University of SulaimaniaSchool of ScienceDepartment of Biology2nd Class Year

23rd Lab. Pterygotes - Neopteran Insects:

Order Diptera

Lecturer: Farhad A. Khudhur

Objectives: - This lecture gives knowledge about the medically and

ecologically important insect group (order Diptera), Mosquitoes and flies. Their classifications and identification keys.

- Focusing on the most common and important families of dipteran insects.

Scientific content: Order Diptera - General descriptions- Classification:

Suborder: NematoceraSuborder: Brachycera

Suborders Nematocera and Brachycera• In nematocerous families, the antennae are usually

composed of many segments and are filiform, plumose, or pectinate

• whereas brachycerous flies typically have the first flagellomere enlarged and the remaining flagellomeres stylate or aristate

• The mouthparts of adult flies are vestigial or well developed of two general types: – (1) piercing and sucking, as seen in simuliids, culicids, and asilids,

and – (2) lapping and sucking (Sponging), as seen in tipulids and most

brachycerous groups.• Pupa: Most brachyceran have puparim (Coactate), while

nematocerance have different forms of pupae (some groups have obtect pupa or coma shape pupa).

• Larval Diptera are legless (apodous) and found in a variety of terrestrial and aquatic habitats.

• Most larvae are free-living and crawl or swim actively in: – water (e.g., Simuliidae, Culicidae, Chironomidae) – sediments (e.g.,Tipulidae, Psychodidae, Tabanidae), – wood (e.g., Tipulidae), – fruit (e.g., Drosophilidae), – decaying organic material (Muscidae, Sarcophagidae).

• Other larvae inhabit the tissues of living organisms (e.g., Oestridae).

Dipterans Larvae

Suborder: Nemtocera

• Family: TIPULIDAE (Crane flies) • Family: SIMULIIDAE (Black flies)• Family: CHIRONOMIDAE (Midges) • Family: CULICIDAE (mosquitoes)

– Anopheles sp., – Culex pipiens ,– Aedes aegypti (Yellow fever mosquito)

• Family: PSYCHODIDAE- Phlebotomus papatasi (sand fly)

Family: Tipulidae (crane flies)

Family: Simuliidae (black flies)

Family: Chironomidae (Midges)

Culex pipiens , Larvae

Anophels spp. Larva & Pupa

Anophels spp. Adult-female

CulexAnopheles

Phlebotomus papatasi (sand fly)

Suborder: Brachycera

• Family: TABANIDAE Tabanus sp. (horse fly)• Family: MUSCIDAE Musca domestica (House

flies)• Family: SARCOPHAGIDAE (Fleshfly)• Family: CALLIPHORIDAE (Blowfly)• Family: OESTRIDAE Dermatobia hominis• Family: GLOSSINIDAE Glossina palpalis• Family: DROSOPHILIDAE

Drosophila melanogaster (fruit flies)

Family: TABANIDAE Tabanus sp. (horsefly)

Family: MUSCIDAE Musca domestica (House flies)

Sarcophagidae )Flesh fly (

Family: CALLIPHORIDAE (Blowfly)

Family: GLOSSINIDAEGlossina palpalis

Tsetse fly

Family: OESTRIDAEDermatobia hominis

)Human Bot fly (

Family: DROSOPHILIDAEDrosophila melanogaster (fruit flies)

References:

• David, B. V. and Ananthakrishnan, T. N. (2004). General and Applied Entomology. 2nd ed. Tata McGraw-hill Publishing Co. Ltd. New Delhi. India. 1184 p.

• Elzinga, Richard J. (1997). Fundamentals of Entomology. 4th ed. New Jersey, Prentice-Hall, Inc. 475 pp.

• Gillot, Cedric. (2005). Entomology. 3rd ed. Springer, Dordrecht. The Netherlands. 831 pp.

• Grzimek’s Animal Life Encyclopedia, 2nd edition. Volume 3, Insects, edited by Michael Hutchins, Arthur V. Evans, Rosser W. Garrison.

• Markle, Sandra. (2008). Mosquitoes: tiny insect troublemakers. Minneapolis, USA. Lerner Publications Company. 48 p.

• Resh, Vincent H. & Cardé, Ring T. (2003). Encyclopedia of Insects. USA. Academic Press, Elsevier Science, 1266 pp.