Industry and Industry and ImmigrationImmigration

Ch. 15Ch. 15

New IndustryNew Industry

► Electric AgeElectric Age – – refers to the refers to the transformation of transformation of factory work and city factory work and city life by the inventions life by the inventions of new technology.of new technology.

► Factory workFactory work Steam engineSteam engine Better transportation Better transportation

systemssystems

► City LifeCity Life Electric lightsElectric lights AppliancesAppliances Ready-made clothingReady-made clothing Store bought food Store bought food

(packaging)(packaging)

►Most useful invention was in 1876, when Most useful invention was in 1876, when Thomas Edison invented the light bulb.Thomas Edison invented the light bulb.

►His success hit Germany, Austria, Great His success hit Germany, Austria, Great Britain, France, and the United States Britain, France, and the United States first.first.

►By 1914, General Electric (GE) produced By 1914, General Electric (GE) produced 85% of the world’s light bulbs.85% of the world’s light bulbs.

CorporationsCorporations

►Association with legal rights and Association with legal rights and liabilities separate from those of its liabilities separate from those of its members.members.

►Became a significant factor with the Became a significant factor with the growth of railroads in the 1850’s.growth of railroads in the 1850’s.

►Main feature of a corporation is the Main feature of a corporation is the separation between ownership and separation between ownership and management.management.

►Corporations stimulated technological Corporations stimulated technological change as they looked for ways to change as they looked for ways to increase production and speed, increase production and speed, improve product quality, and lower improve product quality, and lower costs.costs.

►More jobs opened up and were More jobs opened up and were available to foreigners.available to foreigners.

Factory LifeFactory Life

► Job conditions were Job conditions were often very dangerous.often very dangerous.

► Factory workers worked Factory workers worked on average ten hours a on average ten hours a day, six days a week, day, six days a week, with little to no benefits.with little to no benefits.

► Workers lived as close Workers lived as close to factories as they to factories as they could to reduce travel could to reduce travel time.time.

►Immediate BenefitsImmediate Benefits Creates jobs, enriches nation, encourages Creates jobs, enriches nation, encourages

technological progress.technological progress.

Education expands, clothing cheaper, Education expands, clothing cheaper, healthier diet and housing improved.healthier diet and housing improved.

Workers eventually win shorter hours, Workers eventually win shorter hours, better wages and conditions.better wages and conditions.

►SweatshopsSweatshops – small, poorly – small, poorly ventilated shops or apartments ventilated shops or apartments crammed with workers, often family crammed with workers, often family members, who pieced together members, who pieced together garments.garments.

Child LaborChild Labor

► Common in garment Common in garment making and other making and other industries.industries.

► Children as young as Children as young as six worked in factories; six worked in factories; many are injured.many are injured.

► To keep children To keep children awake, mill supervisors awake, mill supervisors beat them beat them

Working WomenWorking Women

► 85 percent of wage 85 percent of wage earning women were earning women were unmarried and under unmarried and under the age of 25.the age of 25.

► Typical female factory Typical female factory worker earned $6 a day.worker earned $6 a day.

► Some working class Some working class women turned to women turned to prostitution.prostitution.

►Most Americans believed that a Most Americans believed that a women’s proper role was to care for women’s proper role was to care for her home and family.her home and family.

►Stereotypes reinforced notion that Stereotypes reinforced notion that working women were promiscuous.working women were promiscuous.

►Sexual harassment at work was rarely Sexual harassment at work was rarely punished.punished.

Poverty and WealthPoverty and Wealth

►Many working families only had one Many working families only had one parent due to work related accidents parent due to work related accidents and deaths.and deaths.

►Those plagued by poverty were forced Those plagued by poverty were forced to live in tenements, four to six story to live in tenements, four to six story residential dwellings with little to no residential dwellings with little to no ventilation or light.ventilation or light.

►Hull House was a Hull House was a popular settlement popular settlement in Chicago that was in Chicago that was a residence for a residence for working immigrants.working immigrants.

► Jane Addams Jane Addams founded the Hull founded the Hull House in 1889.House in 1889.

New ImmigrantsNew Immigrants

►Between 1870 to 1910 over 20 million Between 1870 to 1910 over 20 million immigrants came to the United States.immigrants came to the United States.

►European Immigrants entered through European Immigrants entered through Ellis Island (New York City).Ellis Island (New York City).

►Chinese and Japanese Immigrants Chinese and Japanese Immigrants entered through Angel Island (San entered through Angel Island (San Francisco Bay).Francisco Bay).

Ellis IslandEllis Island

► This scenario was far different for "steerage" or This scenario was far different for "steerage" or third class passengers. These immigrants traveled third class passengers. These immigrants traveled in crowded and often unsanitary conditions near the in crowded and often unsanitary conditions near the bottom of steamships with few amenities, often bottom of steamships with few amenities, often spending up to two weeks seasick in their bunks spending up to two weeks seasick in their bunks during rough Atlantic Ocean crossings. Upon arrival during rough Atlantic Ocean crossings. Upon arrival in New York City, ships would dock at the Hudson or in New York City, ships would dock at the Hudson or East River piers. First and second class passengers East River piers. First and second class passengers would disembark, pass through Customs at the would disembark, pass through Customs at the piers and were free to enter the United States. The piers and were free to enter the United States. The steerage and third class passengers were steerage and third class passengers were transported from the pier by ferry or barge to Ellis transported from the pier by ferry or barge to Ellis Island where everyone would undergo a medical Island where everyone would undergo a medical and legal inspection.  and legal inspection. 

► If the immigrant's papers were in order and they were in If the immigrant's papers were in order and they were in reasonably good health, the Ellis Island inspection process reasonably good health, the Ellis Island inspection process would last approximately three to five hours. The inspections would last approximately three to five hours. The inspections took place in the Registry Room (or Great Hall), where doctors took place in the Registry Room (or Great Hall), where doctors would briefly scan every immigrant for obvious physical would briefly scan every immigrant for obvious physical ailments. Doctors at Ellis Island soon became very adept at ailments. Doctors at Ellis Island soon became very adept at conducting these "six second physicals." By 1916, it was said conducting these "six second physicals." By 1916, it was said that a doctor could identify numerous medical conditions that a doctor could identify numerous medical conditions (ranging from anemia to goiters to varicose veins) just by (ranging from anemia to goiters to varicose veins) just by glancing at an immigrant. The ship's manifest log (that had glancing at an immigrant. The ship's manifest log (that had been filled out back at the port of embarkation) contained the been filled out back at the port of embarkation) contained the immigrant's name and his/her answers to twenty-nine immigrant's name and his/her answers to twenty-nine questions. This document was used by the legal inspectors at questions. This document was used by the legal inspectors at Ellis Island to cross examine the immigrant during the legal Ellis Island to cross examine the immigrant during the legal (or primary) inspection. The two agencies responsible for (or primary) inspection. The two agencies responsible for processing immigrants at Ellis Island were the United States processing immigrants at Ellis Island were the United States Public Health Service and the Bureau of Immigration (later Public Health Service and the Bureau of Immigration (later known as the Immigration and Naturalization Service - INS). known as the Immigration and Naturalization Service - INS).

Angel IslandAngel Island

► Like people of other ethnicities, the Chinese Like people of other ethnicities, the Chinese immigrated to the United States for better immigrated to the United States for better lives. Before 1900, their work included lives. Before 1900, their work included farming, mining and building railroads. Men farming, mining and building railroads. Men sent money home to their families in China. sent money home to their families in China.

► But American laborers resented the Chinese But American laborers resented the Chinese because the latter were willing to work for because the latter were willing to work for cheap wages. Americans accused the cheap wages. Americans accused the Chinese of monopolizing jobs. Chinese of monopolizing jobs.

► Stiff immigration laws were passed. Many Stiff immigration laws were passed. Many Chinese immigrants were forced to prove Chinese immigrants were forced to prove they had a husband or father who was a U. S. they had a husband or father who was a U. S. citizen or be deported.citizen or be deported.

► From 1910-1940, Chinese immigrants were From 1910-1940, Chinese immigrants were detained and interrogated at Angel Island detained and interrogated at Angel Island immigration station in San Francisco Bay. immigration station in San Francisco Bay. U.S. officials hoped to deport as many as U.S. officials hoped to deport as many as possible by asking obscure questions about possible by asking obscure questions about Chinese villages and family histories that Chinese villages and family histories that immigrants would have trouble answering immigrants would have trouble answering correctly.correctly.

► Men and women were housed separately. Men and women were housed separately. Detainees spent much of their time in the barracks, Detainees spent much of their time in the barracks, languishing between interrogations.languishing between interrogations.

► The immigrants expressed their fears and The immigrants expressed their fears and frustrations through messages and poems written frustrations through messages and poems written or carved into barrack walls. Some poems are still or carved into barrack walls. Some poems are still visible at the museum today.visible at the museum today.

► Immigrants were detained weeks, months, Immigrants were detained weeks, months, sometimes even years. Word got back to China sometimes even years. Word got back to China about the prolonged questioning, so people would about the prolonged questioning, so people would try to mentally prepare before even crossing the try to mentally prepare before even crossing the Pacific Ocean.Pacific Ocean.

Chain MigrationChain Migration

►Chain migration-Chain migration- occurs when a occurs when a migrant chooses a destination and migrant chooses a destination and write, calls, or communicates through write, calls, or communicates through other to tell family and friends at home other to tell family and friends at home about the new place.about the new place.

►Chains of migration built upon each Chains of migration built upon each other create other create immigration wavesimmigration waves– – swells in migration from one origin to swells in migration from one origin to the same destination.the same destination.

►Pull factors-Pull factors- are the circumstances are the circumstances that effectively attract the migrant to that effectively attract the migrant to certain locales from other places—the certain locales from other places—the decision of where to go.decision of where to go.

►Pull factors tend to be vaguer and may Pull factors tend to be vaguer and may depend solely on perceptions construed depend solely on perceptions construed from things heard and read rather than from things heard and read rather than on experiences in the destination place.on experiences in the destination place.

► Push factors-Push factors- are the conditions and are the conditions and perceptions that help the migrant decide to perceptions that help the migrant decide to leave a place.leave a place.

► Push factors include individual Push factors include individual considerations such as work, or retirement considerations such as work, or retirement conditions, cost of living, personal safety conditions, cost of living, personal safety and security, and, for many environmental and security, and, for many environmental catastrophes or even issues like weather catastrophes or even issues like weather and climate.and climate.

Maintaining Cultural Maintaining Cultural TraditionsTraditions

► Religious and communal institutions played a Religious and communal institutions played a key role in maintaining immigrants’ cultural key role in maintaining immigrants’ cultural traditions.traditions.

► Churches were often the focal point of Churches were often the focal point of immigrants life.immigrants life.

► The family was the most important institution The family was the most important institution in Chinese and Japanese communities.in Chinese and Japanese communities.

►Ethnic neighborhoods-Ethnic neighborhoods- a tightly- knit a tightly- knit place to practice customs, within a place to practice customs, within a major city.major city.

►A culture having their own ethnic A culture having their own ethnic neighborhood enables members of a neighborhood enables members of a local culture in an urban area to set local culture in an urban area to set themselves apart and practice their themselves apart and practice their customs.customs.

►New York City Ethnic Neighborhoods…New York City Ethnic Neighborhoods… Chinatown Chinatown Astoria (Greek)Astoria (Greek) Crown Heights (Jews)Crown Heights (Jews) KoreatownKoreatown Little ItalyLittle Italy Sunnyside (Irish)Sunnyside (Irish) Spanish HarlemSpanish Harlem

►Ethnic Neighborhoods in San Ethnic Neighborhoods in San Francisco…Francisco… ChinatownChinatown JapantownJapantown Little Saigon (Chinese-Vietnamese)Little Saigon (Chinese-Vietnamese) Diamond Heights (Pakistani)Diamond Heights (Pakistani) Little Russia Little Russia

What is nativism?What is nativism?

►Anti-foreign prejudice of Americans.Anti-foreign prejudice of Americans.

►NativismNativism led to the creation of the led to the creation of the Naturalization Act of 1870Naturalization Act of 1870 Limited citizenship to “white persons and Limited citizenship to “white persons and

persons of African descent.”persons of African descent.”

Act intended to ban Chinese from Act intended to ban Chinese from becoming citizens.becoming citizens.

Chinese Exclusions Act of 1882Chinese Exclusions Act of 1882 made made the Chinese the only group that could NOT the Chinese the only group that could NOT emigrate freely to the United States.emigrate freely to the United States.

Great MigrationGreat Migration

►Mass movement of African Americans Mass movement of African Americans from the rural South to the Urban North.from the rural South to the Urban North.

►By the 1900’s roughly 90% of the black By the 1900’s roughly 90% of the black population still lived in the South.population still lived in the South.

►Blacks look for more opportunity in the Blacks look for more opportunity in the North.North.

The New Middle ClassThe New Middle Class

► Salespeople, managers, civil servants, Salespeople, managers, civil servants, technicians, bank tellers, insurance agents, technicians, bank tellers, insurance agents, etc.etc.

► By 1910, middle class lived in “all-electric By 1910, middle class lived in “all-electric homes,” with indoor plumbing, clocks, homes,” with indoor plumbing, clocks, electric razors, vacuum cleaners, and electric razors, vacuum cleaners, and telephones.telephones.

► Transportation included trolleys and trains.Transportation included trolleys and trains.

►Coney Island was the most popular Coney Island was the most popular theme park.theme park.