Post on 27-Dec-2015
INDUSTRIAL & POST- INDUSTRIAL H.V.A.C. TECHNOLOGY
INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTIONCENTRAL HEATING
DISTRICT HEATING
MECHANICAL VENTILATION
MECHANICAL REFRIGERATION
ENGINEERING PROFESSION
IMPACT ON THE 20TH CENTURY
COMPUTER AGE TECHNOLOGY
1
JOHN EVELYN, PROPOSAL FOR A GREENHOUSE HEATED BY A HOT AIR FURNACE, 1691
CENTRAL HEATING:THE HEATING OF A NUMBER OF ROOMS IN A BUILDING WITH A SINGLE HEAT SOURCE.
THREE TYPES: WARM AIR, STEAM, & HOT WATER.
IN 1691, JOHN EVELYN PROPOSED MOVING THE STOVE OUTSIDE THE ROOMS TO BE HEATED AND ALLOWING AIR WARMED BY THE STOVE TO BE SUPPLIED TO THE ROOMS.
INDUSTRIAL & POST- INDUSTRIAL H.V.A.C. TECHNOLOGY
INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTIONCENTRAL HEATING
DISTRICT HEATING
MECHANICAL VENTILATION
MECHANICAL REFRIGERATION
ENGINEERING PROFESSION
IMPACT ON THE 20TH CENTURY
COMPUTER AGE TECHNOLOGY
2
WILLIAM STRUTT, DERBY MILL & INFIRMARY, 1792
WARM AIR CENTRAL HEATING:WILLIAM STRUT WAS A MILL OWNER FROM THE BRITISH MIDLANDS.
DERBY MILL & INFIRMARY WAS THE FIRST LARGE SCALE APPLICATION OF WARM-AIR CENTRAL HEATING.
AT THE CENTER OF THE INFIRMARY HEATING SYSTEM WAS A LARGE “COCKLE STOVE,” ACTUALLY A FURNACE IN TODAY’S TERMINOLOGY.
AIR WAS BROUGHT TO THIS STOVE THROUGH AN UNDERGROUND PASSAGE 70 YARDS LONG AND FOUR FEET IN SECTION. THIS PASSAGE USED THE NATURALLY MODERATE UNDERGROUND TEMPERATURES TO PREHEAT THE AIR IN WINTER & COOL IT IN SUMMER.
THE AIR WAS FURTHER HEATED IF NECESSARY, AND ALLOWED TO FLOW UP INTO THE BUILDING THROUGH A GREAT MASONRY DUCT NEAR THE CENTER OF THE STRUCTURE.
IN THIS “GRAVITY” SYSTEM, THE AIR MOVED SOLELY BECAUSE OF THE REDUCED DENSITY OF THE WARMER AIR, AND VENTILATION WAS ACHIEVED AT THE SAME TIME AS HEATING.
INDUSTRIAL & POST- INDUSTRIAL H.V.A.C. TECHNOLOGY
INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTIONCENTRAL HEATING
DISTRICT HEATING
MECHANICAL VENTILATION
MECHANICAL REFRIGERATION
ENGINEERING PROFESSION
IMPACT ON THE 20TH CENTURY
COMPUTER AGE TECHNOLOGY
3
NEIL SNODGRASS, DORNOCH MILL, SCOTLAND, 1799
STEAM CENTRAL HEATING:JAMES WATT MADE AN ATTEMPT AT CENTRAL HEATING IN 1784 TO WARM HIS HOUSE AND OFFICE BY STEAM .
MATTHEW BOULTON & JAMES WATT PRODUCED ONE OF THE FIRST LARGE SCALE STEAM HEATING OPERATIONS AT TWIST MILL IN SALFORD FOR GEORGE LEE.
TWIST MILL WAS A SEVEN-STORY STRUCTURE WHICH USED THE HOLLOW IRON BEARING COLUMNS TO CARRY THE STEAM.
NEIL SNODGRASS USED A SIMILAR SCHEME AT THE DORNOCH MILL IN SCOTLAND.
AT DORNOCH THE BOILER IS PLACED OUTSIDE THE MAIN MILL ROOM PRODUCING STEAM WHICH WAS CARRIED BY A PIPE THROUGH AN END WALL INTO THE ROOM, THEN UP VERTICAL TUBES PLACED NEAR THE WALL. CONDENSATION SIMPLY RAN DOWN OUTSIDE THE SAME TUBES.
INDUSTRIAL & POST- INDUSTRIAL H.V.A.C. TECHNOLOGY
INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTIONCENTRAL HEATING
DISTRICT HEATING
MECHANICAL VENTILATION
MECHANICAL REFRIGERATION
ENGINEERING PROFESSION
IMPACT ON THE 20TH CENTURY
COMPUTER AGE TECHNOLOGY
4
BONNEMAIN, CHICKEN INCUBATOR, 1770
INDUSTRIAL & POST- INDUSTRIAL H.V.A.C. TECHNOLOGY
INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTIONCENTRAL HEATING
DISTRICT HEATING
MECHANICAL VENTILATION
MECHANICAL REFRIGERATION
ENGINEERING PROFESSION
IMPACT ON THE 20TH CENTURY
COMPUTER AGE TECHNOLOGY
5
JOSEPH BRAMAH, WESTMINSTER HOSPITAL, 1830
HOT WATER CENTRAL HEATING:IN 1830, JOSEPH BRAMAH HEATED WESTMINSTER HOSPITAL USING A HOT WATER SYSTEM.
JACOB PERKINS, AN AMERICAN ENGINEER RESIDING IN LONDON, INVENTED THE HIGH PRESSURE HOT WATER SYSTEM.
THE FIRST PATENTS FOR THIS SYSTEM WERE TAKEN OUT IN 1831, AND THE FIRST INSTALLATIONS WERE MADE IN 1832.
EARLY APPLICATION S WERE THE BRITISH MUSEUM, THE SOANE MUSEUM, AND THE GUILDHALL.
WHEN THE HIGH PRESSURE SYSTEM WAS FIRST INTRODUCED, MANY FIRES OCCURRED IN CONSEQUENCE OF THE HOT PIPES.
INDUSTRIAL & POST- INDUSTRIAL H.V.A.C. TECHNOLOGY
INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTIONCENTRAL HEATING
DISTRICT HEATING
MECHANICAL VENTILATION
MECHANICAL REFRIGERATION
ENGINEERING PROFESSION
IMPACT ON THE 20TH CENTURY
COMPUTER AGE TECHNOLOGY
6
JACOB PERKINS, SOANE MUSEUM, 1832.
INDUSTRIAL & POST- INDUSTRIAL H.V.A.C. TECHNOLOGY
INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTIONCENTRAL HEATING
DISTRICT HEATING
MECHANICAL VENTILATION
MECHANICAL REFRIGERATION
ENGINEERING PROFESSION
IMPACT ON THE 20TH CENTURY
COMPUTER AGE TECHNOLOGY
7
N. H. BUNDY, CAST IRON RADIATOR
RADIATOR:IN 1858, THOS. F. TASKER OF PHILADELPHIA INVENTED THE FIRST RADIATOR.
WROUGHT IRON TUBES WERE FITTED TOGETHER WITH FLANGED JOINTS, AND HELD IN PLACE BY LONG BOLTS PASSING THROUGH THE SECTIONS.
INDUSTRIAL & POST- INDUSTRIAL H.V.A.C. TECHNOLOGY
INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTIONCENTRAL HEATING
DISTRICT HEATING
MECHANICAL VENTILATION
MECHANICAL REFRIGERATION
ENGINEERING PROFESSION
IMPACT ON THE 20TH CENTURY
COMPUTER AGE TECHNOLOGY
8
TASKER, FIRST RADIATOR, 1858
INDUSTRIAL & POST- INDUSTRIAL H.V.A.C. TECHNOLOGY
INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTIONCENTRAL HEATING
DISTRICT HEATING
MECHANICAL VENTILATION
MECHANICAL REFRIGERATION
ENGINEERING PROFESSION
IMPACT ON THE 20TH CENTURY
COMPUTER AGE TECHNOLOGY
9
FRANK LLOYD WRIGHT, MEYER MAY HOUSE, GRAND RAPIDS, MI, 1909
INDUSTRIAL & POST- INDUSTRIAL H.V.A.C. TECHNOLOGY
INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTIONCENTRAL HEATING
DISTRICT HEATING
MECHANICAL VENTILATION
MECHANICAL REFRIGERATION
ENGINEERING PROFESSION
IMPACT ON THE 20TH CENTURY
COMPUTER AGE TECHNOLOGY
10
WALKER, PROPOSAL FOR DISTRICT HEATING, 1850
INDUSTRIAL & POST- INDUSTRIAL H.V.A.C. TECHNOLOGY
INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTIONCENTRAL HEATING
DISTRICT HEATING
MECHANICAL VENTILATION
MECHANICAL REFRIGERATION
ENGINEERING PROFESSION
IMPACT ON THE 20TH CENTURY
COMPUTER AGE TECHNOLOGY
11
BIRDSILL HOLLY
DISTRICT HEATING:HEATING MULTIPLE BUILDINGS WITH A SINGLE HEAT SOURCE.
IN 1850, WALKER SUGGESTED THE POSSIBILITY OF A DISTRICT PLENUM HEATING SYSTEM FOR A ROW OF COTTAGES NEAR A FACTORY.
FIRST APPLICATION OF DISTRICT HEATING WAS BY BIRDSILL HOLLY IN A DISTRICT HEATING PLANT IN LOCKPORT, NEW YORK IN 1877.
INDUSTRIAL & POST- INDUSTRIAL H.V.A.C. TECHNOLOGY
INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTIONCENTRAL HEATING
DISTRICT HEATING
MECHANICAL VENTILATION
MECHANICAL REFRIGERATION
ENGINEERING PROFESSION
IMPACT ON THE 20TH CENTURY
COMPUTER AGE TECHNOLOGY
12
JOHN DESAGULIERS, PADDLE WHEEL FAN, 1734
INDUSTRIAL & POST- INDUSTRIAL H.V.A.C. TECHNOLOGY
INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTIONCENTRAL HEATING
DISTRICT HEATING
MECHANICAL VENTILATION
MECHANICAL REFRIGERATION
ENGINEERING PROFESSION
IMPACT ON THE 20TH CENTURY
COMPUTER AGE TECHNOLOGY
13
JAMES WATT, STEAM ENGINE, 1765
MECHANICAL VENTILATION:VENTILATION PROVIDED THROUGH MACHINE POWER.
CREATED BY COMBINING TWO EXISTING INVENTIONS: THE PADDLE WHEEL FAN AND THE STEAM ENGINE.
INDUSTRIAL & POST- INDUSTRIAL H.V.A.C. TECHNOLOGY
INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTIONCENTRAL HEATING
DISTRICT HEATING
MECHANICAL VENTILATION
MECHANICAL REFRIGERATION
ENGINEERING PROFESSION
IMPACT ON THE 20TH CENTURY
COMPUTER AGE TECHNOLOGY
14
DR. DAVID BOSWELL REID, ST. GEORGE’S HALL, LIVERPOOL, 1841-1854
ST. GEORGE’S HALL WAS THE FIRST SCIENTIFIC APPLICATION OF MECHANICALLY POWERED VENTILATION. REID USED FOUR LARGE STEAM-DRIVEN FANS TO FORCE AIR, FILTERED AND WARMED ACCORDING TO NEED, INTO A PLENUM UNDER THE HALL.
INDUSTRIAL & POST- INDUSTRIAL H.V.A.C. TECHNOLOGY
INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTIONCENTRAL HEATING
DISTRICT HEATING
MECHANICAL VENTILATION
MECHANICAL REFRIGERATION
ENGINEERING PROFESSION
IMPACT ON THE 20TH CENTURY
COMPUTER AGE TECHNOLOGY
15
MECHANICAL REFRIGERATION:COOLING A BUILDING BY MEANS OF A MEANS OF A REFRIGERATION MACHINE.
FIRST DEMONSTRATION OF THE MAN-MADE PRODUCTION OF COLD WAS BY WILLIAM CULLEN IN SCOTLAND IN 1748.
DURING THE 18TH & 19TH CENTURIES BUILDINGS WERE COOLED WITH ICE.
IN 1834, JACOB PERKINS OBTAINED A BRITISH PATENT FOR A CLOSED CYCLE VOLATILE LIQUID COMPRESSOR & CONDENSER.
IN 1844, DR. JOHN GORRIE INVENTED AN ICE MAKING MACHINE TO TREAT HIS FEVER PATIENTS.
IN 1902, WILLIS CARRIER USED MECHANICAL REFRIGERATION TO COOL THE SACKET-WILHELMS LITHOGRAPHING & PRINTING PLANT.
BY 1940 MECHANICAL COOLING WAS USED IN THEATERS, DEPARTMENT STORES, RESTAURANTS, HOTELS & HOSPITALS.
BY 1950 MECHANICAL COOLING WAS A COMMON PRACTICE IN OFFICE BUILDINGS & SMALL STORES.
INDUSTRIAL & POST- INDUSTRIAL H.V.A.C. TECHNOLOGY
INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTIONCENTRAL HEATING
DISTRICT HEATING
MECHANICAL VENTILATION
MECHANICAL REFRIGERATION
ENGINEERING PROFESSION
IMPACT ON THE 20TH CENTURY
COMPUTER AGE TECHNOLOGY
16
ICE HARVESTING
INDUSTRIAL & POST- INDUSTRIAL H.V.A.C. TECHNOLOGY
INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTIONCENTRAL HEATING
DISTRICT HEATING
MECHANICAL VENTILATION
MECHANICAL REFRIGERATION
ENGINEERING PROFESSION
IMPACT ON THE 20TH CENTURY
COMPUTER AGE TECHNOLOGY
17
ICE MAKING MACHINE, JACOB PERKINS
INDUSTRIAL & POST- INDUSTRIAL H.V.A.C. TECHNOLOGY
INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTIONCENTRAL HEATING
DISTRICT HEATING
MECHANICAL VENTILATION
MECHANICAL REFRIGERATION
ENGINEERING PROFESSION
IMPACT ON THE 20TH CENTURY
COMPUTER AGE TECHNOLOGY
18
DR. JOHN GORRIE, ICE MAKING MACHINE, APALACHICOLA, FL, 1844
INDUSTRIAL & POST- INDUSTRIAL H.V.A.C. TECHNOLOGY
INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTIONCENTRAL HEATING
DISTRICT HEATING
MECHANICAL VENTILATION
MECHANICAL REFRIGERATION
ENGINEERING PROFESSION
IMPACT ON THE 20TH CENTURY
COMPUTER AGE TECHNOLOGY
19
BEATH & MARTIN, REFRIGERATION MACHINE, 1870’S
INDUSTRIAL & POST- INDUSTRIAL H.V.A.C. TECHNOLOGY
INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTIONCENTRAL HEATING
DISTRICT HEATING
MECHANICAL VENTILATION
MECHANICAL REFRIGERATION
ENGINEERING PROFESSION
IMPACT ON THE 20TH CENTURY
COMPUTER AGE TECHNOLOGY
20
WILLIS CARRIER, SACKETT-WILHEMS LITHOGRAPHY & PRINTING COMPANY, 1902.
INDUSTRIAL & POST- INDUSTRIAL H.V.A.C. TECHNOLOGY
INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTIONCENTRAL HEATING
DISTRICT HEATING
MECHANICAL VENTILATION
MECHANICAL REFRIGERATION
ENGINEERING PROFESSION
IMPACT ON THE 20TH CENTURY
COMPUTER AGE TECHNOLOGY
21
COOLING OF MOVIE THEATERS, DEPARTMENT STORES, RESTAURANTS, HOTELS, AND HOSPITALS BY 1940
INDUSTRIAL & POST- INDUSTRIAL H.V.A.C. TECHNOLOGY
INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTIONCENTRAL HEATING
DISTRICT HEATING
MECHANICAL VENTILATION
MECHANICAL REFRIGERATION
ENGINEERING PROFESSION
IMPACT ON THE 20TH CENTURY
COMPUTER AGE TECHNOLOGY
22
MECHANICAL COOLING:BY 1950 COOLING OF OFFICE BUILDINGS, SMALL STORES, AND HOMES SOUTH OF THE 40TH PARALLEL WAS COMMON PLACE.
INDUSTRIAL & POST- INDUSTRIAL H.V.A.C. TECHNOLOGY
INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
ENGINEERING PROFESSION
IMPACT ON THE 20TH CENTURY
COMPUTER AGE TECHNOLOGY
23
HOUSES OF PARLIAMENT, LONDON & OPERA HOUSE, PARIS
INDUSTRIAL & POST- INDUSTRIAL H.V.A.C. TECHNOLOGY
INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
ENGINEERING PROFESSION
IMPACT ON THE 20TH CENTURYCOMPLEX, FLOWING SPACES
LARGER AREAS OF GLASS
LOWER CEILING HEIGHTS
RELIANCE ON ACTIVE TECHNOLOGY
COMPUTER AGE TECHNOLOGY
24
FRANK LLOYD WRIGHT, MEYER MAY HOUSE, GRAND RAPIDS, MI, 1909
INDUSTRIAL & POST- INDUSTRIAL H.V.A.C. TECHNOLOGY
INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
ENGINEERING PROFESSION
IMPACT ON THE 20TH CENTURYCOMPLEX, FLOWING SPACES
LARGER AREAS OF GLASS
LOWER CEILING HEIGHTS
RELIANCE ON ACTIVE TECHNOLOGY
COMPUTER AGE TECHNOLOGY
25
JOSEPH PAXTON, CRYSTAL PALACE, LONDON, ENGLAND, 1851
INDUSTRIAL & POST- INDUSTRIAL H.V.A.C. TECHNOLOGY
INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
ENGINEERING PROFESSION
IMPACT ON THE 20TH CENTURYCOMPLEX, FLOWING SPACES
LARGER AREAS OF GLASS
LOWER CEILING HEIGHTS
RELIANCE ON ACTIVE TECHNOLOGY
COMPUTER AGE TECHNOLOGY
26
WALTER GROPIUS, BAUHAUS BUILDING, DESSAU, GERMANY, 1926
INDUSTRIAL & POST- INDUSTRIAL H.V.A.C. TECHNOLOGY
INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
ENGINEERING PROFESSION
IMPACT ON THE 20TH CENTURYCOMPLEX, FLOWING SPACES
LARGER AREAS OF GLASS
LOWER CEILING HEIGHTS
RELIANCE ON ACTIVE TECHNOLOGY
COMPUTER AGE TECHNOLOGY
27
WALTER GROPIUS, BAUHAUS BUILDING, DESSAU, GERMANY, 1926
INDUSTRIAL & POST- INDUSTRIAL H.V.A.C. TECHNOLOGY
INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
ENGINEERING PROFESSION
IMPACT ON THE 20TH CENTURYCOMPLEX, FLOWING SPACES
LARGER AREAS OF GLASS
LOWER CEILING HEIGHTS
RELIANCE ON ACTIVE TECHNOLOGY
COMPUTER AGE TECHNOLOGY
28
JEAN-JACQUES-MARIE HUVE, THE MADELEINE, PARIS, 1825-45
INDUSTRIAL & POST- INDUSTRIAL H.V.A.C. TECHNOLOGY
INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
ENGINEERING PROFESSION
IMPACT ON THE 20TH CENTURYCOMPLEX, FLOWING SPACES
LARGER AREAS OF GLASS
LOWER CEILING HEIGHTS
RELIANCE ON ACTIVE TECHNOLOGY
COMPUTER AGE TECHNOLOGY
29
HELMUT JAHN OF C.F. MURPHY ASSOCIATES, BARTLE EXHIBITION HALL, KANSAS CITY CONVENTION CENTER, MISSOURI, 1976
INDUSTRIAL & POST- INDUSTRIAL H.V.A.C. TECHNOLOGY
INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
ENGINEERING PROFESSION
IMPACT ON THE 20TH CENTURYCOMPLEX, FLOWING SPACES
LARGER AREAS OF GLASS
LOWER CEILING HEIGHTS
RELIANCE ON ACTIVE TECHNOLOGY
COMPUTER AGE TECHNOLOGY
30
LUDWIG MIES VAN DER ROHE, SEAGRAM BUILDING, NEW YORK, NY, 1954-58
INDUSTRIAL & POST- INDUSTRIAL H.V.A.C. TECHNOLOGY
INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
ENGINEERING PROFESSION
IMPACT ON THE 20TH CENTURYCOMPLEX, FLOWING SPACES
LARGER AREAS OF GLASS
LOWER CEILING HEIGHTS
RELIANCE ON ACTIVE TECHNOLOGY
COMPUTER AGE TECHNOLOGY
31
LUDWIG MIES VAN DER ROHE, FARNSWORTH HOUSE, PLANO, IL 1950
INDUSTRIAL & POST- INDUSTRIAL H.V.A.C. TECHNOLOGY
INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
ENGINEERING PROFESSION
IMPACT ON THE 20TH CENTURYCOMPLEX, FLOWING SPACES
LARGER AREAS OF GLASS
LOWER CEILING HEIGHTS
RELIANCE ON ACTIVE TECHNOLOGY
COMPUTER AGE TECHNOLOGY
32
LUDWIG MIES VAN DER ROHE, FARNSWORTH HOUSE, PLANO, IL 1950
INDUSTRIAL & POST- INDUSTRIAL H.V.A.C. TECHNOLOGY
INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
ENGINEERING PROFESSION
IMPACT ON THE 20TH CENTURYCOMPLEX, FLOWING SPACES
LARGER AREAS OF GLASS
LOWER CEILING HEIGHTS
RELIANCE ON ACTIVE TECHNOLOGY
COMPUTER AGE TECHNOLOGY
33
LUDWIG MIES VAN DER ROHE, FARNSWORTH HOUSE, PLANO, IL 1950
INDUSTRIAL & POST- INDUSTRIAL H.V.A.C. TECHNOLOGY
INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
ENGINEERING PROFESSION
IMPACT ON THE 20TH CENTURYCOMPLEX, FLOWING SPACES
LARGER AREAS OF GLASS
LOWER CEILING HEIGHTS
RELIANCE ON ACTIVE TECHNOLOGY
COMPUTER AGE TECHNOLOGY
34
LUDWIG MIES VAN DER ROHE, FARNSWORTH HOUSE, PLANO, IL 1950
INDUSTRIAL & POST- INDUSTRIAL H.V.A.C. TECHNOLOGY
INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
ENGINEERING PROFESSION
IMPACT ON THE 20TH CENTURYCOMPLEX, FLOWING SPACES
LARGER AREAS OF GLASS
LOWER CEILING HEIGHTS
RELIANCE ON ACTIVE TECHNOLOGY
RENEWED INTEREST IN PASSIVE SOLUTIONS
COMPUTER AGE TECHNOLOGY
35
PASSIVE APPROACHES
INDUSTRIAL & POST- INDUSTRIAL H.V.A.C. TECHNOLOGY
INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
ENGINEERING PROFESSION
IMPACT ON THE 20TH CENTURY
COMPUTER AGE TECHNOLOGY
36
CANNON DESIGN, HOOKER CHEMICAL, NIAGARA FALLS, NEW YORK, 1982
INDUSTRIAL & POST- INDUSTRIAL H.V.A.C. TECHNOLOGY
INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
ENGINEERING PROFESSION
IMPACT ON THE 20TH CENTURY
COMPUTER AGE TECHNOLOGY
37
CANNON DESIGN, HOOKER CHEMICAL, NIAGARA FALLS, NEW YORK, 1982
INDUSTRIAL & POST- INDUSTRIAL H.V.A.C. TECHNOLOGY
INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
ENGINEERING PROFESSION
IMPACT ON THE 20TH CENTURY
COMPUTER AGE TECHNOLOGY
38
CANNON DESIGN, HOOKER CHEMICAL, NIAGARA FALLS, NEW YORK, 1982