifif.org/pages/t/The+global+feed+industryFAO, 2011. World Livestock 2011 – Livestock in Food Security. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Rome

PROTEINS for FEED

ALTERNATIVES

Why

Insects

Nutritional value• Nutritional value variable:

• species, metamorphic stage (age), rearing substrate• processing technology (drying, defatting, …)

• high level of proteins (up to 70% DM)• rich in EAA (comparable to FM, better than SBM)• high energy (fat: 16,5 - 44% DM) (similar to veg – no PUFA)• micronutrients

• copper• iron• magnesium• manganese• phosphorous

• selenium• zinc• riboflavin• biotin

Insect chemical composition (%DM)

Hermetia illucens

Larva

Tenebrio molitor

Larva

Musca domestica

Larva

Pupa

http://www.feedipedia.org

42,1 7,0 26,0 20,6

48,1 5,1 40,0 3,1

50,4 13,8 18,9 10,1

70,8 15,7 15,5 7,7

5,8

• Mass production: fat extraction

Sustainability• Bio-converters: turning low value organic

side streams (waste, by-products, …) intoproteins

• Rapid growth, controlled reproduction, mass production

• Efficient FCR

• Part of livestock diets• Less land area needed

25 t/ha/8 – 10 days1000 t /ha/year125 - 150 t protein

25 t/ha/year0.9 t protein

ProteInsect, 2016

Dir. 2008/98/CE

Mass production

http://www.proteinsect.eu/index.php?id=35

FeedFoodAntimicrobial (Lauric acid)

Chitin• Water treatment• Chemical industry• pharmaceutic• …AMP

Research

FOOD

EU Waste & by-products

FAO (2011), Economist (2014)

Dir. 2008/98/CE

EU food waste

• €

• environment

• 89 mt / year (180 kg per capita)

• Expected to rise to 126 mt /y by 2020

• 1.4 billion tonnes of manure

+

Circular economy– zero waste

Compost+

http://agriprotein.com/about-us/

OUR OCEAN IMPACT OUR CARBON IMPACT OUR LANDFILL IMPACT

Where MagMeal™ is substituted for

fishmeal, every tonne used allows three

tonnes of fish to remain in our

oceans. At full capacity our Philippi

factory will produce enough MagMeal™

to substitute for 15 million wild caughtfish per year

Fishmeal is a carbon intensive feed

ingredient. The distance between the

trawlers that ply the Antarctic seas to

capture the fish, to its eventual point of

use in the USA, Europe and Asia is

typically 10,000 kilometers.

MagMeal™ can be made where it is

needed and has an environmental cost

saving of $2,000 per tonne comparedto its Fishmeal alternative

OUR IMPACTOur business was created with a vision to recycle waste

nutrients and make protein at point of need, using local

waste at a global scale. Our mission is to reinvent our

unsustainable use of fishmeal and deliver naturalalternative ingredients that can start saving our seas.

The waste management chain is a

growing problem in many cities. Our new

standard 250 tonne per day waste bio

conversion factories will have a material

impact on local landfill sites. Each plant

will divert over 90,000 tonnes a year of

organic waste from stretched landfill

operations. We upcycle the nutrients in

organic food waste from our cities into

feed for growing larvae. Our industrial

facilities are typically much nearer cites,

cutting down transport costs. Reducing

organics to landfill will help stop the

degradation of aquifers and watertables through inevitable landfill leachate.

91000 ton organic waste / year 18125 ton wet larvae 5000 ton protein meal

http://agriprotein.com/our-impact-partners/

2017

http://agriprotein.com/our-products/

USA

EnviroFlight, LLC focus is on producing environmentally sustainable plant and animal feeds by processing waste distillers grains using black soldier fly larvae

fondata nel 2009

Substrates: traceable organics (grocery stores,food processors, stale dated includes fruits,

vegetables, bread, fish & seafood)

http://www.protix.eu/

http://www.ynsect.com2017: 300 t TM meal/year

Adresse: An der Birkenpfuhlheide 1015837 Baruth / Mark+49 (0) 33704 675 50

info@hermetia.de

http://www.hermetia.de/

Insektenproteine auf der Basis von Fliegenlarven

sind hochproteinreich und erfüllen die

ernährungsphysiologischen Ansprüche karnivorer

(räuberischer) Fischarten, wie sie die meisten der

geschätzten Speisefische (Lachse, Steinbutt,

Forellen, Grouper, Snapper, Wolfsbarsch, Dorade,

Adlerfisch, Kabeljau etc.) darstellen. Auch für die

Geflügelzucht und die Schweinemast sind

Insektenproteine sehr gut geeignet. Die

stoffwechselphysiologische Eignung eines solchen

Proteins für Geflügel und Schweine steht außer

Frage. Auch für Vögel, Reptilien, Hunde und

Katzen sind diese Eiweiße, die reich an

essentiellen Aminosäuren sind, bestens geeignet.

Somit stellt ein Futtermittel auf der Basis von

Insektenlarven eine geradezu optimale Alternative

zum Fischmehl dar.

Stratio meal

55-65% PG

10-15% EE

INSECTA

LagunaLab

CIMI s.r.l.

EU legislation

Fish

Petfood

Others

Live larvae PATs Lipids Hydrolised proteins

http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/IT/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:32017R0893&from=EN

Tenebrio molitorDried and cooked wastematerials from fruits,vegetables, and cereals.

40 – 90 weeks(Makkar et al., 2014)

(8-18 weeks; personal data)

Low in Ca (modulation throught substrate)

Hermetia illucens6 – 30 weeks

(Makkar et al., 2014)

Poultry, pig, and cattle manure,fish offal, carrion, …Coffee bean pulp, vegetables,organic by-products, …

Black soldier fly: from by-product to high qualityinsect protein

Organic side stream

(100%)

Larvae biomass

(25%)

Insect meal

(8.7%)

Defatted insect meal

(6.3%)

Oil (2.4%)

Entofood (2015)

Insects= Bioconverters

Musca domestica5 – 10 d / 45-50 d(optimal T° : 35°C)(Makkar et al., 2014)

All organic substrates

Mass production

http://www.proteinsect.eu/index.php?id=35

FeedFoodAntimicrobial (Lauric acid)

Chitina• Water treatment• Chemical industry• pharmaceutic• …AMP

Research

FOOD

Oil / Fat

Mass production

http://www.proteinsect.eu/index.php?id=35

FeedFoodAntimicrobial (Lauric acid)

Chitin• Water treatment• Chemical industry• pharmaceutic• …AMP

Research

FOOD

Food

Feed

Insects for poultry

• In substitution of SBM (GM) (FM)• Meal inclusion levels up to 30%

Live larvae• Rural poultry (Ghana): diet supplementation with 30-50 g/day MD larvae

• Improvement of growing and reproductive parameters• Laying hens: 20% larvae – 80% diet

ADC & Metabolizable energy

De Marco et al., 2015

Bovera et al., 2016

Larvae meal:

• Laying hens• MD: 5% inclusion (50% FM sub): no negative effects on egg production and

shell strength (!! 100% sub = decrease in egg production) (Agundabiade et al., 2007)

• HI: 17% inclusion (total SBM sub) (Marono et al., 2017)

• Better FCR but lower FI• Lower % of “L” class eggs

• HI: up to 24% inclusion (100% SBM sub) (Maurer et al., 2016)

• No differences for FI & egg production

Larvae meal:

• Broilers• MD:

• up to 25% of inclusion: no negative effects on WG, FI, FE (Pretorius, 2011)

• 0 – 5 – 10 – 15 – 20% inclusion (SBM substitution)• Linear increase of live weight (no increase of FI)• 10 – 15%: best results for performances & carcass traits

• HI: 0 – 10 – 15% inclusion (SBM substitution)• 10%: best results

• TM: 30% inclusion (Total substitution SBM):• No differences growth performances• No differences carcass traits & meat quality

• Turkey (MD)

• Barbary partridge (TM & HI)

• Quails (HI)

(Bovera et al., 2016)

(Hwangbo et al., 2009)

(Schiavone et al., submitted)

(Loponte et al., 2017)

(Zuidhof et al., 2003)

(Cullere et al., 2016)

• Proteins = insects

• Local business

• Waste into resources

Developing countriesSustainability

Process when breaded at 30°C

Day 0 2 5 15 Day

Day Development phase

0 Egg collection & transfer into the inoculation boxes

2 Eggs starting hatch

5 Transfer into the production bays

15 Harvesting

Ento Prise Ghana: project in Ghana West Africa, which targets the transformation of waste-streams into animal feed and biofertilizers - through BSF

25,3 kg fresh larvae (4,2 kg DM)50 kg bio fertiliser

• firs trials using insects: warm water species - herbivorous/omnivorous fish(cyprinids, tilapia and catfish)• Live larvae• Dried larvae• Larvae meal

• Sun dried• Oven dried• Full fat meal• Defatted meal

Insects for fish

Lock, Biancarosa & Gasco, 2017. Insects as raw materials in compound feed for aquaculture. In: Edible insects in Sustainable Food Systems (Springer – in press)

Henry, Gasco, Piccolo & Fountoulaki, 2015. Review on the use of insects in the diet of farmed fish: past and future. Anim Feed Sci Technol 203:1-22

Gasco et al., in press. Chemistry of Foods: Feeds for the Aquaculture Sector - Current Situation and Alternative Sources, SpringerBriefs in Molecular Science

• Recent research: carnivorous species (high commercial value)• Insect meal

• Full fat• Partially defatted• Highly defatted

Melotti et al., 1987 – Rivista Italiana di Piscicoltura e Ittiopatologia, XXII, 151-154

• Results impacted by:• the type of larva used (TM, HI, MD)• its condition (fresh or dried, whole, ground, defatted)• the method of nutrient isolation and processing (sun drying, thermal

treatments, lipid extraction methodologies)• the fish species object of the experimentation• the fish stage (larvae, fingerlings, growing)

Lock, Biancarosa & Gasco, 2017. Insects as raw materials in compound feed for aquaculture. In: Edible insects in Sustainable Food Systems (Springer – in press)

Henry, Gasco, Piccolo & Fountoulaki, 2015. Review on the use of insects in the diet of farmed fish: past and future. Anim Feed Sci Technol 203:1-22

• Inclusion levels ranged from 8 to 50% - Substitution up to 100% FM

• Performances results are unequally and bad performances usually assigned to deficiency of somenutrients when high levels of inclusion were performed• Best results with de-fatted meals

• Palatability problems with high levels of HI inclusion

• Digestibility• Decrease with increase of insect meal inclusion• No differences (Magalhães et al., 2017)

• Body/fillet composition: controversial results

• No differences (Sánchez-Muros et al., 2015; Gasco et al., 2016; Lin et al., 2016; Iaconisi et al., 2017)

• decreased values of DM and EE with the inclusion of insect meals (Ogunjii et al., 2008b; Kroeckel et al., 2012;

Dong et al., 2013; Belforti et al., 2015)

• Change in CP content (Ng et al., 2001; Belforti et al., 2015)

• FA composition: dramatic influence of insect meal FA profile (decrease in EPA-DHA)

• Sensory analyses• if untrained panellist: no differences (Bondari and Sheppard, 1981; Sealey et al., 2011)

• If trained: differences perceived but not negative (Lock et al., 2016; Borgogno et al., 2017)

• Histology, health, welfare:

• very few information is available• First investigations on these aspects are promising (Ming et al., 2013; Lock et al., 2106; m )

Developing countriesSustainability

• Limited number of trials using insects• Low levels of inclusion (max 15%)

Insects for pigs

• Performances:• MD larvae meal:

• No negative effects on piglets growth and dvlpt (Bayandinaa e Inkina, 1980; Viroje e Malin, 1989)

• No negative effects on reproductive performances (Bayandinaa e Inkina, 1980)

• Decrease of diet ingestion with more than 10% MD inclusion (Adeniji, 2008)

• HI weaning pigs: good palatability (Newton et al., 1977)

• TM weaning pigs: increasing performances with increasing inclusion (Jin et al., 2016)

• HI weaning pigs: no differences in growing performances (Bressan et al., 2017)

• Digestibility:• Full fat HI meal in weaning pigs: Decrease in CUD of DM, CP, ash; Better CUD EE (Newton

et al., 1977)

• Partially de-fatted HI in weaning pigs: in vitro and in vivo trials (Caro et al., 2107; Bressan et al.,

2017; Bayandinaa e Inkina, 1980)

• TM weaning pigs: increase of CP & DM digestibility (Jin et al., 2016)

• Meat quality:• No differences in muscle composition (Bressan et al., 2017)

• Immuno response:• No differences in IgA & IgG (Jin et al., 2016)

Mass production

http://www.proteinsect.eu/index.php?id=35

FeedFoodAntimicrobial (Lauric acid)

Chitin• Water treatment• Chemical industry• pharmaceutic• …AMP

Research

FOOD

Chitin

Take home message• Insect meals = good alternative to conventional protein sources in feeds and can

provide an important contribution to the sustainable development of livestockindustry

• De-fattening process: increase meal protein content and increase shelf life• Oils: no EPA - DHA• Oils: composition specie specific

• TM: oleic & linoleic acids• HI: lauric acid• MD: palmitic, oleic & linoleic acids

• Oils: for animal feed (energy)• Biodisel• Other purposes (antimicrobial properties)

• Good protein content & AA profile

• High lipid (fat) content: influence on product quality & sensory properties

• Sustainability = use of waste – by-products as rearing substrate (low/no cost)

• Composition modulate thought substrate• FA (+ EPA – DHA)• Mineral (Ca)• Vitamins• …?

• Chitin• Poorly digestible• High levels: decrease digestibility• Low levels: immuno-stimulants, bacteriostatic, antifungal and

antimicrobial properties

• AMPs• Antibacterial• antifungal

Natural antibiotic or antifungal action (Zylowska et al., 2011; Yi et al., 2014)

Khoushab and Yamabhai, 2010; Vidanarachchi et al., 2010; Lin et al., 2012; Ratcliffe etal., 2014; Sanchez-Muros et al., 2014; Henry et al., 2015;Bovera et al., 2016; Faruck et al., 2016;

Rust, 2002; Sealey et al., 2011; Sanchez-Muros et al., 2014;Belforti et al., 2015; Henry et al., 2015; Gasco et al., 2016;Bovera et al., 2016; Piccolo et al., 2017

Sealey et al., 2011; Belforti et al., 2014

Anderson et al., 2000; Klasing et al., 2000; Oonincx & van der Poel, 2011.

Anderson et al., 2000; Klasing et al., 2000; Oonincx & van der Poel, 2011.

• EU reg.• Fish: allowed• Poultry and pigs: by 2020

• Price: to be reduced• automation / mechanization• Increase production• Substrate costs? (waste)

Any question?

Laura Gascolaura.gasco@unito.it