Post on 04-Jul-2019
2013
1
Infectious diseases
Avian and Exotic Animal ClinicUniversity of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Czech Republic
VLADIMIR JEKL, DVM, PH.D., DIP. ECZM (SMALL MAMMAL)KAREL HAUPTMAN, DVM, PH.D
Ectoparazitic diseases
Endoparazitic diseases
Mycotic diseases
Viral diseases
Bacterial diseases
Infectious diseases
Influenza
Distemper
Aleutian disease
Gastritis – Helicobacter mustelae
Epizootic coronaviral enteritis
Mastitis
Ectoparazitic diseases
Infectious diseases in ferrets Influenza
Antropozoonosis
High morbidity 7-14 days
Low mortality
Transmission Aerosol
Direct contact
Incubation period 2-4 days
2013
2
Influenza
Clinical signs Sneezing
Epifora
Nasal and ocular discharge
Diagnostics
Contact with influenza within family
Clinical signs
RIA, PCR,ELISA
Influenza
Therapy (Amantadin)
(Zanamivir)
(Oseltamir)
Supportive care
Force-feeding
Secondary bacterial infection
Fluid therpay
ATB – amoxicilin-clavulanate
Distemper
CDV – Morbillivirus
Transmission Aerosol
Direct contact Ocualr discharge
Urine, faeces
Indirect contact
Incubation period 7-60 days
Distemper
Clinical signs Dermatitis – chin, perianal region
Cheylitis Orange colour
Anorexia, Apathy
Dyspnoe
Pruritus, Blefarospasmus
Mucopurulent ocular nad nasal discharge
Hard pad
2013
3
Distemper Distemper
Clinical signs Incooordination
Torticolis
Nystagmus
Seisures
+ immunosuppression
Distemper
Diagnostics IFA (first days of the disease)
Nested PCR
Postmortal
Immunofluorescence Lymphonodes, cerebellum
Mucosa
Brain demyelinization, Encefalitis
Inclusion bodies – IC, IN
Distemper
Therapy (anti-dog hyperimmune serum)
Prevention vaccination
(PureVAx Distemper vaccine)
6.-8. week
10.-12. week
14.-16. week
Revaccination once a year
2013
4
Epizootic coronaviral enteritis
FECV, RNA virus
Highly contagious
High morbidity
Low mortality (older ferrets more sensitive)
Transmission Orofaecal route
Indirect - clothes
Incubation period 2-3 days
Epizootic coronaviral enteritis
Virus present in faeces Up to 6 months
Termostable
Common disinfectant effective
Enterocyte destruction
malabsorption
Epizootic coronaviral enteritis
Clincial signs
Young ferrets Acute gastroenteritis
Asymptomatic
Ferrets older than 3 years Acute/Chronic gastroenteritis
Vomitus, diarrhoea
Soft yellow to green faeces, „birdseed“
General weakness
Dehydration
Epizootic coronaviral enteritis
2013
5
Epizootic coronaviral enteritis
Diagnostics Electron mikroscopy
PCR
Histology
Epizootic coronaviral enteritis
Therapy Rehydration
Easy digestible diet
ATB
H2-blocators, Antiemetics
(prednison – 0,5-1 mg/kg q12h)
Systemic coronaviral infection
FSCV
High mortality
Similar to FIP
Mastitis
Laktující fretky
2013
6
Mastitis
Lactation
Staphyloccocus, E. coli
Clinical signs Skin discoloration
Oedema, pain
Youngs – stunted growth/death
Therapy ATB
Surgical excision
Youngs – force-feeding
Ectoparazitic diseases
Ctenocephalides felis
Ticks
Otodectes cynotis
Ectoparazitic diseases
Demodicosis
Ectoparazitic diseases
Therapy
Ivermectin
Selamectin
Fipronil
Advantage (imidacloprid)
2013
7
Infectious diseases in rabbits
VHD
Myxomatosis
Treponematosis
Pasteurellosis
Facial abscessed
Coccidiosis
Ectoparazitic diseases
Dermatophytosis
Encephalitozoonosis
Viral haemorrhagical disease
Calicivirus
Highly contagious
High morbidity
High mortality
Transmission Direct contact
Indirect – air
Virus perzistence in urine
Age resistance to the diseases
Viral haemorrhagical disease
Patogenesis Liver, lungs, intestines, lymphatic organs
DIC epistaxis, haemorrhages on and in organs
Incubation period 24-48 hod.
Clinical signs Apathy, immobility, tachypnoe, fever
Seizures, ataxy
Death
Viral haemorrhagical disease
Diagnostics Typical course of the disease
Histopathology – liver, spleen
PCR
ELISA, HIT
2013
8
Viral haemorrhagical disease
Vaccination Poor epizootic situation
First vaccination 6 weeks
Booster 10 weeks
Revaccination 6-12 months
Good epizootic situation First vaccination 10 weeks
Revaccination 6-12 months
Myxomatosis
Leporipoxvirus
Highly contagious
High morbidity
Mortality variable Amyxomatous form
Transmission Direct contac
Blood sucking insect
Myxomatosis
Patogenesis Replication in regional lymphonodes
Viraemia
Dissemiantion into predilection sites
Incubation period 4-6 days
Myxomatosis
Clinical signs Nodular skin changes
Oedeama – eyelids, lips, ears
Blepharoconjunctivitis
Blepsarospasm
Fever
Skin haemorrhages
Infertility, abort
(Seizures)
Immunosuppression
2013
9
Myxomatosis
Clinical signs
Myxomatosis
Diagnostics
Typical clinical signs
Histopathology Virus isolation
Therapy
(ATB)
Myxomatosis
Vaccination Poor epizootic situation
First vaccination 4 weeks
Booster 10 weeks
Revaccination 6-12 months
Good epizootic situation First vaccination 10 weeks
Revaccination 6-12 months
Bacterial respiratory infections
Pasteurella multocida
Staphyloccocus aureus
Bordetella bronchiseptica
(Mycoplasma)
(Mycobakteria)
2013
10
Pasteurella multocida
16 serotypes Pathogenic strains - A,D
Maternal antibodies till 8 weeks of age
Transmission Aerosol
Contact
Fomites
Copulation
Pasteurella multocida
Disease Resistance
Spontáneous elimination
Chronic carrier
Acute disease
Chronic disease
Pasteurella multocida
Clinical signs Respiratory tract infection
Rhinitis
Pneumonia
Pasteurella multocida
Clinical signs Respiratory tract infection
Rhinitis
Pneumonia
Conjunktivitis, dacryocystitis
Otitis media/interna
Pyometra/orchitis
SC abscesses
Septicaemia
2013
11
Pasteurella multocida
Diagnostics Clinical signs
Radiography
Rhinoskopy
Bacteriology
ELISA, serotypization
Pasteurella multocida
Therapy ATB
Chloramphenikol
Fluoroquinolones
T-sulpha
PNC G (parenterály)
Successfulness variable
Supportive care
Nebulization
Surgery
Sinusitis RHINOTOMY
2013
12
Sinusitis RHINOTOMY
Clinical signs Vestibular syndrome
Horner syndrome
Facial nerve paralysis
Subclinical infection
OTITISMEDIA NORMAL SEBUM PUS
2013
13
Rabbit, 6 years, females Mass close to the ear base – 3 cm
Otoscopy
Radiography
CT
CHRONIC OTITISMEDIA
KRÁLÍCI – OTITISMEDIADX DX
2013
14
DX
Králík, 6 let, samice Útvar u báze ušního boltce – 3 cm
Otoskopie – bil. zúžení ušního kanálu RTG
CT
ABLACE ZVUKOVODULATERÁLNÍ OSTEKTOMIE TYMPANICKÉ BULY
Chow et al. 2011
KRÁLÍCI – OTITISMEDIA
2013
15
Therapy Myringotomy
Saline flushing
NSAID meloxikam 0,8 mg/kg PO/SC q12h
Buprenorfin 0,03 mg/kg IM/SC q6h
ATB T-sulfa 30 mg/kg PO q12h
PNC G 50.000 IU/kg IM q24h
OTITISMEDIA
2013
16
Fleas Ctenocephalides felis
Spilopsyllus cuniculi
ECTOPARAZITES IN RABBITS
Fleas Anaemia
Apathy
Pruritus
ECTOPARAZITES IN RABBITS
Cheylletiella parasitovorax Rabbits, (chinchilas)
Zoonosis
„walking dandruff“
Localisation Back
Between shoulders
ECTOPARAZITES IN RABBITS
Cheylletiella parasitovorax
ECTOPARAZITES IN RABBITS
2013
17
Psoroptes cuniculi
ECTOPARAZITES IN RABBITS
Therapy ivermectin
selamectin
imidacloprid (+moxidectin, + permethrin)
Advantage
Advocate pro kočky
Advantix
lufenuron
Fipronil – Contraindicated in rabbits
ECTOPARAZITES IN RABBITS
CHRONIC RESPIRATORY DISEASE
• Highly contagious
• High morbidity
• Multifactorial disease
– Mycoplasma pulmonis
S. pneumoniae, P. pneumotropica, Pseudomonas sp., B. bronchiseptica, Corynebacterium kutscheri
virus sialodacryoadeninity, Sendai virus
CHRONIC RESPIRATORY DISEASE
• Transmission
– Youngs (in utero)
– Adults
• Aerosol
• Direct contact
• Copulation
• Indirect – bedding material, etc.
2013
18
CHRONIC RESPIRATORY DISEASE
• Clinical signs
– Chromodacryorhea
– Sneezing, „buble“ sounds
CHRONIC RESPIRATORY DISEASE
• Clinical signs
– Dyspnoe
CHRONIC RESPIRATORY DISEASE
• Clinical signs
– Peripheral vestibular syndrome
• Circling
• Desorientation
• Torticolis
CHRONIC RESPIRATORY DISEASE
• Diagnostics
– Clinical signs
– Auscultation
– Otoscopy
– Bacteriology
– ELISA
2013
19
CHRONIC RESPIRATORY DISEASE
• Diagnostics
– Postmortal examination
– Pus in lung lumen, bronchiectasy, lung hepatization
CHRONIC RESPIRATORY DISEASE
• Differential diagnostics
– Anaemia
CHRONIC RESPIRATORY DISEASE
• Differential diagnostics
– Leukaemia, lymphoma
CHRONIC RESPIRATORY DISEASE
• Differential diagnostics
– Kidney failure
2013
20
CHRONIC RESPIRATORY DISEASE
• Differential diagnostics
– Malocclusion and nasall abscess formation
CHRONIC RESPIRATORY DISEASE
• Differential diagnostics
– Abdominal organ enlargement
CHRONIC RESPIRATORY DISEASE
• Differential diagnostics
– Abdominal organ enlargement
CHRONIC RESPIRATORY DISEASE
• Differential diagnostics
– Heart failure
2013
21
CHRONIC RESPIRATORY DISEASE
• Differential diagnostics
– Exposure to irritating agents
– „Allergic“ rhinitis
extremely rare
CHRONIC RESPIRATORY DISEASE
• Therapy
Flurochinolones + doxycyclin
ß-laktams + makrolids
Humidification
Oxygen
Nebulization
CHRONIC RESPIRATORY DISEASE
• Therapy
Topical decongescant
Oxymetazolin
Xylometazolin
Topical antibiotics
T-sulpha
Aminoglycosides
Fluorochinolones
CHRONIC RESPIRATORY DISEASE
• Therapy
Supportive care Soft food
Vitamin C
ß- GLUKAN
2013
22
PNEUMONIA IN GUINEA PIGS
• Bordetela bronchiseptica
– Obligate pathogen in rabbits
– Fatal to imunocompromised guinea pigs
PNEUMONIA IN GUINEA PIGS
• Bordetela bronchiseptica
– Therapy
• Vitamin C 50 mg/kg q24h
• Supportive care
• NSAIDS
• Antibiotics
– T‐sulfa 30 mg/kg q 12h
– Fluoroquinolones
History
Clinical examination
Basic derrmatological testing
Scrapings
Trichoscopy
Cytology
Ear swab
DTM test
Cultivation
SKIN INFECTIOUS DISEASES SKIN INFECTIOUS DISEASES
2013
23
Biopsy
SKIN INFECTIOUS DISEASES
Biopsy
SKIN INFECTIOUS DISEASES
Ticks Zoonotic potential
ECTOPARAZITES
Ticks Zoonotic potential
Viral encephalitis (Flaviviridae)
Borelliosis
Therapy ivermectine
(KI in squirrels)
ECTOPARAZITES
2013
24
INFEKČNÍ ONEMOCNĚNÍ KŮŽE
Ornythonyssus bacoti Zoonosis
Moving fast
ECTOPARAZITES
Notoedres muris
ECTOPARAZITES
Notoedres muris
ECTOPARAZITES
2013
25
Trixacarus caviae
ECTOPARAZITES
Radfortia ensifera
ECTOPARAZITES
Polyplax serrata
ECTOPARAZITES
Demodex criceti
Demodex aurati
ECTOPARAZITES
2013
26
TRICHOPHYTON MENTAGROPHYTES
Zoonosis
Trichoscopy
DTM test
Mycology
DERMATOPHYTOSIS DERMATOPHYTOSIS
Therapy Ketokonazole
Antimykotics into the sand bath (chinchillas)
Pythium oligandrum
Vitamin C
DERMATOPHYTOSIS
Proper diagnsotic methods
Differenciál diagnostics
(Surgery)
Postoperative care
Optimal therapeutical effect
SUMMARY